<p>Det nord-australiska pama-njunganspråket djambarrpuyŋu har studerats med avseende på finita egenskaper. Det går att påstå att det finns en finithetsdistinktion i djambarrpuyŋu eftersom det finns satser som kan uttrycka vissa egenskaper (t ex tempus, modus, aspekt och nominativt/ergativt subjekt) samtidigt som det finns satsliknande konstruktioner som inte kan uttrycka detta. Ett möjligt samband mellan finita kriterier i djambarrpuyŋu är förmåga att fungera som talhandling och förmåga att overt kunna uttrycka nominativt/ergativt subjekt, men detta behöver studeras närmare. Ett annat möjligt samband är att endast konstruktioner som kan uttrycka nominativt/ergativt subjekt har möjlighet att uttrycka TMA på något vis, dvs overt TMA-markering ses då som ett möjligt (men icke-obligatoriskt) finit kriterium medan nominativt/ergativt subjekt ses som ett nödvändigt kriterium.</p>

This paper addresses the history and current status of the Swahili 0 tense marker.

Zugl.: Mainz, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2007

The study deals with the usage of tenses in Finnish and Swedish. The analysis focuses on the tenses of finite verb-forms and the aim is to compare differences in tense usage in order to notice where if at all the tense usage differs. The material used comprises one Finnish novel, one Swedish novel and their translations. The Finnish novel chosen is written by Arto Paasilinna and is called Aatami ja Eeva. The Swedish novel is called Ingen mans land and it is written by Jan Guillou. These novels were chosen because they are both contemporary and the texts were comparable with regard to how much narrative and dialogue they contain. One problem with generalizing is, that authors as well as translators all have their own idiolect; a variety of a language unique to an individual. A translator may also use a different tense as a stylistic device, for example to enliven the text or to add some drama into it. My hypothesis was, that due to the semantic similarities between the two languages the tense usage is very similar in Finnish and Swedish. Clear differences were not expected. The findings of the study verified my hypothesis. However, the study showed that Finnish past perfect was often translated as imperfect tense in the Swedish text and vice versa. The tenses concerned are a "temporal couple", both of them indicating "the past of the past". It might be due to this that it has been possible to change the tense in the translation without affecting the meaning of the sentence. My conclusion is, that in addition to this altering the tense was in many cases a stylistic choice. Keywords: tenses, tense usage, Finnish, Swedish, translation

This paper addresses the history and current status of the Swahili 0 tense marker.

Deutsch und Chinesisch verwenden verschiedene Methoden, um einen Zeitbezug zuerstellen. Diese Methoden, mit Fokus auf Tempus im Deutschen und Aspekt im Chinesischen, werden in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt und verglichen. Eine Studie mit chinesischen DeutschlernerInnen, die ihre Beziehung mit den deutschen Tempora und ihren Übersetzungstrategien zwischen Deutsch und Chinesisch untersucht, wurde durchgeführt undweist auf, dass in den meisten Fällen ähnliche Strategien verwendet werden, um Sätze, die einen Zeitbezug haben, in die andere Sprache zu übersetzen. Das Resultat dieser Arbeit zeigt außerdem, dass es eindeutig Strategien gibt, um die deutschen Tempora mit anderen Mitteln auf Chinesisch zu vermitteln, obwohl das Plusquamperfekt und Futur II Herausforderungen präsentieren. Es erwies sich etwas komplexer, die chinesischen Aspekte mit der gleichen Bedeutung ins Deutsche zu übertragen, da Aspekt im Deutschen nicht grammatikalisiert ist und die Nuancen der Abgeschlossenheit/nicht-Abgeschlossenheit in der Übersetzung oft verloren gehen.

O futuro verbal caracteriza-se por uma conformação cognitiva e semântica bastante distinta da verificada nos demais tempos verbais, distintos do tempo cronológico. Tal fato apresenta-se abrangente nas línguas e traz consequências morfossintáticas apreciáveis na constituição de tal tempo verbal em português, tanto em perspectiva sincrônica quanto em diacrônica. Hoje, em língua portuguesa, presenciamos uma nova mudança na manifestação desse futuro verbal, com a crescente difusão da forma perifrástica composta por ir e infinitivo, como gramaticalização da expressão de futuro. Tal processo de mudança ainda se encontra em curso na língua, fato atestável em vários usos. Objetivamos aqui a descrição dos tempos verbais futuros da língua portuguesa, que não se confundem com a simples expressão de futuridade, bem como o estabelecimento de um estudo comparativo entre três variedades do português, a brasileira, a europeia e a moçambicana, quanto a usos e valores do futuro do presente, tempo verbal prototípico dos futuros / The future verb tense is characterized by a cognitive and semantic conformation that is quite distinct from other tenses, distinct from time. Such fact is widely verified among human languages and brings significant morphosyntactic consequences to the constitution of this tense in Portuguese language, both in synchronic as in diachronic perspective. Presently, in Portuguese, we see a new change in the verbal future, by the increasing use of the periphrastic form composed by ir (to go) and the infinitive, as grammaticalization to express the future. This change is still in progress in the language, which can be confirmed by many different uses. In this paper, we describe the future tenses of the Portuguese language, which are not the same as the simple expression of futurity, and we establish a comparative study among the three varieties of Portuguese, that is, the Brazilian, the European and the Mozambican ones, regarding the uses and values of present future, prototypical verb tense for the future tenses

Swahili ist keineswegs eine besonders „exotische“ Sprache, aber dennoch fällt es schwer, eine gu-te moderne Grammatik des Standard-Swahili (Kiswahili sanifu) zu finden. Insbesondere die Inter-pretation der vorkommenden Tempora, Aspekte oder Modi des Verbs sind in den erhältlichen Grammatiken diskrepant bis widersprüchlich. Der Artikel versucht, einen systematischen Ansatz für eine strukturelle Matrix des TAM-Systems im Swahili herauszuarbeiten. Dabei beziehe ich mich auf die von Shankara Bhat in The Prominence of Tense, Aspect and Mood (1999) vorge-schlagene typologische Methode. Bhat legt dar, dass nicht jede Sprache jede Dimension von TAM gleich gewichtet, sondern dass jeweils eine davon vorherrscht. Eine Analyse von TAM in einer be-stimmten Sprache muss sich daher an der prominenten Dimension orientieren. Im Artikel wird herausgearbeitet, dass das Tempus die strukturierende Dimension im Swahili darstellt und dass im Gegensatz dazu der Aspekt nicht systematisch grammatikalisiert ist. Dabei war es nötig, die im Swahili vorkommenden TAM-Formen funktional zu interpretieren und zu benennen, da diese in der aktuellen Literatur teilweise sehr unterschiedlich analysiert werden.

O futuro verbal caracteriza-se por uma conformação cognitiva e semântica bastante distinta da verificada nos demais tempos verbais, distintos do tempo cronológico. Tal fato apresenta-se abrangente nas línguas e traz consequências morfossintáticas apreciáveis na constituição de tal tempo verbal em português, tanto em perspectiva sincrônica quanto em diacrônica. Hoje, em língua portuguesa, presenciamos uma nova mudança na manifestação desse futuro verbal, com a crescente difusão da forma perifrástica composta por ir e infinitivo, como gramaticalização da expressão de futuro. Tal processo de mudança ainda se encontra em curso na língua, fato atestável em vários usos. Objetivamos aqui a descrição dos tempos verbais futuros da língua portuguesa, que não se confundem com a simples expressão de futuridade, bem como o estabelecimento de um estudo comparativo entre três variedades do português, a brasileira, a europeia e a moçambicana, quanto a usos e valores do futuro do presente, tempo verbal prototípico dos futuros / The future verb tense is characterized by a cognitive and semantic conformation that is quite distinct from other tenses, distinct from time. Such fact is widely verified among human languages and brings significant morphosyntactic consequences to the constitution of this tense in Portuguese language, both in synchronic as in diachronic perspective. Presently, in Portuguese, we see a new change in the verbal future, by the increasing use of the periphrastic form composed by ir (to go) and the infinitive, as grammaticalization to express the future. This change is still in progress in the language, which can be confirmed by many different uses. In this paper, we describe the future tenses of the Portuguese language, which are not the same as the simple expression of futurity, and we establish a comparative study among the three varieties of Portuguese, that is, the Brazilian, the European and the Mozambican ones, regarding the uses and values of present future, prototypical verb tense for the future tenses

Det nord-australiska pama-njunganspråket djambarrpuyŋu har studerats med avseende på finita egenskaper. Det går att påstå att det finns en finithetsdistinktion i djambarrpuyŋu eftersom det finns satser som kan uttrycka vissa egenskaper (t ex tempus, modus, aspekt och nominativt/ergativt subjekt) samtidigt som det finns satsliknande konstruktioner som inte kan uttrycka detta. Ett möjligt samband mellan finita kriterier i djambarrpuyŋu är förmåga att fungera som talhandling och förmåga att overt kunna uttrycka nominativt/ergativt subjekt, men detta behöver studeras närmare. Ett annat möjligt samband är att endast konstruktioner som kan uttrycka nominativt/ergativt subjekt har möjlighet att uttrycka TMA på något vis, dvs overt TMA-markering ses då som ett möjligt (men icke-obligatoriskt) finit kriterium medan nominativt/ergativt subjekt ses som ett nödvändigt kriterium.