Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T06:27:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 199912.pdf: 858731 bytes, checksum: b4bbe1a0e18cf2e3ba35b44e125da381 (MD5)

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos. Programa de Pos-Graduação em Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-19T04:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-25T21:21:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 182172.pdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Os profissionais de Educação Física, freqüentemente estão diante de situações onde se faz necessário o aprofundamento de conhecimentos relacionados as várias modalidades esportivas existentes, principalmente o basquetebol.Os procedimentos adotados neste trabalho, não fazem com que professores tenham um modelo para fabricar atletas para o basquetebol de alto nível, mas colaborar principalmente na formação educacional e ensino dos elementos fundamentais, de forma a garantir a perfeita execução nos gestos técnicos de cada fundamento de iniciação. O estudo foi apresentado partindo de uma seqüência de iniciação dos fundamentos técnicos, abordando novos procedimentos metodológicos. Para cada fundamento técnico, abordou-se educativos que se relacionam com os mesmos. Ao final de cada aula, foram realizados jogos pré-desportivos que se relacionam com os fundamentos técnicos aprendidos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo apresentar proposta de uma seqüência de fundamentos técnicos de iniciação ao Basquetebol, sugerindo qual fundamento que deveria ser ensinado na primeira, segunda, terceira aulas e assim sucessivamente, até a 20ª, diferente da seqüência das aulas encontradas na literatura nacional. Para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos foram necessários dois grupos de escolares de duas escolas públicas da rede oficial de ensino da cidade de Presidente Prudente - SP, com sujeitos na faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos, do sexo masculino. No G I, aplicou-se os novos procedimentos metodológicos e no G II, a seqüência de fundamentos sugerida na literatura nacional, tendo como norteadora a seqüência de DAIUTO (1984) e de outros autores que o seguem. Realizou-se os testes iniciais relacionados com as habilidades motoras: força, velocidade, resistência e agilidade, nos dois grupos, verificando deste modo, homogeneidade nos mesmos para o inicio dos trabalhos. Os testes finais, foram efetuados após a aplicação da seqüência de 20 aulas, nos dois grupos, sendo nesta oportunidade, testes específicos, de acordo com o teste de KNOX para o basquetebol, apud MATHEWS (1986), sendo eles: velocidade do drible, drible e arremesso e velocidade do passe. O tratamento estatístico empregado foi a técnica Não Paramétrica e os resultados nos mostraram que houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no teste velocidade do drible, em favor do G I. Os testes de drible e arremesso e velocidade do passe não detectaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos, mas apesar disto, os dados analisados permitem apontar uma tendência de melhora, para o GI com relação ao tempo de execução nos testes finais, estes específicos para o basquetebol.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-23. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:48:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000826775.pdf: 819642 bytes, checksum: d2ec773f398c38945a433459df94a0ea (MD5) / O bisturi harmônico Harmonic® foi introduzido na prática cirúrgica há mais de uma década, com o intuito de minimizar os riscos das tecnologias eletro-cirúrgicas, dano energético local e/ou periférico, além de complicações associadas a energia monopolar. Tem como característica a conversão da energia elétrica em energia mecânica, levando a lâmina ativa à vibração de 55.500 Hz por segundo produzindo um aquecimento secundário, que promove a formação de um coágulo adesivo enquanto corta, selando veias e vasos linfáticos de até 5 mm de diâmetro. Contribui com a diminuição do tempo de cirurgia, perda sanguínea e dor pós-operatória, com temperaturas inferiores quando comparado com bisturi elétrico e lasers de alta potência. Tendo em vista as diversas vantagens atribuídas ao bisturi harmônico e a escassez de literatura concernente, julgou-se necessário um estudo que avalie os parâmetros na reparação tecidual do tratamento cirúrgico com bisturi harmônico Harmônic® quando comparado com o convencional, levando-se em consideração os estágios da reparação tecidual na língua. Para isso, foi realizada indução a necrose em borda lateral de língua em 18 ratos, divididos em 2 grupos para remoção cirúrgica da lesão com bisturi harmônico Harmônic® e bisturi convencional. Tomadas as medidas pós-operatórias, 3 ratos por grupo foram sacrificados em 7, 14 e 28 dias e submetidos às análises macroscópica e microscópica. Apesar das diferenças clínicas e histológicas observadas nos tempos iniciais, ao final, a qualidade do processo de reparo foi semelhante em ambos os grupos / The Harmonic® scalpel (HS) was shown in surgical practice for more than a decade, with the aim of minimizing the risks of electro-surgical technologies, local energy damage and/or peripheral, in addition to complications associated with monopolar energy. Characterize by the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy leading to active blade vibration of 55,500 Hz per second producing a secondary heating which promotes the formation of a blood clot while cutting, adhesive sealing veins and lymphatic vessels of up to 5 mm in diameter. Contributes to the reduction of the time of surgery, postoperative pain and blood loss with lower temperatures when compared to electric scalpel and high-power lasers radiation. Considering the several advantages attributed to HS and the paucity of literature regarding was deemed necessary a study that evaluates the parameters on tissue repair of surgical treatment with HS when compared with the conventional scalpel (CS), taking into account the stages of tissue repair in the tongue. For that a necrosis induction of lateral border of tongue was held in 18 rats divided into 2 groups for surgical removal of the lesion with HS and CS. Three rats per group were sacrificed at 7, 14 and 28 days and subjected to macroscopic and microscopic analyses. Despite the clinical and histological differences observed in early times and in the end, the quality of the repair process was similar in both groups

The focus of the Ph.D. dissertation is on the thermal part of the energy planning issue since the space conditioning (heating and cooling – H&C) of buildings represents about 75% of the energy consumed by European residential buildings and only 16% of the heating and cooling consumption is covered by renewable energy sources (RES). At the same time, the increased complexity of the spatial planning process when energy issues are involved has made clear the need for new “energy-aware” tools and methods used in this field. The proposed methodology is GIS (Geographical Information System)-based and performed at regional scale given that the movement of energy planning activities from national to regional and local scale allows a much more detailed analysis of both the energy demand and supply, balancing them more effectively. The integration of the spatial dimension within energy analyses can also provide the decision-makers with a spatially-explicit approach towards the energy transition and the development of sustainable energy plans and strategies. The general aim of the Ph.D. thesis is to develop a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) allowing the decision-makers to take into account (during the planning process) both the improvement of the energy production from RES and the energy renovation of the existing building stock. The SDSS aims also to connect the energy planning (supply side) with spatial planning (demand side) by seeking synergies between the two fields. This connection is made taking advantage of the framework of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). The Ph.D. thesis is partially developed within a European co-financed project included in the Interreg Alpine Space programme. The GRETA project was designed to foster the use of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) in energy plans and strategies along the Alps. SGE is a low-carbon source for H&C of buildings, which exploits the heat stored within the ground, a local source widely available and less dependent from changes in time compared to other RES. Despite this, its exploitation is not yet diffused and its growth is limited mainly by factors such as scarce knowledge, complicated and fragmented legislation, and high installation costs. Considering all these issues, the research questions that shaped the Ph.D. activities are: ➢ How to estimate the thermal energy demand of the residential building stock at the regional scale, as a starting point for developing sustainable energy strategies aimed at the reduction of the thermal energy consumption in the existing buildings. ➢ How to integrate this appraisal in the energy planning of a region in order to elaborate different scenarios for the energy balance between thermal demand and supply, fostering the use of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) that is a renewable source still not well-known and not exploited. ➢ How to encourage the connection between energy planning and spatial planning towards the common goal of sustainable energy transition, helping to fill the gap between the development of plans and strategies and their implementation, thanks to the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) framework. The proposed methodology has been applied in a case study, i.e. Valle d’Aosta, an Italian alpine region. Almost all the data processing is performed with open-source software (GRASS GIS, QGIS, Python, and R) and applying a spatially-explicit approach, for pushing the integration of the spatial dimension in the energy analysis. The spatial units of analysis are the single building and the census tract. The single building has been chosen as the smallest unit available for ensuring a better characterization of the thermal energy demand and of the potential energy production from SGE. Moreover, the scenario analysis for the energy renovation of buildings is better performed at the building level; so, it is particularly suitable for developing an SDSS. Nevertheless, some data processing is done at the census tract level, using aggregated and statistical information to estimate the required values at the building level. The reason for this twofold scale of analysis is that the data availability often changes depending on time, space and data provider. For instance, for the case study area only little data was available at the building level for the whole region. Therefore, the methodology integrates data from different sources to fill this knowledge gap. The methodology applied in the case study is divided into two parts: 1) The first one concerns the data collection and processing for the spatial estimation of the space heating demand of the existing building stock. At the end of it, the technical and economic suitability of SGE (performed within the GRETA project) for covering the energy demand of buildings and replacing some fossil fuels is evaluated. 2) The second one is carried out in the framework of SEA, by defining common objectives and developing scenarios for the integration of SGE in the energy planning process, as the short-term objective, and the coordination of energy and spatial planning goals, as the long-term objective. In the Ph.D. thesis, SEA is intended as a conceptual framework for integrating energy and spatial planning, rather than as an evaluation tool. The main outputs of the Ph.D. thesis are: (i) the spatial evaluation of the space heating demand of each residential building of the case study, without using the “archetypes approach”; (ii) the development of a method for the integration of data from different sources and for its estimation if missing at the building level; (iii) the use of SEA as a framework for connecting energy planning and spatial planning fields, to support strategic decision-making processes. Even though the Ph.D. case study is a typical alpine region, (iv) the developed methodology can be applied at different scales and not only on alpine regions but potentially in every kind of context. Since it strongly depends on the availability of data, the replicability of the methodology is quite high. The main expected impacts of these outputs are: (1) SDSS allows to reach a trade-off between the number of input data and the level of detail often required by decision-makers; (2) SDSS can support the decision-makers allowing them to analyse from various viewpoints different energy scenarios and also to localise where is better to address the energy measures; (3) the results at the building level represent a starting point for defining and developing strategies for the energy transition of settlements at different scales; (4) SEA used as a strategic tool for integrating energy and spatial planning, by coordinating strategic objectives, and linking the thesis outputs to the energy decision-making process.

Il lavoro di tesi riguarda la caratterizzazione meccanica di un giunto, adatto per la realizzazione di differenti configurazioni in strutture intelaiate pesanti di legno, costituito da un elemento metallico flangiato collegato agli elementi strutturali in legno per mezzo di barre incollate. Questo sistema di connessione presenta alcune interessanti proprietà meccaniche in termini di prestazioni meccaniche, versatilità e prefabbricazione. Un modello analitico in grado di valutare la risposta del giunto in termini dei parametri meccanici chiave (modalità di rottura, resistenza ultima, rigidezza e capacità rotazionale) à ̈ stato proposto e validato attraverso unâ€TMampia campagna sperimentale. A tale scopo il metodo per componenti, originariamente proposto per giunti semi-rigidi in acciaio, à ̈ stato adattato per modellare i giunti acciaiolegno, consentendo l'applicazione del capacity design e permettendo di progettare connessioni in grado di presentare valori di duttilità necessari ad applicazioni in campo sismico. Le prove effettuate hanno mostrato una soddisfacente rispondenza tra i risultati teorici e quelli sperimentali: in particolare la previsione affidabile delle modalità di rottura del giunto, permette la progettazione di connessioni resistenti a momento in grado di presentare alte deformazioni plastiche senza fenomeni di rotture fragili, con un notevole grado di duttilità strutturale a livello globale e di dissipazione energetica in seguito a sisma. ENGLISH VERSION This thesis investigates the mechanical characterisation of a joint, suitable for different configurations within a heavy timber frame, consisting of a wooden element connected to a steel stub by means of an end-plate and glued-in steel rods. This connection system has some interesting properties in terms of mechanical performance, versatility and prefabrication. An analytical model to predict the joint response in terms of its key parameters (e.g. failure mode, ultimate resistance, stiffness and rotation capacity) is proposed and validated through an extensive experimental programme. The component method, originally proposed for semi-rigid joints in steel frameworks, is adapted in order to set up a feasible general model for steel–timber joints, enabling application of the capacity design approach and offering the required ductility for applications in seismic zones. The tests carried out indicate satisfactory agreement between theoretical and experimental results: the reliable prediction of joint failure modes allows design of moment-resistant connections that can sustain high plastic deformation without brittle rupture, with a remarkable degree of global ductility and energy dissipation under alternate loading.

This study deepens key issues related to the seismic emergency management and deterioration state assessment of roadway and railway infrastructural networks by proposing a series of procedures and methodologies through the use of scientific-based analyses in the field of optimal management of infrastructural assets. This thesis is subdivided in several chapters, in which, the issues of quantification of the bridge structures’ deterioration state are intertwined with those related to the estimation of the seismic vulnerability assessment, from punctual level (single bridge) to territorial scale (infrastructural network). The key topics discussed in this work are, at punctual level, statistical analyses on the effectiveness of in-situ investigations for the bridges’ seismic fragility estimation, sensitivity analyses on the influence of geometrical parameters on the seismic vulnerability assessment and the construction of fragility curves for bridges subjected to deterioration of key structural components. At territorial scale, analyses of the restoring costs for bridge stocks, construction of life-cycle curves for bridges subjected to deterioration, simulations of time-dependent earthquake scenarios for infrastructural networks and procedures for the management of seismic emergency for railway networks are presented.

Due to high seismic vulnerability and severity of possible failure consequences, petrochemical installations are often considered as “special risk” plants. Although tanks, pipes, elbows and bolted flanges have been a major concern in terms of seismic design, generally, they have not been analysed with modern performance-based procedures. This thesis will explore some important themes in seismic risk assessment with a special focus on petrochemical plants and components. In the first part of the thesis the case study of a probabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA) for a Refrigerated liquefied gas (RLG) subplant is presented. As a matter of fact, RLG terminals that are part of strategic facilities must be able to withstand extreme earthquakes. In detail, a liquefied natural gas (LNG, ethylene) terminal consists of a series of process facilities connected by pipelines of various sizes. In this study, the seismic performance of pipes, elbows and bolted flanges is assessed, and seismic fragility functions are presented within the performance-based earthquake engineering framework. Particular attention is paid to component resistance to leakage and loss of containment (LoC) even though several different limit states are investigated. The LNG tank, support structures and pipework, including elbows and flanges, are analysed with a detailed 3D finite element model. For this purpose, a mechanical model of bolted flange joints is developed, able to predict the leakage limit state, based on experimental data. A significant effort is also devoted to identification of a leakage limit state for piping elbows, and the level of hoop plastic strain was found to be an indicator. The second part of the thesis describes an innovative methodology to evaluate seismic performances of a realistic tank-piping system with special focus on LoC from piping elbows. This methodology relies on a set of experimental dynamic tests performed throughout hybrid simulations where the steel storage tank is numerically modelled while, conversely, the physical substructure encompasses the coupled piping network. Besides, ground motions for dynamic tests are synthetized based on a stochastic ground motion model whose input parameters are derived from the results provided by a seismic hazard analysis. Then, based on output data from the experimental tests, both a high-fidelity and a low-fidelity FE model are calibrated. Furthermore, these models are used to run additional seismic analyses using a large set of synthetic ground motions. Moreover, in order to derive the seismic response directly from inputs parameters of the stochastic ground motions model, the procedure to build a hierarchical kriging surrogate model of the tank-piping system is presented. Eventually, the surrogate model can be adopted to perform a seismic fragility analysis. Along with the line of probabilistic analysis, another contribution to this research work is a probabilistic seismic demand model (PSDM) of a steel-concrete composite structure made of a novel type of high-strength steel moment resisting frame. According to the main topic of this thesis, the procedure that is here presented can be used either in a seismic risk assessment or a fully probabilistic performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework. In detail a 3D probabilistic seismic demand analysis was performed considering the variability of the earthquake incident angle, generally not taken in account in typical fragility analyses. Therefore, the fragility curves evaluated following this approach account for the uncertainty of both the seismic action and its direction.

The mechanical behaviour of wood is highly conditioned by the duration of load with regard to both its resistance and stiffness. In particular the problem of the deformability of floors is an essential aspect in design of wooden structures since, as to ordinary span beams, the service behaviour is generally a more severe standard of verification than the ultimate limit state. This research concerned the investigation of the rheological behaviour of timber and timber-concrete composite beams through an experimental approach, in order to go deep into the different components that influence the development of the long term deflection: bending and shear creep, as well as creep of connection for composite beams. The addition of a collaborating reinforced concrete slab is an ordinary solution for improving the stiffness and resistance of wooden beams, the validity of which depends on the deformability of the connection system, in addition to the mechanical properties of timber and concrete. In this work was investigated the long term behaviour of an 8 meter span timber-concrete composite beam, with stud connection. The test was carried out indoor, in variable hygrometric conditions and the results were compared with the forecasts of the method suggested by Eurocode 5. A second area of investigation concerned the rheological behaviour of the wood subject to shear, which represents one of the less explored aspects of the research into the wood. That behaviour has been investigated through long term tests on small specimens subject to different stress levels, performed indoor at uniform temperature and variable environmental relative humidity. In that case too, the results were compared with the previsions of the codes and rheological model proposed by Toratti. By experimentally calibrating the parameters of that model was made a forecast of the creep coefficient for the service life of the structures in service class 1 and 3. The inquiry into the phenomena that cause the rheological behaviour of timber and composite beams was completed through bending tests on wooden beams and shear tests on timber-concrete and timber-lime mortar stud connections, carried out in the same ambient where the test on the composite beam was made. ------------------------------------------------------------ Il comportamento meccanico del legno è fortemente condizionato dalla durata del carico, sia in termini di resistenza, sia in termini di rigidezza. Il problema della deformabilità degli impalcati, in particolare, rappresenta un aspetto essenziale nella progettazione delle strutture in legno, poiché, per le travi di luce ordinaria, il comportamento in esercizio costituisce in genere un criterio di verifica più severo rispetto allo stato limite ultimo. Il presente lavoro di ricerca ha riguardato lo studio del comportamento reologico delle travi in legno e delle travi miste legno-calcestruzzo, mediante un approccio sperimentale teso ad approfondire le diverse componenti che contribuiscono a caratterizzare lo sviluppo della deformazione differita: la viscosità a flessione, a taglio e, nella trave mista, la viscosità della connessione. L’accoppiamento con una lastra collaborante in calcestruzzo armato rappresenta una soluzione diffusa per il miglioramento della rigidezza, oltre che della resistenza, delle travi in legno, la cui validità dipende dall’efficacia della connessione tra i due materiali, oltre che dalle caratteristiche di questi ultimi. In questa sede è stato indagato, mediante una prova di flessione di lunga durata, il comportamento deformativo di una trave mista legno-calcestruzzo di 8 metri di luce con connessione a piolo. La prova è stata condotta in ambiente interno con condizioni igrometriche variabili e i risultati sono stati posti a confronto con le previsioni del metodo suggerito dall’Eurocodice 5. Un secondo ambito di ricerca ha riguardato il comportamento reologico del legno soggetto ad azione di taglio, che rappresenta uno degli aspetti meno esplorati nelle indagini sul legno. Tale comportamento è stato caratterizzato mediante prove di lunga durata su campioni di piccole dimensioni soggetti a diversi livelli di sforzo, in ambiente controllato a temperatura costante e umidità ambientale relativa variabile; anche in questo caso i risultati ottenuti sono stati posti a confronto con le previsioni della normativa e con il modello reologico proposto da Toratti. Calibrando sperimentalmente i parametri di questo modello, è stata effettuata una previsione del coefficiente di viscosità per la vita utile delle strutture in classe di servizio 1 e 3. L’indagine sui fenomeni che determinano il comportamento reologico delle travi in legno e delle travi miste è stata completata mediante prove di flessione su travi in legno e prove di taglio su connessioni a piolo legno-calcestruzzo e legno-malta di calce naturale, condotte nello stesso ambiente in cui si è svolta la prova sulla trave mista.

After-earthquake assessment of buildings in terms of usability and safety is nowadays performed by in-charge technicians which are called to give their judgment basing mainly on in-field surveys and visual inspections. This necessarily implies additional inconvenience for residents and economic losses in the affected area, being often large the time required for conducting the surveys and being the judgment on the safe side in absence of objective data. A near real-time assessment based on objective data related to the seismic response of the structures is possible though the use of a monitoring systems capable of providing information on the state of the monitored structure inferring observations of its dynamic response. One of the most reliable parameter which can be correlated to the state of condition of a structure after an earthquake is the ductility demand expressed in terms of interstory drift. The use in monitoring systems of this indicator is examined in this thesis through case studies on reinforced concrete framed buildings and precast industrial buildings. In the design process of the systems I proposed a capacity-demand approach, through the prior formal definition of the requirements of accuracy and the calculation of the actual accuracy of the designed monitoring system. In particular I investigated in detail the uncertainties, both instrumental and related to model, to be combined in order to obtain the overall uncertainty of the information provided by the monitoring system, when using the method of double integration of the acceleration measurements. I have found that in general the instrumental uncertainties have less importance to the uncertainties of the model, in particular in presence of residual displacements at the end of the seismic motion. Aiming to reduce uncertainties in the presence of residual displacements and to cancel the need of high-pass filtering acceleration signals, I proposed a sensing bar prototype instrumented with accelerometers and inclinometers.

Hybrid Simulation with Dynamic Substructuring (HSDS) is a mixed numerical/- experimental simulation techniques. In detail, HSDS combines a Physical Substructure(PS) -the most critical subpart- with a Numerical Substructure (NS), and a compliant time integration process calculates the overall dynamic response of the emulated system. With the objective to circumvent three among major limitations of HSDS, the present thesis offers methodological procedures and algorithms aimed at: i) emulating a consistent degradation between PSs and NSs via model updating techniques; ii) handling PSs characterized by several internal DoFs with a reduced number of interface actuation points; iii) improving the computational efficiency in the case of complex NSs via partitioned time integrators. An old reinforced concrete bridge and a steel piping network for industrial plants are introduced as full-scale structural case studies. Part of significant results were published on referee journals and proceedings of international conferences. Part of developed tools was uploaded to the NEESHub web repository that is a United States web platform for research, collaboration and education powered by the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES).