A facoemulsificação é, atualmente, considerada a técnica de eleição no tratamento da catarata, uma das principais causas de perda de visão, em cães. O procedimento demanda a realização de incisões na córnea para acesso à câmara anterior. Tais incisões, a despeito da extensão reduzida, podem lesar a inervação da córnea, comprometendo sua sensibilidade e, consequentemente, influenciar a produção lacrimal. Objetivando-se avaliar tais intercorrências, concebeu-se aferir a sensibilidade corneana e a produção lacrimal aquosa em cães submetidos à facoemulsificação. Para tanto, tais parâmetros foram investigados em 20 cães com idade, sexo, raça e peso variáveis. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram realizados em um único olho (OT), sendo o olho não operado utilizado como controle (OC). A sensibilidade da córnea foi mensurada com o estesiômetro de Cochet-Bonnet® e a produção lacrimal pelos testes do fenol vermelho e de Schirmer, em ambos os olhos. Os parâmetros foram aferidos previamente ao procedimento cirúrgico (M0 - valores basais) e, posteriormente, após sete dias (M1), 15 dias (M2), 30 dias (M3), 90 dias (M4) e 180 dias (M5). Os valores da produção lacrimal aferida com o teste do fenol vermelho, em M1, não diferiram dos obtidos previamente à cirurgia (M0), nos OT e OC; diferenças significativas foram observadas de M2 a M5, com valores superiores aos basais (M0), em ambos os olhos. Os resultados da mensuração lacrimal com o teste de Schirmer e da sensibilidade corneana à estesiometria (em cm e mm/g2) não diferiram dos basais (M0) em quaisquer dos períodos de avaliação (M1 a M5), em ambos os olhos. Os resultados obtidos ao estudo permitiram verificar que a realização da cirurgia de catarata por facoemulsificação, como fora proposto, não resulta em diminuição da sensibilidade corneana e produção lacrimal aquosa. / Phacoemulsification is considered the technique of choice for surgical extraction of cataracts, which is a leading cause of blindness in dogs. The procedure requires corneal incisions to enter the anterior chamber. These incisions, despite their reduced extensions, may damage the corneal innervation, compromising its sensitivity and, also, the tear production. Aiming to evaluate these consequences, this study intended to measure the corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear production in dogs undergoing phacoemulsification. These parameters were evaluated in 20 dogs, with different ages, genders, breeds and weights. Surgical procedures were performed in one eye (OT), and the fellow eye was used as a control (OC). Corneal sensitivity was measured with the Cochet-Bonnet® aesthesiometer and tear production by the phenol thread red test and Schirmer tear test, in both eyes. The parameters were measured prior to the surgery (M0 - baseline values) and after seven days (M1), 15 days (M2), 30 days (M3), 90 days (M4) and 180 days (M5). Tear production values measured with the phenol red test, in M1, were not different from the values measured prior to the surgery (M0), in OT and OC; significant differences were noticed from M2 to M5, with higher values when compared to baseline values (M0), in both eyes. Schirmer tear test and corneal sensitivity (in cm and mm/g2) values were not different from basal values (M0) in any of the evaluation times (M1 to M5), in both eyes. Our study outcomes suggest that phacoemulsification, as proposed previously, does not decrease the corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear production.

This essay covers a designed experiment on paperboard where the quality under study is tear strength alongside and across. The objective is to examine what consequences the loss of balance in a designed experiment has on the explanatory power of the proposed empirical model. As did happen, the trial plan didn’t go as planned when the first run caused a disruption of the paperboard in the machine. Decision from the company was to raise the low level of one of the design factors to prevent this from happening again. The consequence of this is an alteration of the design during ongoing experimentation. This in turn affects what analysis approaches are appropriate for the problem. Three different approaches for analyzing the data are presented, each with different propositions on how to deal with the complication that occurred. The answer to the research question is that the ability of the empirical model to discover significant effects is moderately weakened by the loss of one run (out of eight total). The price payed for retrieving less information from the experiment is that the empirical model, for tear strength across, doesn’t deem the effects significant at the same level as for the candidate model with eight runs. Instead of concluding that the main effect of  and the interaction effect  is significant at the 2%- and 4%-level, respectively, we must now settle with deeming them significant at the 6%- and 7%-level.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to quantify the isolated tear film adhesion error in a Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) prism and in a correcting applanation tonometry surface (CATS) prism. Methods: The separation force of a tonometer prism adhered by a tear film to a simulated cornea was measured to quantify an isolated tear film adhesion force. Acrylic hemispheres (7.8 mm radius) used as corneas were lathed over the apical 3.06 mm diameter to simulate full applanation contact with the prism surface for both GAT and CATS prisms. Tear film separation measurements were completed with both an artificial tear and fluorescein solutions as a fluid bridge. The applanation mire thicknesses were measured and correlated with the tear film separation measurements. Human cadaver eyes were used to validate simulated cornea tear film separation measurement differences between the GAT and CATS prisms. Results: The CATS prism tear film adhesion error (2.74 +/- 0.21 mmHg) was significantly less than the GAT prism (4.57 +/- 0.18 mmHg, p<0.001). Tear film adhesion error was independent of applanation mire thickness (R-2=0.09, p=0.04). Fluorescein produces more tear film error than artificial tears (+0.51 +/- 0.04 mmHg; p<0.001). Cadaver eye validation indicated the CATS prism's tear film adhesion error (1.40 +/- 0.51 mmHg) was significantly less than that of the GAT prism (3.30 +/- 0.38 mmHg; p=0.002). Conclusion: Measured GAT tear film adhesion error is more than previously predicted. A CATS prism significantly reduced tear film adhesion error by similar to 41%. Fluorescein solution increases the tear film adhesion compared to artificial tears, while mire thickness has a negligible effect.

Purpose: Lectins play an important role in many biological processes. The aim of this work was to analyse mainly the expression of endogenic lectins, such as galectins and plant lectin, e.g. Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and their glycoligands in the tear fluid, human corneal and conjunctival epithelium in physiological and disease conditions. Further, we studied the human natural antibody against Galα1,3Gal-R, which is mainly responsible for hyperacute rejection of xenografts transplants. We tried to investigate its localization in human corneal epithelium, lacrimal gland and tears. Material and Methods: Human tissue (lacrimal gland, tear fluid, conjunctiva, cornea, epidermis, keratinocyte and cultured corneal epithelium), as well as porcine tissue (cornea, liver and epidermis) were examined. Endogenous galectins (galectins-1, -3 and -7) were detected using immunohistochemistry methods. Binding sites for galectins, as well as binding sites for plant lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, were localized by lectin histochemistry. Reverse lectin histochemistry was used for the study of binding reactivity of endogenous lectins using labelled (neo)glycoligands. Employing biotinylated natural human IgG anti -galactosides, as well as anti -galactosides, we detected reactive epitopes in human...

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Manual modeling of building facades can be a cumbersome process. Instead, procedurally modeling building facades is a practical and quick way to achieve impressive visual results. This paper presents a method for prototyping 2D facades existing in a 3d environment, with the inclusion of shading-based procedural wear-and-tear. State of the art procedural modeling techniques, despite achieving impressive results in general, are lacking in certain specific areas. Urban planners may wish to model the effects of wear-and-tear along with geometric assets and materials on a facade, to prototype future appearances. As of now, a syncretism between a grammar-based procedural modeling system and a procedural wear-and-tear system is relatively unexplored. Exploring how wear-and-tear can replicate damage found on real buildings, and limitations of the used approach, is the primary goal of this research. Furthermore, this work investigates how wear-and-tear can be incorporated into a procedural building facade generation pipeline. Introducing new wear-and-tear functionality to established systems is done by expanding on grammar-like structures to define building shapes, and adding new actions to produce wear-and-tear, which is done by creating textures representing positions of structural components of the facade, and altered and mixed with noise to create damaging effects. The result is a user interface that can combine procedural building modeling with procedural wear-andtear. It can replicate many types of wear-and-tear, such as rust and cracks, although damage such as stains without visible sources or flow-shaped damage is inadequate. The facades accompanying the wear-and-tear are also able to be produced, but is limited in terms of 3D geometric expressibility due to a focus on flat, 2D facades and a deficiency in future flexibility since wear-and-tear cannot be selected in future actions. / Manuell modellering av fasader kan vara en besvärlig process. Istället är procedurell modellering av fasader ett praktiskt och snabbt sätt att uppnå imponerande visuella resultat. I den här rapporten presenteras en metod för prototypering av 2D-fasader som existerar i en 3D-miljö, med inkludering av skuggningsbaserat procedurellt slitage. Den senaste tekniken för procedurell modellering ger generellt sett imponerande resultat, men brister inom vissa specifika områden. Stadsplanerare kan vilja modellera effekterna av slitage tillsammans med geometriska objekt och material på en fasad för att skapa prototyper av framtida utseende. Hittills är synkretismen mellan ett grammatikbaserat procedurmodelleringssystem och ett procedurbaserat slitagesystem relativt outforskat. Det primära målet med denna forskning är att undersöka hur slitage kan replikera skador som finns på verkliga byggnader och begränsningar av det använda tillvägagångssättet. Dessutom undersöks hur slitage kan integreras i en procedurell pipeline för fasadgenerering av byggnader. Införandet av ny funktionalitet för slitage i etablerade system genomförs genom att utöka grammatikliknande strukturer för att definiera byggnadsformer och lägga till nya åtgärder för att åstadkomma slitage, vilket sker genom att skapa texturer som representerar positioner för strukturella komponenter i fasaden, och som förändras och blandas med brus för att skapa skadeeffekter. Resultatet är ett användargränssnitt som kan kombinera procedurell byggnadsmodellering med procedurell slitage. Det kan replikera flera typer av slitage, t.ex. rost och sprickor, dock är skapandet av skador som fläckar utan synliga källor eller flödesformade skador otillräckligt. De fasader som ackompanjerar slitaget kan också framställas procedurellt med detta verktyg, men är begränsade när det gäller uttryck i 3 dimensioner på grund av fokus på platta 2D-fasader och bristande framtida flexibilitet eftersom producerat slitage inte kan utnyttjas i framtida vidare slitageeffekter.

Antalet bilar har ökat stadigt genom åren och i mars 2019 befann sig nästan 4,9 miljoner personbilar i aktiv användning i Sverige. Något som inte får lika mycket uppmärksamhet som koldioxidutsläpp från trafiken och slitage av vägar är slitaget av bildäck. Regeringen har därmed tillsatt ett uppdrag där mängden mikroplastutsläpp ska kvantifieras, sprida kunskap om problemet och utveckla åtgärder mot utsläppen. En av myndigheterna som fått detta uppdrag är Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI), med vilka detta arbete genomfördes. Arbetet går ut på att försöka kvantifiera utsläppen av mikroplastutsläpp från personbilar samt undersöka vilka typer av slitage som är vanligast förekommande. Rapporten består av två delar, en litteraturstudie som ska ge en klar bild av nuläget, typer av däck, vad mikroplaster är samt varför slitage uppstår. Under den andra delen genomfördes mätningar på kasserade däck, där mönsterdjupsprofiler, vikt, mönsterdjup, DOT märkning, modell, märke, typ av däck och dimensioner antecknades. Med hjälp av profilerna och originaldata som tillhandahölls av olika däcktillverkare kunde de vanligaste slitagen bestämmas och den bortslitna vikten och volymen kunde uppskattas. De vanligaste typerna av slitage är centrum-, jämnt- och sidoslitage, vilket beror på för högt lufttryck i däcken, samt fel hjulinställningar. Den totala årliga mängden utsläpp av mikroplaster från personbilar uppskattades ligga mellan 8 300 och 16 700 ton. / The number of cars has been on a steady increase in Sweden and in mars 2019 there were almost 4,9 million cars in active use. Nowadays most of the attention is focused on pollution through carbon dioxide and the wear of roads. However, a problem that often goes unrecognized is the tear of car tyres and the release of microplastics into the environment. In order to quantify the amount of microplastics released into the environment, the Swedish government has instructed The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) to carry through with this. The aim of this report is to, with the help of VTI, try to quantify the amount of microplastics released from private car traffic and examine the main types of tyre wear. This report consists of two parts, one study of what microplastics is and how tyre wear arises. The second part consists of measuring, where used tyres have had their weight and tread measured. The profile of the tear, DOT number, production date, model, dimensions and type of tyre is additional data that was collected. Through the use of data provided by the tyre companies and the collected data, the total loss of weight and volume together with a yearly weight and volume loss could be calculated. Through analysis of the tyre profiles and their tread depths the most occurring type of wear patterns was determined, which were central, even and side wear. The estimated yearly amount of microplastics released in Sweden was between 8 300 and 16 700 tonnes.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第24541号 / 人健博第112号 / 新制||人健||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 黒木 裕士, 教授 青山 朋樹, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Human tear film is an accessible biospecimen rich with useful biological information. As tear protein biomarkers for both ocular and systemic diseases have been identified in tears, efforts are being made to create point-of-care tests useful for clinical diagnoses. However, there are significant obstacles to tear diagnostics, including inadequate sampling methods and biomarkers with insufficient sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, tear film diagnostics are particularly challenging for dry eye disease (DED) patients, where low tear volume makes sampling more difficult and the multifactorial nature of DED makes identifying the exact pathological subtype very complex. As soft contact lenses (SCLs) are designed for optimal ocular surface interaction and concentrate proteins on the eye regardless of tear volume, we hypothesized that we could improve tear sampling methods for research and diagnostic purposes. We further hypothesized that we could identify new and existing and DED biomarkers using SCL tear film sampling. To begin, we demonstrate SCL sampling in vitro and then compare SCLs to other current tear sampling methods in vivo. Objectively, we observe that SCLs do not show signs of ocular surface irritation, regardless of previous SCL use. We also see that SCLs sample similar types and amounts of proteins relative to other methods. Subjective assessments of tear sampling methods are also made by subjects. Our results indicate that training and experience in tear sampling are key components which may significantly impact subject experience as well as the tear type collected. Next, we optimized our tear sampling method by comparing different SCLs materials in search of an ideal lens. Our data show that certain combinations of SCL materials and mass spectrometry (MS) sample preparation methods can lead to significant polymer contamination in MS. Furthermore, we observe individual protein binding specificity based on SCL chemistry. Our experiments reveal etafilcon A and verofilcon A lenses as the optimal SCL materials for tear film sampling. Finally, a pilot study in DED candidates using SCL sampling confirms the presence of previously reported biomarkers in DED subjects as well as identifies new biomarkers for future validation studies. We also correlate clinical metrics to biochemical findings and identify correlations between tear film homeostasis and pathologic phenotypes. Ultimately, these studies demonstrate SCL sampling is an advantageous alternative to current tear film sampling methods, useful for biomarker discovery, and potentially, clinical diagnostics.