Die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomerwerkstoffen zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie. Endscheidenden Einfluss hat die Art der Beanspruchung, die der Belastung des realen Bauteils entsprechen sollte. In dieser Arbeit wird die Methode zur Analyse des dynamischen Risswachstums von Elastomeren im simultanen Tensile- und Pure-shear-Prüfmodus beschrieben. Die Methode, basierend auf der mechanischen Aufrüstung und Weiterentwicklung eines Tear and Fatigue Analyzers, stellt den Prüfmethoden übergreifende Feststellungen zu aussagekräftigen Kennwertdaten des Bruchverhaltens von Elastomeren vor. Die Schwerpunke der Arbeit wurden in zwei Hauptthemen unterteilt, wobei zuerst eine konstruktive Modifizierung des kommerziellen TFA vorgenommen wurde und anschließend die Untersuchungen zur Beschreibung der bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomerwerkstoffen und dynamischer Beanspruchung mittels modifiziertem TFA durchgeführt wurden. Es wurde aus den Anforderungen an die quantitative, simultane Analyse von SENT- als auch Pure-shear-Prüfkörpern eine konstruktive Modifizierung des kommerziellen TFA vorgenommen. Insbesondere die Schwerpunkte der Modifizierung wurden der Verminderung des Einflusses der Prüfkörperhalterungsfestigkeit auf die Genauigkeit der Analyse und der Untersuchung des Resonanzbereiches des TFA gewidmet. Die hier dokumentierten Ergebnisse durch den modifizierten TFA haben deutlich das unterschiedliche Bruchverhalten in der Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie nachgewiesen. Es wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der Rissausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten in Elastomeren in Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie als auch von der Risslänge durchgeführt, wobei festgestellt wurde, dass die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften nicht nur von der Risslänge, sondern auch signifikant von der Kerbgeometrie abhängen. Die Ergebnisse haben weiterhin gezeigt, dass ein großer Einfluss der Herstellungsparameter der Prüfkörper unter Berücksichtigung von Kautschukbasis und Kautschukmischungsrezeptur auf die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften besteht. Die vorgestellte Methode zur Bestimmung der dynamisch-bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomeren stellt zusammen mit der Berücksichtigung der Herstellungsparameter einen genauen Vergleich zwischen den experimentell ermittelten Prüfwerten unabhängig von der Prüfkörpergeometrie dar. / The mechanical properties of rubber materials can be shown to be a function of the geometry of the test specimen. The main affecting parameters are the loading conditions. The present work proposes a new fracture mechanical testing concept for determination of dynamic crack propagation of rubber materials. This concept implements a method of simultaneous tensile- and pure-shear-mode testing. The present approach is based on an upgrade of the Tear and Fatigue Analyzers, on the fracture mechanics theory of dynamically loaded test specimens and on the definition of pure-shear states according to the test specimen’s geometry ratio. The main focus of this work can be divided in two parts. Firstly it is introduced the development of a method for analysis of dynamic crack propagation in filled rubber by simultaneous tensile- and pure shear mode testing. The servo-hydraulic machine with controlled temperature testing chamber is equipped with simultaneously operating two mode test equipment which represents a new fracture testing method. Secondarily the analysis of crack propagation under the dynamic loading conditions is practised with this method. It is shown how the tearing energy and the crack growth rate depend on the test specimen’s geometry ratio and crack length. It is also demonstrated that the values for tearing energies and also crack growth rates for short crack lengths in SENT- as well as in pure-shear test specimens are identical. Another important aspect is related to the different values of tearing energies and crack growth rates for cracks with short and large lengths in pure-shear test specimens. The results show the dependence of fracture behavior on manufacturing the test specimens. The new fracture mechanical testing concept offers a comparison between fracture behavior of rubber materials independent of the test specimens geometry.

BACKGROUND: Among childbirth injuries the most common described symptoms are urine and faecal incontinence, pain during intercourse and perineal pain after rupture and suture. For those women who seek care for lasting nuisance are the routines for follow-up, diagnoses and treatment of childbirth injuries experience insufficient. AIM: The aim of this study was to illuminate women’s experience after of a childbirth injury and encounter the healthcare.  METHOD: A litterateur review based on six articles with qualitative data.  RESULT: Two categories with five subcategories are presented; To live with a childbirth injury- physical and emotional limitations of everyday life, normalization of injuries after childbirth and Encounter the healthcare- insufficient information and follow-up, encounter from the healthcare.  CONCLUSIONS: Women normalize their difficulties today after childbirth causing them not to seek help. The stigma surrounding the nuisance is also a contributing factor for women to contact the health care. Furthermore they experience to get dismissed by the healthcare professionals and not been taken seriously. Caregivers should inform the women about the concerning nuisance that can occur and give information where to seek help. / BAKGRUND: Bland förlossningsskador är de vanligaste beskrivna symtomen urin- och fekalinkontinens, smärta under samlag och mellangårdssmärta efter bristningar och suturer. För dom kvinnor som söker vård för långvariga besvär är rutinerna  för uppföljning, utredning och behandling av förlossningsskador bristfällig. SYFTE: Syftet med studien var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av en förlossningsskada och mötet med vården.  METOD: En allmän litteraturöversikt baserat på sex artiklar med kvalitativa data.  RESULTAT: Två kategorier och fem underkategorier presenteras; Att leva med förlossningsskador- fysiska och emotionella begränsningar i vardagen, normalisering av förlossningsskador och Möte med vården- bristande information och uppföljning, bemötandet från vården.  SLUTSATSER: Kvinnor normaliserar idag sina besvär efter en förlossning vilket medför att de inte söker hjälp. Stigmat kring besvären är också en bidragande faktor till att kvinnor undviker att kontakta vården. De upplever också sig som avfärdade av vårdpersonal och en känsla om att inte bli tagna på allvar. Vårdpersonal bör informera kvinnorna om de berörda besvären som kan uppkomma och ge information var de kan söka hjälp.

Este trabalho apresenta e analisa a Consulta Encenada a partir do encontro entre arte e a especialidade de Medicina de Família e Comunidade no Projeto de Habilidades de Comunicação do Departamento de Medicina Social da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa descreve o processo de criação de personagens, feito de forma peculiar, em colaboração entre atores e médicos, com inspiração em histórias de pacientes reais complementadas pela ficção. A criação, a relação entre as subjetividades dos atores e dos médicos na cena, a noção de fé cênica, o contato e atualização dos sentimentos e da memória foram essenciais para a construção do trabalho. A partir de entrevistas e de materiais como anotações, roteiros e transcrição de uma Consulta Encenada, foi possível descrever e analisar o processo de desenvolvimento do Projeto ancorando-se em estudos sobre o trabalho criativo do ator desenvolvidos por Stanislavski e Grotowski. A verdade dos sentimentos e a ideia de jogo são fundamentais para compreender o papel do ator na experiência. / This work presents and analyses the so-called Staged Appointment (Consulta Encenada) developed from the meeting between art and the area of Medical Studies called Family and Community, in the Project of Communication Skills at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The research describes the process of creating characters, which is done in a very peculiar way, in collaboration with actors/actresses and physicians, based on real patients’ life stories complemented by fictional work. The creation, the relation between the subjectivity of the actors/actresses and physicians on stage, the concept of staging faith, as well as the contact and updating of the senses/feelings and the memories were considered essential to the construction of this work. Also, it was from interviews and from material such as annotations, scripts and the transcription of a Staged Appointment that we were able to describe and analyze the developing process of the Project having as a fundamental basis the studies of the acting creative work developed by Stanislavski and Grotowski. The truth of the feelings and the idea of the game are fundamental to understand the role of the actor/actress in the experience.

Este trabalho é o resultado do mergulho no universo da montagem e das apresentações da peça Os Reis Vagabundos do grupo teatral Tear, de 1982, rememorado pelos participantes da criação bem como pelo seu público. Esta peça é considerada um marco do teatro gaúcho e onde sua encenadora, Maria Helena Lopes, lançou mão de seus principais conceitos de trabalho: jogo dramático, improvisação, técnicas de clown e análise de movimento. / This work is consequence of the plunge into the production and the shows universe of the Tear group‟s play The Stray Kings (Os Reis Vagabundos), from 1982, evocated by the creation crew as well as by its audience. This play is ponderated as a landmark of gaucho theatre where its director, Maria Helena Lopes used her main work concepts: play, improvisation, clowning and movement analysis.

To explore the potential mechanisms of tendon degeneration, we investigated the role of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activation and the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) in tendon matrix degradation under oxidative stress. JNK and MMP1 activity in samples from normal and ruptured human supraspinatus tendons were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Real-time quantitative PCR was utilized to evaluate MMP1 mRNA expression and western blotting for MMP1 and JNK protein detection. JNK activation and increased MMP1 activity were found in the torn human supraspinatus tendon tissue, as well as in human tendon cells under in vitro oxidative stress. Inhibition of JNK prevented MMP1 over-expression in oxidative stressed human tendon cells. Results from the current study indicated that stress activated JNK plays an important role in tendon matrix degradation, possibly through upregulating of MMP1.

Este trabalho apresenta e analisa a Consulta Encenada a partir do encontro entre arte e a especialidade de Medicina de Família e Comunidade no Projeto de Habilidades de Comunicação do Departamento de Medicina Social da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa descreve o processo de criação de personagens, feito de forma peculiar, em colaboração entre atores e médicos, com inspiração em histórias de pacientes reais complementadas pela ficção. A criação, a relação entre as subjetividades dos atores e dos médicos na cena, a noção de fé cênica, o contato e atualização dos sentimentos e da memória foram essenciais para a construção do trabalho. A partir de entrevistas e de materiais como anotações, roteiros e transcrição de uma Consulta Encenada, foi possível descrever e analisar o processo de desenvolvimento do Projeto ancorando-se em estudos sobre o trabalho criativo do ator desenvolvidos por Stanislavski e Grotowski. A verdade dos sentimentos e a ideia de jogo são fundamentais para compreender o papel do ator na experiência. / This work presents and analyses the so-called Staged Appointment (Consulta Encenada) developed from the meeting between art and the area of Medical Studies called Family and Community, in the Project of Communication Skills at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The research describes the process of creating characters, which is done in a very peculiar way, in collaboration with actors/actresses and physicians, based on real patients’ life stories complemented by fictional work. The creation, the relation between the subjectivity of the actors/actresses and physicians on stage, the concept of staging faith, as well as the contact and updating of the senses/feelings and the memories were considered essential to the construction of this work. Also, it was from interviews and from material such as annotations, scripts and the transcription of a Staged Appointment that we were able to describe and analyze the developing process of the Project having as a fundamental basis the studies of the acting creative work developed by Stanislavski and Grotowski. The truth of the feelings and the idea of the game are fundamental to understand the role of the actor/actress in the experience.

Este trabalho é o resultado do mergulho no universo da montagem e das apresentações da peça Os Reis Vagabundos do grupo teatral Tear, de 1982, rememorado pelos participantes da criação bem como pelo seu público. Esta peça é considerada um marco do teatro gaúcho e onde sua encenadora, Maria Helena Lopes, lançou mão de seus principais conceitos de trabalho: jogo dramático, improvisação, técnicas de clown e análise de movimento. / This work is consequence of the plunge into the production and the shows universe of the Tear group‟s play The Stray Kings (Os Reis Vagabundos), from 1982, evocated by the creation crew as well as by its audience. This play is ponderated as a landmark of gaucho theatre where its director, Maria Helena Lopes used her main work concepts: play, improvisation, clowning and movement analysis.

Este trabalho apresenta e analisa a Consulta Encenada a partir do encontro entre arte e a especialidade de Medicina de Família e Comunidade no Projeto de Habilidades de Comunicação do Departamento de Medicina Social da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa descreve o processo de criação de personagens, feito de forma peculiar, em colaboração entre atores e médicos, com inspiração em histórias de pacientes reais complementadas pela ficção. A criação, a relação entre as subjetividades dos atores e dos médicos na cena, a noção de fé cênica, o contato e atualização dos sentimentos e da memória foram essenciais para a construção do trabalho. A partir de entrevistas e de materiais como anotações, roteiros e transcrição de uma Consulta Encenada, foi possível descrever e analisar o processo de desenvolvimento do Projeto ancorando-se em estudos sobre o trabalho criativo do ator desenvolvidos por Stanislavski e Grotowski. A verdade dos sentimentos e a ideia de jogo são fundamentais para compreender o papel do ator na experiência. / This work presents and analyses the so-called Staged Appointment (Consulta Encenada) developed from the meeting between art and the area of Medical Studies called Family and Community, in the Project of Communication Skills at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The research describes the process of creating characters, which is done in a very peculiar way, in collaboration with actors/actresses and physicians, based on real patients’ life stories complemented by fictional work. The creation, the relation between the subjectivity of the actors/actresses and physicians on stage, the concept of staging faith, as well as the contact and updating of the senses/feelings and the memories were considered essential to the construction of this work. Also, it was from interviews and from material such as annotations, scripts and the transcription of a Staged Appointment that we were able to describe and analyze the developing process of the Project having as a fundamental basis the studies of the acting creative work developed by Stanislavski and Grotowski. The truth of the feelings and the idea of the game are fundamental to understand the role of the actor/actress in the experience.

Este trabalho é o resultado do mergulho no universo da montagem e das apresentações da peça Os Reis Vagabundos do grupo teatral Tear, de 1982, rememorado pelos participantes da criação bem como pelo seu público. Esta peça é considerada um marco do teatro gaúcho e onde sua encenadora, Maria Helena Lopes, lançou mão de seus principais conceitos de trabalho: jogo dramático, improvisação, técnicas de clown e análise de movimento. / This work is consequence of the plunge into the production and the shows universe of the Tear group‟s play The Stray Kings (Os Reis Vagabundos), from 1982, evocated by the creation crew as well as by its audience. This play is ponderated as a landmark of gaucho theatre where its director, Maria Helena Lopes used her main work concepts: play, improvisation, clowning and movement analysis.

Submitted by LEILA CRISTIANE DELMADI (leila.delmadi@unemat.br) on 2018-02-16T19:25:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL_Leila Cristiane Delmadi 08_02_18.pdf: 4391349 bytes, checksum: e4b70ce78d01a2f04c5de286b9ee9c47 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-02-19T11:36:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 delmadi_lc_dr_botfca.pdf: 4391349 bytes, checksum: e4b70ce78d01a2f04c5de286b9ee9c47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-19T11:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 delmadi_lc_dr_botfca.pdf: 4391349 bytes, checksum: e4b70ce78d01a2f04c5de286b9ee9c47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-02 / A espécie florestal Tectona grandis (Teca) é nativa do sudeste asiático, possui grande porte, rápido crescimento, produtora de madeira nobre e valorizada por sua beleza, resistência e durabilidade. No Brasil, surgiu como uma alternativa substituta a outras espécies, como o mogno (Swietenia macrophylla) e a cerejeira (Torresea acreana). A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a condição fitossanitária da teca em frutos e, testar a resistência de três diferentes clones à doenças fúngicas. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) avaliar frutos de teca de 3 procedências (Alta Floresta/MT, Cáceres/MT e Botucatu/SP) quanto a presença de patógenos; ii) testar a resistência de 3 clones (S0, S1 e S3) de T. grandis aos patógenos: Olivea tectonae, Fusarium oxysporum e Ceratocystis fimbriata em condições controladas; iii) elaborar uma escala diagramática com folhas adultas de T. grandis, para avaliação da ferrugem causada pelo fungo O. tectonae; iv) testar a resistência de 3 clones de teca (S0, S1 e S3) à doenças fúngicas em plantio de campo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Patologia Florestal - FCA/UNESP-Botucatu e também na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP em São Manoel/SP. Como resultados para o teste com frutos, obteve-se: Procedência Alta Floresta/MT, 13,33% de Aspergillus sp.; 3,33% de Colletotrichum sp. e Alternaria sp.; 1,66% de Septoria sp. e Penicillium sp.. Para os frutos procedentes de Cáceres/MT, 61,66% para o patógeno Fusarium sp., 8,33% com Penicillium sp., 1,66% com Arthrosporium sp. e Cunninghamella sp. Quanto a procedência Botucatu/SP, 21,66% com Aspergillus sp., 23,33% com Alternaria sp., 8,33% com Fusarium sp., 10% com Penicillium sp., 5% para Nigrospora sp. e 3,33% com Ovularia e Humicola. O experimento em condições controladas, com o fungo Olivea tectonae foi realizado com a pulverização de uma suspensão de esporos em concentração de 2,42 x 105 urediniósporos/mL-1. Observou-se que o período latente foi de 5 dias e, na análise de severidade o clone S0 apresentou um número de 59,4 pústulas/3cm², S1 com 86,6 e S3 com 88,1 pústulas/3cm². A inoculação dos fungos Fusarium oxysporum e Ceratocystis fimbriata foi feita com a introdução de um disco de cultura micelial em uma abertura feita no caule da planta a 10 cm do colo. Com a inoculação do F. oxysporum os resultados médios das lesões encontradas no caule, foram: S0 com 8,25 cm, S1 com 8,77 cm e S3 com 11,25 cm de lesão. Já com a inoculação do C. fimbriata as médias das lesões se deram, conforme segue: S0 com 13,2 cm, S1 com 15,3 cm e S3 com 14,8 cm de lesão. Não houve diferença significativa entre as médias nos clones testados. Para a elaboração da escala diagramática, foram determinados 7 níveis de severidade em função da distribuição da amostra para as folhas adultas (N0 = 0%; N1 = 2,5%; N2 = 5%; N3 = 10%; N4 = 20%; N5 = 40% e N6 = 80%). Com a adoção da escala proposta, a totalidade dos avaliadores apresentou melhor precisão, com R² = 0,93 em comparação ao resultado obtido sem o uso da escala (R² = 0,88). O plantio em campo se deu com a introdução de 4.274 mudas de teca, divididas em 3 clones distintos (S0, S1 e S3). Foram identificadas as doenças fúngicas com ocorrência natural, ferrugem e cancro, causadas respectivamente, pelos fungos: O. tectonae e Neofusiccocum parvum. Não houve diferença estatística entre os clones para nenhum dos patógenos avaliados. Conclui-se com isso, que nas condições em que foi instalado o experimento, os clones testados não apresentaram resistência horizontal as doenças acima descritas. / The forest species Tectona grandis (Teak) is native to Southeast Asia, has large, rapidly growing producer of noble wood and valued for its beauty, strength and durability. In Brazil, it emerged as a replacement alternative to other species, such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Cherry tree (Torresea acreana).The present research had as objective to investigate the phytosanitary condition of teak fruits and to test the resistance of three different clones to fungal diseases. The specific objectives were: i) to evaluate teak fruits from 3 provenances (Alta Floresta/MT, Cáceres/MT and Botucatu/SP) in the presence of pathogens; ii) to test the resistance of 3 clones (S0, S1 and S3) of T. grandis to pathogens: Olivea tectonae, Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis fimbriata under controlled conditions; iii) to elaborate a diagrammatic scale with adult leaves of T. grandis, to evaluate the rust caused by the fungus O. tectonae; iv) to test the resistance of 3 teak clones (S0, S1 and S3) to fungal diseases in field planting. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Forest Pathology - FCA/UNESP/Botucatu and also at the experimental farm of UNESP in São Manoel/SP. As results for the fruit test, we obtained: Provenance Alta Floresta/MT, 13.33% of Aspergillus sp.; 3.33% of Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp.; 1.66% of Septoria sp. and Penicillium sp.. For fruits from Cáceres/MT, 61.66% for the pathogen Fusarium sp., 8.33% with Penicillium sp., 1.66% with Arthrosporium sp. and Cunninghamella sp. As for Botucatu/SP, 21.66% with Aspergillus sp., 23.33% with Alternaria sp., 8.33% with Fusarium sp., 10% with Penicillium sp., 5% for Nigrospora sp. and 3.33% with Ovularia and Humicola. The control under controlled conditions with fungus Olivea tectonae was carried out by spraying a suspension of spores in a concentration of 2,42 x 105 uredynopores/ml-1. It was observed that the latent period was 5 days and in the severity analysis clone S0 presented a number of 59,4 pustules/3cm², S1 with 86,6 and S3 with 88.1 pustules/3cm². The inoculation of fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ceratocystis fimbriata was made with the introduction of a mycelial culture disc into an opening made in the plant stem at 10 cm from the colon. With the inoculation of F. oxysporum the average results of the lesions found in the stem were: S0 with 8,25 cm, S1 with 8,77 cm and S3 with 11,25 cm of lesion. With the inoculation of C. fimbriata, the mean of the lesions were as follows: S0 with 13,2 cm, S1 with 15,3 cm and S3 with 14,8 cm of lesion. There was no statistical difference between the clones tested. For the elaboration of the diagrammatic scale, 7 levels of severity were determined as a function of the sample distribution for the adult leaves (N0 = 0%, N1 = 2,5%, N2 = 5%, N3 = 10%, N4 = 20%, N5 = 40% and N6 = 80%). With the adoption of the proposed scale, all the evaluators presented better accuracy, with R² = 0,93 compared to the result obtained without the use of the scale (R² = 0,88). Field planting occurred with the introduction of 4.274 teak seedlings, divided into 3 distinct clones (S0, S1 and S3). Fungal diseases with natural occurrence, rust and cancer, caused respectively by fungi: O. tectonae and Neofusiccocum parvum. There was no statistical difference between the clones for any of the evaluated pathogens. It was concluded that, under the conditions in which the experiment was installed, the clones tested did not show horizontal resistance to the diseases described above.