A subfamília Lebiasininae é tradicionalmente dividida em dois gêneros: Lebiasina e Piabucina. Historicamente, tal divisão vem sendo contestada devido à inconsistência dos caracteres que diferenciam os dois gêneros. Com o intuito de investigar as relações entre os Lebiasininae e a validade de Lebiasina e Piabucina, foram analisados 59 representantes de Lebiasinidae e representantes de outras cinco famílias de Characiformes foram examinados como grupo externo adicionais. A análise filogenética incluindo 208 caracteres de diferentes complexos morfológicos, resultou em seis árvores fundamentais com 800 passos. As topologia obtidas recuperam o monofiletismo de Lebiasininae com base em cinco sinapomorfias (4 exclusivas): margem póstero- dorsal do infra-orbital 3 com uma projeção que exclui parcial- ou totalmente o infra-orbital 4 do anel orbital; lâmina dorsal do mesetmóide em forma de T; margem póstero-ventral do coracóide truncada, sem uma distinta projeção direcionada posteriormente; ramo infra-orbital do canal látero- sensorial cefálico se estendendo ao antorbital; mancha na base dos raios médios da nadadeira caudal presente. Por outro lado, estas refutam o monofiletismo de Lebiasina e Piabucina e a sinoníma entre eles é formalmente proposta. O resultado da análise corrobora o monofiletismo de Lebiasinidae (com base em 20 sinapomorfias, 12 exclusivas) e todas as suas demais subunidades. São discutidos eventos graduais de miniaturização em Pyrrhulininae, aparentemente associados a diversos caracteres redutivos, e a evolução dos modos de vida observados em Nannostomus e Pyrrhulinina. Como resultado da revisão taxonômica, 19 das as 22 espécies nominais de Lebiasininae são consideradas válidas e sete são descritas como espécies novas. Entre elas, constam tês novas espécies que até então eram erroneamente classificadas como Lebiasina bimaculata. Todas as espécies são redescritas e novas diagnoses são propostas para cada uma delas. Adicionalmente, uma chave de identificação das espécies (válidas e novas) é apresentada. / The subfamily Lebiasininae has been traditionally divided into two genera: Lebiasina and Piabucina. Historically, such division has been contested due to the inconsistency of the diagnostic characters differring both genera. To investigate the relationships among the Lebiasininae and the validity of Lebiasina and Piabucina, 59 representatives of the Lebiasinidae were compared, as well as representatives of five other characiform families as additional outgroups. The phylogenetic analysis, including 208 characters, obtained from different morphological complexes, yielded six fundamental trees with 800 steps. The topologies obtained recover the monophyly of the Lebiasininae based in five synapomorphies (four exclusive): postero-dorsal margin of infraorbital 3 with a projection that excludes patrially or completelly the infraorbital 4 from the orbital rim; dorsal surface of the mesethmoid T shaped; postero-ventral margin of coracoid truncate, without a distinct posteriorly projected process; infraorbital ramus of latero-sensory canal extending onto the antorbital; caudal blotch present. On the other hand, the topologies refute the monophyly of Lebiasina and Piabucina, and their synonymy is formally proposed herein. The analysis also recovers the Lebiasinidae as a monophyletic assemblage (based in 20 synapomorhies, 12 exclusive) as well as all other subunities of the family. Gradual miniaturization events apparently associated with several reductive characters and the evolution of life strategies in Nannostomus and Pyrrhulinina are discussed. As a result of the taxonomic review, 19 of the 22 nominal species are considered valid and seven are described as new. Among them, there are three species so far identified as Lebiasina bimaculata. All species are redescribed, their distribution is extended and new diagnoses are proposed to each of them. Additionally, an identification key to the species (valid and new) is presented.

A subfamília Lebiasininae é tradicionalmente dividida em dois gêneros: Lebiasina e Piabucina. Historicamente, tal divisão vem sendo contestada devido à inconsistência dos caracteres que diferenciam os dois gêneros. Com o intuito de investigar as relações entre os Lebiasininae e a validade de Lebiasina e Piabucina, foram analisados 59 representantes de Lebiasinidae e representantes de outras cinco famílias de Characiformes foram examinados como grupo externo adicionais. A análise filogenética incluindo 208 caracteres de diferentes complexos morfológicos, resultou em seis árvores fundamentais com 800 passos. As topologia obtidas recuperam o monofiletismo de Lebiasininae com base em cinco sinapomorfias (4 exclusivas): margem póstero- dorsal do infra-orbital 3 com uma projeção que exclui parcial- ou totalmente o infra-orbital 4 do anel orbital; lâmina dorsal do mesetmóide em forma de T; margem póstero-ventral do coracóide truncada, sem uma distinta projeção direcionada posteriormente; ramo infra-orbital do canal látero- sensorial cefálico se estendendo ao antorbital; mancha na base dos raios médios da nadadeira caudal presente. Por outro lado, estas refutam o monofiletismo de Lebiasina e Piabucina e a sinoníma entre eles é formalmente proposta. O resultado da análise corrobora o monofiletismo de Lebiasinidae (com base em 20 sinapomorfias, 12 exclusivas) e todas as suas demais subunidades. São discutidos eventos graduais de miniaturização em Pyrrhulininae, aparentemente associados a diversos caracteres redutivos, e a evolução dos modos de vida observados em Nannostomus e Pyrrhulinina. Como resultado da revisão taxonômica, 19 das as 22 espécies nominais de Lebiasininae são consideradas válidas e sete são descritas como espécies novas. Entre elas, constam tês novas espécies que até então eram erroneamente classificadas como Lebiasina bimaculata. Todas as espécies são redescritas e novas diagnoses são propostas para cada uma delas. Adicionalmente, uma chave de identificação das espécies (válidas e novas) é apresentada. / The subfamily Lebiasininae has been traditionally divided into two genera: Lebiasina and Piabucina. Historically, such division has been contested due to the inconsistency of the diagnostic characters differring both genera. To investigate the relationships among the Lebiasininae and the validity of Lebiasina and Piabucina, 59 representatives of the Lebiasinidae were compared, as well as representatives of five other characiform families as additional outgroups. The phylogenetic analysis, including 208 characters, obtained from different morphological complexes, yielded six fundamental trees with 800 steps. The topologies obtained recover the monophyly of the Lebiasininae based in five synapomorphies (four exclusive): postero-dorsal margin of infraorbital 3 with a projection that excludes patrially or completelly the infraorbital 4 from the orbital rim; dorsal surface of the mesethmoid T shaped; postero-ventral margin of coracoid truncate, without a distinct posteriorly projected process; infraorbital ramus of latero-sensory canal extending onto the antorbital; caudal blotch present. On the other hand, the topologies refute the monophyly of Lebiasina and Piabucina, and their synonymy is formally proposed herein. The analysis also recovers the Lebiasinidae as a monophyletic assemblage (based in 20 synapomorhies, 12 exclusive) as well as all other subunities of the family. Gradual miniaturization events apparently associated with several reductive characters and the evolution of life strategies in Nannostomus and Pyrrhulinina are discussed. As a result of the taxonomic review, 19 of the 22 nominal species are considered valid and seven are described as new. Among them, there are three species so far identified as Lebiasina bimaculata. All species are redescribed, their distribution is extended and new diagnoses are proposed to each of them. Additionally, an identification key to the species (valid and new) is presented.

The present thesis concerns the population history, evolutionary processes and phylogenetic relationships of lineages of the redfin minnow genus Pseudobarbus. First, the population history and evolutionary processes within P. quathlambae were determined, mainly to decide the conservation value of the Mohale population. The Mohale dam threatens its survival. A divergence in mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b sequences and frequency differences in the distribution of major histocompatibility alleles were found between the Mohale population and an “Eastern” lineage. The Mohale population has therefore been historically isolated and was deemed indispensable for the conservation of P. quathlambae. Differentiation among populations of the P. afer and P. phlegethon complex were investigated, in relation to geological and climatic processes. Sea levels were about – 130 m below present levels during the last glacial maximum, about 18 000 years ago. Five historically isolated lineages were identified through analysis of mitochondrial control region sequences. The four P. afer lineages showed a strong association with proposed palaeoriver systems. A “Forest” lineage, however, reaches across two proposed palaeoriver systems. Surprisingly, this lineage is closely related to P. phlegethon. Pseudobarbus asper and P. tenuis were analysed together, because of their close phylogenetic relationship and because they occur in sympatry in the Gourits River system. Pseudobarbus tenuis showed divergence in mitochondrial control region only between the Keurbooms and Bitou River systems compared to the Gourits River system. Within P. asper, divergence was low, suggesting recent inland exchange opportunities between populations of the Gourits and Gamtoos River systems. River capture of south-eastern tributaries of the Gourits River system by the Keurbooms River would have resulted in unidirectional colonization, suggesting that speciation between P. asper and P. tenuis occurred within the Gourits River system with or without the Gamtoos River system being involved. Lower sea levels during the last glacial maximum also played an important role in the population history of P. burchelli. Differentiation in P. burchelli did not occur between two proposed palaeoriver systems, but rather within a western palaeoriver system. Divergence in mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b sequences showed that the “Breede” and “Tradou” lineages diverged within the Breede River system, before the “Heuningnes” lineage became isolated in the Heuningnes River system. Fifteen historically isolated Pseudobarbus lineages were included in a phylogenetic analysis on which biogeographic hypotheses were based. Phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial control region, cytochrome b and 16S and a combined dataset of all these were compared to relationships recovered from a previous morphological dataset. Conflicts between the molecular and morphological analyses, suggests that several morphological characters evolved in a complex manner. The molecular phylogenies suggest that the earliest divergence in the Pseudobarbus was between P. quathlambae in the Orange River system and the other species that occur in the Cape Foristic Region. Pseudobarbus lineages with two pairs of barbels and those with a single pair of barbels (excluding P. quathlambae) grouped together. In terms of currently described species, only the two lineages of P. quathlambae and the three lineages of P. burchelli were clearly monophyletic. Copyright / Thesis (PhD (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Genetics / unrestricted

The study of fossil istiophorids is limited by its fragmentary fossil record; the absence of osteological specimens for comparisons; the cryptic bibliography of several early works and the absence of more accurate comparative methods. Appling a data imputation model we took advantages of extant data for rostral and articular variables for istiophorid billfishes. We used this result to apply PCA analysis and we compared fossil and modern istiophorids together. With this analysis we present here two new istiophorid species: Makaira? sp. nov. 1 and Makaira sp. nov. 2. Makaira? sp. nov. 1 is the most complete fossil istiophorid ever discovered and represent that share characters in various genera. We hypothesize that characters in bones involved in alimentation process have phylogenetic importance as: rostrum shape, denticles, lower jaw, vomer, basioccipital and skull shape as well as orbital size. Our taxonomic reviews of fossil istiophorid reorganize its taxonomy and solve many conflicts about the classification of fossil species. The istiophorids are abundant macrovertebrate in the Chagres sediments and its presence suggests a water column with a minimum of 200m depths in an environment of short platform with oceanic influence. Given the high productivity inferred in this environment we suggest that...

Orientador: Sarah Arana / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T00:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tagliaferro_AlineFernanda_M.pdf: 13833602 bytes, checksum: 8ff9e6fc1f703f847914ff9a4284c900 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Dado o registro de endosulfan nas bacias do Pantanal Mato-Grossense, o risco para os organismos aquáticos que esse agrotóxico promove e a falta de informações sobre sua ação na ictiofauna dessa região, esta pesquisa objetivou verificar a sensibilidade do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, ao endosulfan. Para a realização da intoxicação aguda (96h) em sistema estático, alevinos foram expostos às seguintes concentrações de endosulfan: 0; 0,71; 1,43; 2,14; 2,86; 3,57; 4,29 e 5µgL-1. Após 96h, os exemplares sobreviventes foram necropsiados e amostras de brânquia, fígado e rim foram colhidas para análise histopatológica, qualitativa e semi-quantitativa. A Concentração Letal Média (CL50) obtida foi de 5,66µgL-1 (24h) e 4,33µgL-1 (96h). Alterações branquiais e hepáticas foram perceptíveis à microscopia de luz (ML) e à microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), já no rim somente alterações à MET foram detectadas. Nas brânquias, lamelas secundárias com hipertrofia do epitélio, telangectasia e destacamento epitelial foram as principais alterações. Já no fígado notaram-se degeneração hidrópica, inclusão nuclear, inclusão hialina e vacuolização citoplasmática, como as alterações mais frequentes. Entre as alterações à MET, de modo geral, as mais frequentes foram: alterações mitocondriais, presença de figura de mielina, alteração e/ou perda de microvilos e aumento do espaço intercelular. Embora, alguns exemplares apresentaram alterações celulares frequentes e severas, sugerindo sério dano induzido pelo endosulfan, a análise semi-quantitativa indicou grande variabilidade interindividual. Este último dado sugere fortemente, que a avaliação de biomarcadores histológicos de contaminação aquática deve ser acompanhada de avaliação semi-quantitativa das alterações induzidas associada à análise estatística, para uma fiel indicação do dano provocado à população de organismos-teste. Finalmente, o pacu mostrou-se um bom bioindicador de contaminação aquática por endosulfan o qual se mostrou extremamente tóxico para essa espécie. Assim, espera-se que esta pesquisa venha contribuir efetivamente para o estabelecimento de normas mais rigorosas, ou até mesmo a proibição, da utilização do endosulfan em território brasileiro à semelhança de outros países. / Abstract: The records of endosulfan in river basins of the Patanal wetlands in the state of Mato Grosso (Brazil), the risk to aquatic organisms and lack of information on the action of this pesticide on fish fauna in this region stimulated the present study, which aim was to determine the sensitivity of the pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) to endosulfan. For the acute intoxication test (96h) in a static system, fingerlings were exposed to the following concentrations of endosulfan: 0; 0.71; 1.43; 2.14; 2.86; 3.57; 4.29 and 5µgL-1. After 96h, the specimens were necropsied and samples were taken from the gill, liver and kidney for qualitative and semi-quantitative histopathological analysis. The Mean Lethal Concentration (LC50) was 5.66µgL-1 (24h) and 4.33µgL-1 (96h). Gill and liver alterations were visible through light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); alterations in the kidney were only detected through TEM. The main alterations in the gills were secondary lamellae with epithelial hypertrophy, telangiectasis and epithelial lifting. The most frequent alterations in the liver were hydropic degeneration, hyaline inclusion and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The most frequent TEM findings were mitochondrial alterations, the presence of myelin figure, alterations in and/or loss of microvilli and increase in intercellular space. Although some specimens frequently exhibited severe cell alterations suggesting serious damage induced by endosulfan, the semi-quantitative analysis revealed considerable interindividual variability. This strongly suggests that the evaluation of histological biomarkers of aquatic contamination should be accompanied by a semi-quantitative assessment of alterations associated with statistical analysis in order to obtain a faithful indication of the damage caused to the population of test organisms. The pacu proved to be a good bioindicator of aquatic contamination by endosulfan, which proved to be extremely toxic to this species. It is hoped that the present study can effectively to contribute toward the establishment of stricter norms or even the banning of the use of endosulfan in Brazil, as has occurred in other countries. / Mestrado / Histologia / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-09T15:50:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Draussio Pinheiro Veras.pdf: 2415488 bytes, checksum: c1bef0097caba696278592343621305f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T15:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Draussio Pinheiro Veras.pdf: 2415488 bytes, checksum: c1bef0097caba696278592343621305f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-08 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The parrotfishes, Sparisoma axillare and S. frondosum (Family: Scaridae), are reef fish species frequently caught as bycatch on the trap fishery for lobster and goatfishes in the State of Pernambuco. Between 2002 and 2005, the total of parrotfish caught by the marine fisheries in Pernambuco State, varied from 136.5 to 280.5 t. These numbers show a growing fishing pressure on this important zoological group, with a significant impact on coral reef ecosystems, highlighting the importance of biological and ecological studies on these species. In this context, the present study intends to generate information regarding the main reproductive parameters of S. axillare e S. frondosum, with the purpose of supporting the management of their fisheries in the region. For the study of the reproductive biology, the stages of gonad maturation were defined through microscopic analysis of 283 specimes of S. axillare and 185 specimes of S. frondosum. The standard length (SL) varied between 13.8 and 33.4 cm, for S. axillare, and from 12.6 to 29.5 cm, for S. frondosum. The sex ratio between male and female was 1:6.4, for S. axillare, and 1:1.2, for S. frondosum. The average values of Gonad Index (G.I.) for S. axillare were higher during the second semester of the year, with the largest values for females occurring in July, August, September and November and for males, in September. For S. frondosum, females presented the highest average GI in February and males in April. The size of first sexual maturity (L50) for females of S. axillare was estimated at 20.2 cm of SL. It was not possible to determine the L50 for males. The L50 for females of S. frondosum was estimated at 17.0 cm of SL and for males at 17.7 cm. The average fecundity was 50.075 oocytes for S. axillare and 80.276 oocytes for S. frondosum. These results indicate that both species present multiple or batch spawning, with reproduction occurring all year. / Os budiões batata, Sparisoma axillare e S. frondosum (Família: Scaridae), são espécies de peixes recifais que vêm sendo bastante capturadas como fauna acompanhante na pescaria de covo voltada para lagosta e saramunete no Estado de Pernambuco. Entre os anos de 2002 e 2005, a pesca extrativa marinha obteve capturas de escarídeos que variaram entre 136,5 e 280,5 t. Esses dados evidenciam uma elevada e crescente pressão pesqueira sobre esse importante grupo zoológico, com um significativo impacto sobre os ecossistemas recifais em que habitam. Desta forma, é de fundamental importância o desenvolvimento de estudos que possam aportar informações biológicas sobre as espécies capturadas, muitas das quais são ainda pouco conhecidas, como é o caso das espécies aqui estudadas. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo pretendeu gerar informações acerca dos principais parâmetros reprodutivos de S. axillare e S. frondosum, com o objetivo de subsidiar o ordenamento da sua pesca na região. Para o estudo da biologia reprodutiva foram determinados os estágios de maturação gonadal através de análises microscópicas de cortes histológicos do aparelho reprodutor de 283 indivíduos de S. axillare e 185 indivíduos de S. frondosum. O comprimento padrão (CP) dos exemplares variou entre 13,8 e 33,4 cm, para S. axillare, e entre 12,6 a 29,5 cm, para S. frondosum. A proporção sexual, entre macho e fêmea, foi de 1:6,4, para S. axillare, e de 1:1,2, para S. frondosum. Os valores médios do índice gonadal para as fêmeas e machos de S. axillare foram mais altos nos meses do segundo semestre do ano. Para S. frondosum, as fêmeas apresentaram maior valor médio mensal em fevereiro e os machos em abril. O tamanho de primeira maturação sexual (L50) para as fêmeas de S. axillare foi estimado em 20,2 cm de CP, não tendo sido possível determinar a curva de maturação para os machos. O L50 das fêmeas de S. frondosum foi estimado em 17,0 cm de CP e o dos machos em 17,7 cm. A fecundidade média estimada foi de 50.075 ovócitos/gônada para S. axillare e de 80.276 ovócitos/gônada para S. frondosum. Os resultados indicam que ambas as espécies apresentam desova múltipla ou parcelada, reproduzindo-se durante o ano todo.

Orientador: Sarah Arana / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T12:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peterlini_MarianaFrem_M.pdf: 4643636 bytes, checksum: cd0d6e62df40edebf5ce8326f7c80cd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A agricultura intensiva no Brasil tem aumentado o risco de contaminação dos recursos hídricos e dos organismos aquáticos por agroquímicos. Esse é o caso da atrazina, detectada em alta frequência em rios e córregos da região. Assim, neste trabalho, o pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) foi escolhido como bioindicador por sua importância econômica e ecológica em Bacias do Pantanal. As brânquias e o tegumento foram aqui avaliados como biomarcadores da toxicidade induzida por atrazina, uma vez que estes órgãos se encontram em contato direto com o ambiente aquático. Para avaliar a sensibilidade de alevinos de pacu e determinar a Concentração Letal Média (CL50) à atrazina foram conduzidos experimentos, em duplicata, em sistema estático por 96 horas, com as seguintes concentrações: 0,0; 13,2; 17,6; 22,0; 26,4; 30,8; 35,2; 39,6 mgL-1. A CL50 obtida para a atrazina foi de 28,58 mgL-1 (96h). Foram realizadas análises anatomopatológica, histopatológica qualitativa e semi-quantitativa para brânquias e análises anatomopatológica e histopatológica qualitativa para o epitélio tegumentar. Amostras de brânquia e de pele dorsal e ventral foram fixadas em Bouin e incluídas em parafina. Para o grupo controle não foi registrada qualquer alteração com os métodos empregados. Os alevinos expostos à atrazina apresentaram alterações comportamentais como: escurecimento da pele, boquejamento intenso e distúrbios motores, além disso, nesses aquários houve constante presença de muco na água; e, alterações anatomopatológicas, como: hiperemia na pele, dilatação da região ventral, presença de líquido no estômago e ascite sanguinolenta. Nas brânquias dos grupos tratados foram observadas as seguintes alterações morfológicas: edema e afastamento na região interlamelar, hipertrofia e hiperplasia na região interlamelar, destacamento do epitélio respiratório, hipertrofia de células do epitélio respiratório, congestão, telangiectasia e fusão de lamelas secundárias. Na pele dorsal e ventral dos grupos tratados não se observou alteração histopatológica. As alterações motoras observadas são provavelmente decorrentes do efeito neurotóxico da atrazina. As análises branquiais confirmam o comprometimento respiratório e de osmoregulação nesse órgão, sendo que a análise semi-quantitativa indicou a hipertrofia de células do epitélio respiratório como a lesão mais severa. Finalmente, as brânquias mostraram-se biomarcadores adequados na avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos da atrazina em pacu e o valor da CL50 sugere que a atrazina é levemente tóxica para o pacu, porém pelos demais resultados observados, se infere que só analisar a mortalidade não é o suficiente para determinar o dano causado por agrotóxicos em peixes, assim, recomenda-se o emprego de vários biomarcadores, como por exemplo, análise de vários outros órgãos. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de estudos desta natureza, para embasar medidas ambientais preventivas e reguladoras quanto ao uso desse herbicida / Abstract: The intensive agriculture in Brazil has caused growing increase of pollution risks of hydric resources and the aquatic organisms by agrochemicals. This is the case of atrazine, detected in high frequency in the rivers and streams. Therefore, in this research, the pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) was chosen by bioindicator because of its great economic and ecological importance to the water ecosystem of the Pantanal region. The gills and skin were assessed here as biomarkers of induced toxicity by atrazine, considering that these organs are in direct contact with the aquatic environment. To evaluate the sensitivity of pacu fingerlings and determine the Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) by atrazine, experiments were conducted, performed in duplicate, in static system for 96 hours, with the following concentrations: 0.0; 13.2; 17.6; 22.0; 26.4; 30.8; 35.2; 39.6 mgL-1. The LC50 for pacu was 28.58 mgL-1 (96h). Anatomopathological, qualitative histopathological and semiquantitative histopathological analyses were performed for the gills, and anatomopathological and qualitative histopathological analysis were performed for the skin epithelium. Gills and dorsal and ventral skin samples were fixed in Bouin and processed for the inclusion in paraffin. The control group did not register any other alterations with the methods used. The fingerlings exposed to atrazine presented behavioral changes, such as: darkening of the skin, an increase in the frequency of gasping and motor disturbances. Furthermore, these aquariums presented the constant presence of mucus in the water; and, anatomopathological alterations, such as: skin hyperemia, dilation of the ventral region, the presence of liquid in the stomach and bloody ascites. In the gills of treated groups were found the following morphological alterations: edema and spacing in the interlamellar region, hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the interlamellar region, epithelial lifting, hypertrophy of respiratory epithelium cells, congestion, telangiectasis and fusion of the secondary lamellae. For dorsal and ventral skin of treated groups no histological alterations were observed. The motor alterations observed are probably due to the neurotoxic effects of atrazine. The gills analysis confirm respiratory and osmoregulatory compromise in this organ, noting that semi-quantitative analysis indicated the hypertrophy of respiratory epithelium cells as the most severe lesion. Finally, the gills showed adequate biomarkers in the assessment of toxic atrazine effects in pacu and the LC50 value suggests that atrazine is lightly toxic to pacu. However, by other results observed, it is concluded that analyzing the mortality index alone is not enough to determine the damages caused by agrotoxics in fishes, so the use of other biomarkers is recommended, like for instance, analysis some other organs. The results obtained reinforce the importance of research of this nature, in order to establish preventive and regulatory environmental measures regarding the use of this herbicide / Mestrado / Histologia / Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Orientador: Irani Quagio-Grassiotto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mazzoni_TalitaSarah_D.pdf: 26204829 bytes, checksum: b3ecbe44f1a0367d6194fb7c297136c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Considerando o status atual de conhecimento da morfogênese e diferenciação gonadal nos Teleostei frente à restrição de informações, especialmente em aspectos tangentes ao estabelecimento do epitélio germinativo e sua relação com a formação da estrutura gonadal tomou-se aqui como modelos biológicos Tanichthys albonubes, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Corydoras schwartzi, Amatitlania nigrofasciata e Poecilia reticulata, representando as séries Otophysi, Percomorpha e Atherinomorpha, visando estabelecer uma análise comparativa da diferenciação gonadal entre as espécies, considerando suas posições na escala filogenética. A proliferação e diferenciação de células germinativas e somáticas a partir do primórdio gonadal em T. albonubes, G. ternetzi, C. schwartzi, A. nigrofasciata e P. reticulata levam à formação das diferentes estruturas ovarianas e testiculares e à constituição do epitélio germinativo que margeia as lamelas ovígeras e os túbulos/lóbulos testiculares. Nesses animais, o primórdio gonadal é formado por células germinativas primordiais (CGPs) rodeadas por células somáticas. Após sucessivas divisões mitóticas das células somáticas, o tecido gonadal aumenta, originando uma gônada indiferenciada, com as mesmas características morfológicas entre machos e fêmeas de T. albonubes e C. schwartzi. Em A. nigrofasciata e P. reticulata grupos de células germinativas e somáticas organizam-se de maneira distintas em machos e fêmeas. Nas gônadas femininas, as CGPs estão distribuídas por todo o tecido gonadal, enquanto que nas masculinas, as CGPs localizam-se na periferia. Na região dorsal das gônadas masculinas de A. nigrofasciata e P. reticulata, células somáticas organizam-se formando o ducto testicular, enquanto que em T. albonubes, G. ternetzi e C. schwartzi esse é a última estrutura a se formar. Nas gônadas femininas das cinco espécies, os processos envolvidos na diferenciação gonadal, como a foliculogênese, o estabelecimento do epitélio germinativo e a formação da cavidade ovariana são bastante semelhantes. Nas gônadas masculinas, as células somáticas, pré-Sertoli, associam-se às CGPs, formando cistos de espermatogônias; estas proliferam formando conjuntos celulares. Em T. albonubes e A. nigrofasciata os cistos de espermatogônias que constituem um mesmo conjunto, afastam-se uns dos outros, criando um espaço central, que se torna maior, originando um compartimento luminal, delimitado por cistos de espermatogônias. Formam-se os túbulos e lóbulos testiculares e o epitélio 2 germinativo masculino é estabelecido. Em G. ternetzi o tecido gonadal masculino é estabelecido e organizado em túbulos após a diferenciação gonadal feminina, sobre um ovário previamente desenvolvido, constituindo uma diferenciação gonocorística do tipo indireta. C. schwartzi apresenta um tecido gonadal masculino compacto, que sofre degenerações no interior de estruturas acinares compostas por cistos, para constituir os túbulos testiculares. Em P. reticulata, os conjuntos de espermatogônias conectam-se ao ducto em formação, originando os primeiros lóbulos testiculares. Ao final da diferenciação gonadal, os testículos de T. albonubes, G. ternetzi e C. schwartzi apresentam espermatogônias distribuídas aleatoriamente no túbulo. Estes anastomosam-se, caracterizando o testículo como tubular anastomosado. Em P. reticulata, as espermatogônias ficam restritas na região periférica dos lóbulos, os quais não apresentam lúmen testicular, características estas de um testículo lobular restrito. A mesma distribuição aleatória de cistos nos túbulos dos Otophysi ocorre nos lóbulos testiculares de A. nigrofasciata, caracterizando um testículo com organização lobular do tipo irrestrita / Abstract: Considering the lack of information about the gonadal morphogenesis and differentiation in Teleostei, especially in tangent aspects concerning the establishment of the germinal epithelium and its relation with the formation of the gonadal structure, in the present study, it was taken Tanichthys albonubes, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Corydoras schwartzi, Amatitlania nigrofasciata and Poecilia reticulata as biological models, representing the series Otophysi, Percomorpha and Atherinomorpha, to establish a comparative analysis of the gonadal differentiation among the species, taking into account their position in the phylogenetic scale. The proliferation and differentiation of germ and somatic cells from the gonadal primordium of the T. albonubes, G. ternetzi, C. schwartzi, A. nigrofasciata and P. reticulata lead to the formation of different testicular and ovarian structures and to the formation of the germinal epithelium of the ovigerous lamellae and the testicular lobules/tubules. In these animals, the gonadal primordium is formed by primordial germ cells (PGCs) surrounded by somatic cell. After successive mitotic divisions of the somatic cells, the gonadal tissue increases, resulting in a undifferentiated gonad, with the same morphological characteristics between males and females of T. albonubes and C. schwartzi. In A. nigrofasciata and P. reticulata groups of germ and somatic cells organize distinctly in males and females. In the female gonads, the PGCs are distributed throughout the gonadal tissue. In the male, the PGCs are located in the periphery. In the dorsal region of the male gonads of A. nigrofasciata and P. reticulata somatic cells are organized forming the testicular duct, whereas at T. albonubes, G. ternetzi and C. schwartzi this is the last structure formed. In female gonads of the five species, the processes involved in gonadal differentiation, such as folliculogenesis, the establishment of the germinal epithelium and the formation of the ovarian cavity are quite similar. In male gonads, the somatic cells, pre-Sertoli, associate to the PGCs forming cysts of spermatogonia; these proliferate and form clusters. In T. albonubes and A. Nigrofasciata, the cysts of the spermatogonia, which form a single cluster, move away from each other, creating a central space, which becomes greater, originating a luminal compartment, delimited by cysts of spermatogonia. Thus, testicular tubules and lobules are formed and male germinal epithelium is established. In G. Ternetzi, the male gonadal tissue is established and organized in tubules after the female gonadal 4 differentiation on an ovary previously developed, constituting an indirect gonochoristic differentiation. C. schwartzi presents a compact male gonadal tissue, which undergoes degeneration within acinar structures composed of cysts, forming the testicular tubules. In P. reticulata, the clusters of spermatogonia connect to the duct in formation, originating the first testicular lobules. At the end of gonadal differentiation, the testis from T. albonubes, G. ternetzi and C. schwartzi present spermatogonia, distributed along the tubule. These anastomose, characterizing the testis as anastomosing tubular. In P. reticulata, the spermatogonia are restricted at the periphery of the lobules, which do not have lumen, features of a restricted lobular testis. The same random distribution of cysts in the tubules of the Otophysi occurs in testicular lobules of A. nigrofasciata, featuring a testis with unrestricted lobular organization / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutora em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

<p>Sexual selection arises through variation in reproductive success. This thesis investigates different aspects important in sexual selection, namely nest building, sperm competition, paternity and paternal care, and their mutual interrelationships. In the studied species, the sand goby (<i>Pomatoschistus minutus</i>) and the common goby (<i>Pomatoschistus microps</i>), sperm competition did arise when small males, so called sneakers, sneaked into other males nests and released sperm. They seemed to use female behaviour as their prime cue for a sneaking opportunity. However, also nest-holders, both with and without eggs, were found to fertilize eggs in the nests of other males.</p><p>Clearly, nest-holding males tried to prevent other males from spreading their sperm in their nests, since they showed aggression towards such males. A nest building experiment indicated that the small nest-openings found in the sneaker male treatment were sexually selected through protection against sneaking or by female choice. Yet, no behavioural or genetical support for the hypothesis that the nest functions as a physical or visual defence, or that sneaker males prefer to sneak upon nests with wide nest-openings, were found in the other studies. Still, individual nest-holding males showed a higher mucus preparation effort inside the nest in the presence of a sneaker male than when alone. In close relatives, such mucus contains sperm, suggesting an importance in sperm competition. However, the mucus may also have pheromone and anti-bacterial functions and may constitute a mating effort, as found in other gobies. Both a behavioural and a mate choice experiment suggested that the males were not less eager to spawn in the presence of a sneaker male.</p><p>Sneak intrusion did not affect nest defence, fanning or filial cannibalism, nor had paternity an effect on filial cannibalism. This and various life history aspects, together with the fact that the parasitic male only fertilized a fraction of the clutches, would predict females to ignore sneaker males. This was also the case, as the presence of sneaker males was found not to affect female spawning decision. Still, several females spawned in two nests, which coincided with parasitic spawnings, suggesting a cost of disturbance for the females and thus a substantial cost to the nest-holding males in terms of lost mating success. However, females paid attention to other traits in their choice of mate since spawning was associated with sand volume of the nest, but not with nest-opening width. Also, female (but not male) courtship was correlated with partial clutch filial cannibalism, indicating that females are able to anticipate future male cannibalism.</p><p>In a partial correlation of nest opening, sand volume, male courtship display, displacement fanning and male size, a large number of traits were correlated both positively and negatively with regard to how we may expect them to be appreciated by females. For instance, males which fan well also build large nests or display intensely (but not both). Together with all the other results of this thesis, this shows the entangled selection pressures working on breeding animals, as well as the different male and female tactics employed to maximize their reproduction.</p>

Sexual selection arises through variation in reproductive success. This thesis investigates different aspects important in sexual selection, namely nest building, sperm competition, paternity and paternal care, and their mutual interrelationships. In the studied species, the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) and the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps), sperm competition did arise when small males, so called sneakers, sneaked into other males nests and released sperm. They seemed to use female behaviour as their prime cue for a sneaking opportunity. However, also nest-holders, both with and without eggs, were found to fertilize eggs in the nests of other males. Clearly, nest-holding males tried to prevent other males from spreading their sperm in their nests, since they showed aggression towards such males. A nest building experiment indicated that the small nest-openings found in the sneaker male treatment were sexually selected through protection against sneaking or by female choice. Yet, no behavioural or genetical support for the hypothesis that the nest functions as a physical or visual defence, or that sneaker males prefer to sneak upon nests with wide nest-openings, were found in the other studies. Still, individual nest-holding males showed a higher mucus preparation effort inside the nest in the presence of a sneaker male than when alone. In close relatives, such mucus contains sperm, suggesting an importance in sperm competition. However, the mucus may also have pheromone and anti-bacterial functions and may constitute a mating effort, as found in other gobies. Both a behavioural and a mate choice experiment suggested that the males were not less eager to spawn in the presence of a sneaker male. Sneak intrusion did not affect nest defence, fanning or filial cannibalism, nor had paternity an effect on filial cannibalism. This and various life history aspects, together with the fact that the parasitic male only fertilized a fraction of the clutches, would predict females to ignore sneaker males. This was also the case, as the presence of sneaker males was found not to affect female spawning decision. Still, several females spawned in two nests, which coincided with parasitic spawnings, suggesting a cost of disturbance for the females and thus a substantial cost to the nest-holding males in terms of lost mating success. However, females paid attention to other traits in their choice of mate since spawning was associated with sand volume of the nest, but not with nest-opening width. Also, female (but not male) courtship was correlated with partial clutch filial cannibalism, indicating that females are able to anticipate future male cannibalism. In a partial correlation of nest opening, sand volume, male courtship display, displacement fanning and male size, a large number of traits were correlated both positively and negatively with regard to how we may expect them to be appreciated by females. For instance, males which fan well also build large nests or display intensely (but not both). Together with all the other results of this thesis, this shows the entangled selection pressures working on breeding animals, as well as the different male and female tactics employed to maximize their reproduction.