Utilizando amostras de vidro aluminossilicato, 21SiO2·9Al2O3·58Tb2O3·4,0MgO·3,0B2O3·2,0ZnO·1,0Sb2O3 (mol%) e fluorfosfato, 7,49NaPO3·16,45MgF2·16,38CaF2·17,66SrF2·11,63BaF2·30,39AlF3 (mol%) adicionado de 8Tb2O3 e 0,5Ce2O (mol), foram realizadas medidas de absorção óptica, tempo de vida de emissões e luminescência nas faixas do ultravioleta e visível dos íons Tb3+. As eficiências quânticas das emissões para o íon Tb3+, 0,90 (90 %), para o vidro aluminossilicato e 0,69 (69 %), para o vidro fluorfosfato, foram determinadas a partir das razões entre os tempos de vida experimentais, obtidos da experiência de tempo de vida e os tempos de vida teóricos, obtidos das informações de absorção óptica e teoria de Judd- Ofelt. As informações de absorção óptica também possibilitaram identificar as prováveis excitações e emissões observadas nos espectros de luminescência em ambos os vidros estudados. Para determinação dos tempos de vida teóricos, foi necessário calcular as probabilidades de transições radiativas que dependem dos parâmetros de Judd-Ofelt, cujos valores encontrados foram 2 = (2,4 ± 0,2)10-19 cm2, 4 = (3,4 ± 0,3)10-20 cm2 e 6 = (1,5 ± 0,2)10-20 cm2, para o vidro aluminossilicato, e 2 = (7,7 ± 0,6)10-20 cm2, 4 = (0,61 ± 0,05)10-20 cm2 e 6 = (0,69 ± 0,06)10-20 cm2, para o vidro fluorfosfato. Tais valores mostraram-se compatíveis aos da literatura pesquisada, confirmando os valores satisfatórios das eficiências quânticas das emissões dos íons Tb3+. / Samples of glasses 21SiO2·9Al2O3·58Tb2O3·4,0MgO·3,0B2O3·2,0Si2O·2,0ZnO·1,0Sb2O3 (mole %) aluminosilicate and 7,49NaPO3·16,45MgF2·16,38CaF2·17,66SrF2·11,63BaF2·30,39AlF3 (mole %) fluorphosphate added of 8Tb2O3 and 0,5Ce2O (mole) were studied by optical absorption, luminescence and emissions lifetime measurements for the Tb3+ ions. The quantum efficiencies of the Tb3+ emissions, 0,90 (90 %), for the aluminosilicate glass and 0,69 (69 %), for the fluorphosphate glass, were determined using the emissions lifetimes and theoretical lifetimes, obtained from the experimental optical absorption data and Judd-Ofelt theory. The information obtained from the optical absorption spectra allowed the identification of the more likely excitations and emissions observed in the luminescence spectra of the glasses. For the determination of the theoretical lifetimes it was necessary to calculate the radiactive transition probabilities which are dependent of the Judd-Ofelt parameters, whose values were found as 2 = (2,4 ± 0,2)10-19 cm2, 4 = (3,4 ± 0,3)10-20 cm2 and 6 = (1,5 ± 0,2)10-20 cm2, for the aluminosilicate, and 2 = (7,7 ± 0,6)10-20 cm2, 4 = (0,61 ± 0,05)10-20 cm2 and 6 = (0,69 ± 0,06)10-20 cm2, for the fluorphosphate glasses. The results are in good agreement literature examined, and confirm the satisfactory values of the quantum efficiency for the Tb3+ emissions.

Le développement de matériaux vitreux magnéto-optiques présentant un effet Faraday élevé répond à un besoin grandissant dans l'industrie des isolateurs de Faraday. Ceux présent sur le marché actuellement sont des monocristaux de Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ avec une concentration en Tb élevée et un procédé de fabrication coûteux. Dans ce sens, l'objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser des verres et fibres optiques fortement concentrés en terbium. La première approche est basée sur l'élaboration dite « conventionnelle » de verre par la méthode fusion-trempe. Des verres de fluorophosphate suivant la loi de composition (100-x)(70 NaPO₃ ­ 30 BaF₂) x TbF₃ avec x = 35, 40, 45 et 50 mol.% ont été explorés et a permis l'obtention de verre massif présentant une constante de Verdet à 650 nm de -78 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ pour la composition optimale avec x = 50 mol.% en TbF₃. Cette valeur de constante de Verdet est la plus élevée rapportée pour un verre de fluorophosphate. Ensuite, la seconde approche consiste à amplifier la réponse magnéto-optique du terbium en l'associant à une autre terre-rare via le co-dopage. À partir de la composition des verres co-dopés suivant la composition (en mol.%) 35 NaPO₃ - 15 BaF₂ - 0,5 ((100-x) TbF₃ - x REF₃) avec les niveaux de substitution x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50 et 100 où RE = Pr, Dy et Ho ont été explorés. Des constantes de verdet à 600 nm de -84,2, -84,5 et -84,5 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ ont été rapportées pour les verres co-dopés respectivement avec du praséodyme, de l'holmium et du dysprosium comparativement à une constante de Verdet de -81,9 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ pour le verre correspondant non co-dopé. Il s'agit à notre connaissance de la première démonstration de l'augmentation de l'effet Faraday par co-dopage dans des matériaux vitreux. L'influence de la géométrie de l'environnement des ions lanthanides sur l'effet associé au co-dopage a été réalisée dans des vitrocéramiques élaborées à partir des verres co-dopés de composition 35 NaPO₃ - 15 BaF₂ - 0,5 ((100-x) TbF₃ - x PrF₃) avec x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 et 5. Ceci a permis d'observer une augmentation de l'effet Faraday par co-dopage de 7,5% pour une matrice cristalline comparativement à une augmentation de 3,7% dans une matrice vitreuse. L'interaction de super-échange associé au co-dopage est alors optimisée dans le cadre d'un environnement cristallin en raison du meilleur recouvrement orbitalaire associé. Une approche « non-conventionnelle » pour outrepasser les limites de solubilité du terbium dans une matrice vitreuse est explorée. Elle consiste en l'élaboration de verre par lévitation aérodynamique permettant d'éliminer la cristallisation induite par l'interface liquide-creuset. Des compositions binaires 50 SiO₂ - 50 Tb₂O₃ et 60 Al₂O₃ - 40 Tb₂O₃ en mol.% sont explorés et des constantes de Verdet respectives de -152 et -160 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ à 632 nm sont rapportées. L'exploration de compositions binaires permet également de mettre en évidence l'influence de la matrice sur l'effet Faraday. Enfin, la dernière approche vise à obtenir une fibre optique de silice à partir du procédé MCVD fonctionnalisée par l'incorporation de nanoparticules de Tb₂O₃. L'optimisation de la dispersion ex-situ de nanoparticules via le système MCVD a permis d'obtenir 4 km de fibre optique présentant une concentration de 0,1 at.% en terbium dans le cœur. Cette fibre de silice présente une constante de Verdet à 660 nm de -7,06 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ pour une atténuation variant de 1,34 à 0,13 dB.m⁻¹ de 700 à 1100 nm. Cette valeur de constante de Verdet est la plus élevée rapportée pour une fibre de silice élaboré par MCVD. / The development of magneto-optical glassy materials with a high Faraday effect meets a growing need in the Faraday insulator industry. Those currently on the market are single crystals of Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ with a high concentration of Tb and an expensive fabrication process. In this sense, the objective of this thesis is to realize glasses and optical fibers highly concentrated in terbium. The first approach is based on the so-called "conventional" elaboration of glass by the melt-quenching method. Fluorophosphate glasses following the composition law (100-x)(70 NaPO₃ - 30 BaF₂) x TbF₃ with x = 35, 40, 45 and 50 mol.% have been explored and allowed to obtain a bulk glass presenting a Verdet constant at 650 nm of -78 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ for the optimal composition with x = 50 mol.% in TbF₃. This value of Verdet constant is the highest reported for a fluorophosphate glass. Then, the second approach consists in amplifying the magneto-optical response of terbium by associating it with another rare-earth via co-doping. From the composition of the co-doped glasses following the composition (in mol.%) 35 NaPO₃ - 15 BaF₂ - 0.5 ((100-x) TbF₃ x REF₃) with substitution levels x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 where RE = Pr, Dy and Ho were explored. Verdet constants at 600 nm of -84.2, -84.5 and -84.5 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ were reported for the glasses co-doped with praseodymium, holmium and dysprosium respectively compared to a Verdet constant of -81.9 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ for the corresponding non-co-doped glass. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the enhancement of the Faraday effect by co-doping in glassy materials. The influence of the geometry of the lanthanide ion environment on the effect associated with co-doping was carried out in glass-ceramics developed from co-doped glasses of composition 35 NaPO₃ - 15 BaF₂ - 0.5 ((100-x) TbF₃ - x PrF₃) with x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. This resulted in an increase in Faraday effect by co-doping of 7.5% for a crystalline matrix compared to an increase of 3.7% in a glassy matrix. The super exchange interaction associated with co-doping is then optimized in the context of a crystalline environment due to the better associated orbital overlap. An "unconventional" approach to overcome the solubility limits of terbium in a glass matrix is explored. It consists in the elaboration of glass by aerodynamic levitation allowing to eliminate the crystallization induced by the liquid-crucible interface. Binary compositions 50 SiO₂ - 50 Tb₂O₃ and 60 Al₂O₃ - 40 Tb₂O₃ in mol.% are explored and respective Verdet constants of -152 and -160 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ at 632 nm are reported. The exploration of binary compositions also allows to highlight the influence of the matrix on the Faraday effect. Finally, the last approach aims at obtaining a silica optical fiber, from the MCVD process, functionalized by the incorporation of Tb₂O₃ nanoparticles. The optimization of the ex-situ dispersion of nanoparticles via the MCVD system allowed to obtain 4 km of optical fiber with a concentration of 0.1 at.% of terbium in the core. This silica fiber presents a Verdet constant at 660 nm of -7.06 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ for an attenuation varying from 1.34 to 0.13 dB.m⁻¹ from 700 to 1100 nm. This value of Verdet constant is the highest reported for a silica fiber processed by MCVD.

Le développement de matériaux vitreux magnéto-optiques présentant un effet Faraday élevé répond à un besoin grandissant dans l'industrie des isolateurs de Faraday. Ceux présent sur le marché actuellement sont des monocristaux de Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ avec une concentration en Tb élevée et un procédé de fabrication coûteux. Dans ce sens, l'objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser des verres et fibres optiques fortement concentrés en terbium. La première approche est basée sur l'élaboration dite « conventionnelle » de verre par la méthode fusion-trempe. Des verres de fluorophosphate suivant la loi de composition (100-x)(70 NaPO₃ ­ 30 BaF₂) x TbF₃ avec x = 35, 40, 45 et 50 mol.% ont été explorés et a permis l'obtention de verre massif présentant une constante de Verdet à 650 nm de -78 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ pour la composition optimale avec x = 50 mol.% en TbF₃. Cette valeur de constante de Verdet est la plus élevée rapportée pour un verre de fluorophosphate. Ensuite, la seconde approche consiste à amplifier la réponse magnéto-optique du terbium en l'associant à une autre terre-rare via le co-dopage. À partir de la composition des verres co-dopés suivant la composition (en mol.%) 35 NaPO₃ - 15 BaF₂ - 0,5 ((100-x) TbF₃ - x REF₃) avec les niveaux de substitution x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50 et 100 où RE = Pr, Dy et Ho ont été explorés. Des constantes de verdet à 600 nm de -84,2, -84,5 et -84,5 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ ont été rapportées pour les verres co-dopés respectivement avec du praséodyme, de l'holmium et du dysprosium comparativement à une constante de Verdet de -81,9 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ pour le verre correspondant non co-dopé. Il s'agit à notre connaissance de la première démonstration de l'augmentation de l'effet Faraday par co-dopage dans des matériaux vitreux. L'influence de la géométrie de l'environnement des ions lanthanides sur l'effet associé au co-dopage a été réalisée dans des vitrocéramiques élaborées à partir des verres co-dopés de composition 35 NaPO₃ - 15 BaF₂ - 0,5 ((100-x) TbF₃ - x PrF₃) avec x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 et 5. Ceci a permis d'observer une augmentation de l'effet Faraday par co-dopage de 7,5% pour une matrice cristalline comparativement à une augmentation de 3,7% dans une matrice vitreuse. L'interaction de super-échange associé au co-dopage est alors optimisée dans le cadre d'un environnement cristallin en raison du meilleur recouvrement orbitalaire associé. Une approche « non-conventionnelle » pour outrepasser les limites de solubilité du terbium dans une matrice vitreuse est explorée. Elle consiste en l'élaboration de verre par lévitation aérodynamique permettant d'éliminer la cristallisation induite par l'interface liquide-creuset. Des compositions binaires 50 SiO₂ - 50 Tb₂O₃ et 60 Al₂O₃ - 40 Tb₂O₃ en mol.% sont explorés et des constantes de Verdet respectives de -152 et -160 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ à 632 nm sont rapportées. L'exploration de compositions binaires permet également de mettre en évidence l'influence de la matrice sur l'effet Faraday. Enfin, la dernière approche vise à obtenir une fibre optique de silice à partir du procédé MCVD fonctionnalisée par l'incorporation de nanoparticules de Tb₂O₃. L'optimisation de la dispersion ex-situ de nanoparticules via le système MCVD a permis d'obtenir 4 km de fibre optique présentant une concentration de 0,1 at.% en terbium dans le cœur. Cette fibre de silice présente une constante de Verdet à 660 nm de -7,06 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ pour une atténuation variant de 1,34 à 0,13 dB.m⁻¹ de 700 à 1100 nm. Cette valeur de constante de Verdet est la plus élevée rapportée pour une fibre de silice élaboré par MCVD. / The development of magneto-optical glassy materials with a high Faraday effect meets a growing need in the Faraday insulator industry. Those currently on the market are single crystals of Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ with a high concentration of Tb and an expensive fabrication process. In this sense, the objective of this thesis is to realize glasses and optical fibers highly concentrated in terbium. The first approach is based on the so-called "conventional" elaboration of glass by the melt-quenching method. Fluorophosphate glasses following the composition law (100-x)(70 NaPO₃ - 30 BaF₂) x TbF₃ with x = 35, 40, 45 and 50 mol.% have been explored and allowed to obtain a bulk glass presenting a Verdet constant at 650 nm of -78 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ for the optimal composition with x = 50 mol.% in TbF₃. This value of Verdet constant is the highest reported for a fluorophosphate glass. Then, the second approach consists in amplifying the magneto-optical response of terbium by associating it with another rare-earth via co-doping. From the composition of the co-doped glasses following the composition (in mol.%) 35 NaPO₃ - 15 BaF₂ - 0.5 ((100-x) TbF₃ x REF₃) with substitution levels x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 where RE = Pr, Dy and Ho were explored. Verdet constants at 600 nm of -84.2, -84.5 and -84.5 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ were reported for the glasses co-doped with praseodymium, holmium and dysprosium respectively compared to a Verdet constant of -81.9 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ for the corresponding non-co-doped glass. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the enhancement of the Faraday effect by co-doping in glassy materials. The influence of the geometry of the lanthanide ion environment on the effect associated with co-doping was carried out in glass-ceramics developed from co-doped glasses of composition 35 NaPO₃ - 15 BaF₂ - 0.5 ((100-x) TbF₃ - x PrF₃) with x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. This resulted in an increase in Faraday effect by co-doping of 7.5% for a crystalline matrix compared to an increase of 3.7% in a glassy matrix. The super exchange interaction associated with co-doping is then optimized in the context of a crystalline environment due to the better associated orbital overlap. An "unconventional" approach to overcome the solubility limits of terbium in a glass matrix is explored. It consists in the elaboration of glass by aerodynamic levitation allowing to eliminate the crystallization induced by the liquid-crucible interface. Binary compositions 50 SiO₂ - 50 Tb₂O₃ and 60 Al₂O₃ - 40 Tb₂O₃ in mol.% are explored and respective Verdet constants of -152 and -160 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ at 632 nm are reported. The exploration of binary compositions also allows to highlight the influence of the matrix on the Faraday effect. Finally, the last approach aims at obtaining a silica optical fiber, from the MCVD process, functionalized by the incorporation of Tb₂O₃ nanoparticles. The optimization of the ex-situ dispersion of nanoparticles via the MCVD system allowed to obtain 4 km of optical fiber with a concentration of 0.1 at.% of terbium in the core. This silica fiber presents a Verdet constant at 660 nm of -7.06 rad.T⁻¹.m⁻¹ for an attenuation varying from 1.34 to 0.13 dB.m⁻¹ from 700 to 1100 nm. This value of Verdet constant is the highest reported for a silica fiber processed by MCVD.

Des aluminates de formulation Ln3Al5O12 (Ln=Y ou Gd) purs ou dopés par les ions Tb3+ et / ou Ce3+ ont été synthétisés sous forme de poudres et de films minces à partir de précurseurs alcoxydes grâce au procédé sol-gel. Les études réalisées par DRX, spectroscopies IR et Raman ont montré que ces phases sont obtenues pures dès 800°C contre 1500°C par les voies de céramisation classiques. Les analyses EXAFS, SAXS et RMN 27Al menées sur les sols, xérogels et poudres cristallisées ont mis en évidence une organisation structurale plus précoce de la matrice aluminate en présence de l'acétylacétone, utilisé comme agent chélatant. Les propriétés optiques des différents échantillons ont été étudiées : les taux optimaux d'ions dopants ont été déterminés sous exitations VUV, UV et bleue. L'ensemble de ce travail montre clairement les potentialités d'applications de ces matériaux dans une nouvelle génération de lampes propres à excitation plasma ou basées sur la technologie des DELs

Ce travail de thèse concerne l’élaboration et la caractérisation structurale de couches minces d’oxyde d’étain dopées avec des terres rares ainsi que l’étude de leurs propriétés de photoluminescence. Les couches sont dopées avec du cérium, du terbium ou de l’ytterbium. Les films sont élaborés par évaporation sous vide d’une poudre de SnO2 sur un substrat de silicium monocristallin, et nécessitent un recuit post-dépôt à 600°C à l’air pour cristalliser en phase SnO2 de type rutile. Dans une première partie du travail a consisté caractériser le matériau non dopé. La caractérisation microstructurale a révélé qu’une oxydation du substrat conduisant à une réaction entre l’oxyde d’étain et le silicium avait lieu, conduisant à une microstructure complexe. Afin de limiter les interactions chimiques, des substrats recouverts de silice thermique ont également été utilisées. Les films non dopés présentent des propriétés de luminescence, mise en évidence et discutées en lien avec la microstructure. Pour les films dopés, l’étude structurale a mis en évidence la cristallisation d’une seconde phase de SnO2 de type orthorhombique. Une étude approfondie en STEM-EELS a permis de localiser les ions de terre rare dans la couche. Enfin les propriétés de luminescence des terres rares ont été étudiées en fonction de leur concentration dans le film et de la température de recuit. Après des recuits à 700°C, les couches dopées au Tb émettent intensément dans le vert à température ambiante, ce qui pourrait être intéressant pour le développement de diodes vertes à base de SnO2 / This thesis concerns the structural characterization and the photoluminescence properties of tin oxide thin films doped with rare earths. The films are doped with cerium, terbium and ytterbium. The films were obtained by evaporation of SnO2 on silicon substrates. The as-deposited films were sub-stoichiometric and the films were then annealed in air at 600°C to reach rutile phase. The microstructural study reveals a substrate oxidation leading to a chemical reaction between tin oxide and silicon, and a complex microstructure. To limit the chemical interaction during annealing, silicon substrate coated with thermal silica were used. Undoped films show a broad luminescent band, which is discussed and linked with the microstructure. On the other hand, the structural study of doped films demonstrated the crystallization of a second phase of SnO2, which is orthorhombic. A STEM-EELS study allow to localize the rare earths ions in the films. Finally, the luminescence properties of the rare earths were study with respect to their concentration and the temperature of annealing. After annealing at 700°C, the Tb-doped films emit intensively in the green region, which might be of interest for the development of SnO2-based green light emitting diodes

L'enregistrement magnétique sur disque dur est aujourd'hui le moyen le plus fiable pour stocker l'information. L'enregistrement perpendiculaire magnétique a permis de multiplier par dix la densité de stockage par rapport à l'enregistrement longitudinal. Mais cette diminution de la taille des bits d'information se heurte à une limite physique, dite « limite superparamagnétique », qui correspond à une instabilité thermique de l'aimantation. Afin de repousser cette limite, il convient donc de fabriquer des bits avec une forte anisotropie. Mais plus les grains ont une grande anisotropie magnétique plus le champ nécessaire pour l'écriture doit être important. L'intérêt d'avoir un matériau aux propriétés magnétiques ajustables prend ainsi tout son sens. En utilisant des matériaux aux énergies d'anisotropies facilement modifiables, il n'est donc pas nécessaire de faire évoluer les têtes d'écriture. C'est dans cette optique que nous avons choisi d'étudier deux systèmes bimétalliques. Le premier est un alliage entre un métal de transition (Co) et une terre-rare lourde (Tb). Le deuxième système combine un métal de transition (Fe) et un métal magnétiquement polarisable (Rh). Dans ce travail, nous présenterons les résultats obtenus sur des nanoparticules de Co80Tb20 et de Fe50Rh50 de moins de 10 nm de diamètre, préparées par MS-LECBD (« Mass Selected Low Energy Cluster Beam Deposition »). Les échantillons, sous forme de multicouches, sont obtenus par dépôts séquentiels d'agrégats et de _lm de carbone. Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation structurale (dispersion de taille, morphologie, composition, structure cristallographique) par microscopie électronique a été réalisé pour les deux systèmes. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié les propriétés magnétiques de ces agrégats par magnétométrie SQUID et dichroïsme magnétique circulaire (x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD)). Nous verrons, dans le cas du CoTb, que la réduction de taille entraine de profonds changements de ses propriétés par rapport au massif, notamment au niveau du couplage entre les sous-réseaux magnétiques de Co et de Tb. Dans le cas du FeRh, après avoir montré qu'un traitement thermique permet d'obtenir des agrégats chimiquement ordonnées B2, nous verrons l'influence des effets de taille sur la transition métamagnétique caractérisant cet alliage / The magnetic data storage is the most reliable way to store information. The perpendicular recording multiplied the storage density by ten with respect to the longitudinal recording. However, this reduction in the size of the information bits comes up against a physical limit, called the "superparamagnetic limit", which corresponds to a thermal instability of the magnetization. In order to push back this limit, it is therefore necessary to manufacture bits with strong anisotropy. But the more the grains have a large magnetic anisotropy the greater the field needed for writing must be. Thus, it's a great advantage of having a material with adjustable magnetic properties. By using materials with easily modifiable anisotropy energies, it is therefore not necessary to change the writing heads. It is with this in mind that we have chosen to study two bimetallic systems. The first is an alloy between a transition metal (Co) and a heavy earth-rare (Tb). The second system combines a transition metal (Fe) and a magnetically polarizable metal (Rh). In this work, we present results obtained on nanoparticles of Co80Tb20 and Fe50Rh50 of less than 10 nm in diameter, prepared by MS LECBD ("Mass Selected Low Energy Cluster Beam Deposition"). The samples, in the form of multilayers, are obtained by sequential deposition of nanoparticles and carbon _lm. First, a structural characterization (size dispersion, morphology, composition, crystallographic structure) by electron microscopy was carried out for both systems. Secondly, we have studied the magnetic properties of these nanoparticles by SQUID magnetometry and magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). We will see, in the case of CoTb that the reduction in size leads to profound changes in its properties with respect to the massif, especially in the coupling between the magnetic sub-lattices of Co and Tb. In the case of FeRh, after having shown that a heat treatment makes it possible to obtain chemically ordered nanoparticles B2, we will see the influence of the size effects on the metamagnetic transition characterizing this alloy

No description available.

Thin films (5nm ± 2nm thick) of ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Sm, Gd, Zr, Ni, and Pt were deposited onto TbFeCo films (100nm ± 20nm thick) on silicon and graphite substrates and analyzed with XPS as prospective candidates for TbFeCo diffusion barriers. Metals were chosen primarily according to electronegativity. Samples were typically heated to 272°C in UHV for 20 hours to enhance diffusion. Experiments with the metals were performed in a more consistent manner than with the oxides. The Sm, Gd, and Zr were reactively oxidized during the deposition. The Sm/Sm-oxide and Gd/Gd-oxide appeared to be favorable candidates for TbFeCo diffusion barriers. TbFeCo was not detected near the surface before or after heating the samples to 272°C for 20 hours and depth profiles indicated oxygen contamination decreased steadily as the barrier/TbFeCo interface was approached. For the other materials examined, either the oxides were reduced (at least partially) during heating to 272°C (381°C for Al₂O₃) or diffusion of TbFeCo was detected after heating, indicating that they would not be favorable candidates for TbFeCo diffusion barriers.

Neste trabalho são apresentadas a síntese e caracterização das propriedades luminescentes dos sistemas vítreos TeO2-ZnO e TeO2-ZnO-PbO-Na2O dopados com íons de európio e térbio contendo nanopartículas (NPs) metálicas de prata, ouro e cobre, para aplicações em dispositivos fotônicos. Estes vidros possuem uma larga região de transmissão (350-6500 nm), elevada estabilidade química, resistências mecânica e térmica, baixa energia de fônon (em torno de 700 cm-1) e alto índice de refração (~ 2,0). Por meio de medidas de absorção óptica foi observada a incorporação dos íons de terras-raras na forma trivalente, responsável pelo fenômeno de luminescência nos vidros e a presença de bandas de absorção relacionadas à ressonância dos plasmons superficiais (RPS), localizadas em aproximadamente 490 nm (no caso das NPs de prata), em 500 nm (no caso das NPs de ouro) e em torno de 800 nm (no caso das NPs de cobre). A caracterização das NPs metálicas foi realizada por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de transmissão auxiliada pelas técnicas de difração de elétrons e espectrometria de energia dispersiva (EDS) e permitiu a observação de NPs metálicas, cristalinas e de diversos formatos e tamanhos. As medidas de emissão foram realizadas excitando as amostras em 405 nm para as dopadas com Eu3+ e 377 nm para as amostras dopadas com Tb3+, por meio de um espectrômetro de fluorescência, com lâmpada de Xenon de pulsos de 2 a 3 s. Foram medidas bandas de emissão associadas à emissão do Eu3+ em 580 nm, 590 nm, 614 nm, 650 nm e 695 nm devidas às transições 5D07FJ (com J = 0 até 4). A banda situada em 614 nm, associada a uma transição de dipolo-elétrico é a mais intensa, por ser mais sensível às mudanças do campo local provocado pela presença das NPs metálicas. Para as amostras dopadas com Tb3+ foram observadas emissões em 485 nm, 550 nm, 590 nm e 623 nm, associadas às transições 5D47FJ (com J = 6 até 3), sendo a emissão em 550 nm associada também a uma transição de dipolo-elétrico e portanto a mais sensível às alterações do campo local provocado pela presença das NPs metálicas. Para as amostras codopadas com íons de Eu3+ e Tb3+, foram observados aumentos significativos da luminescência referente à emissão em 614 nm na presença de NPs de prata. A obtenção de aumento da luminescência dos íons de Eu3+ somente pela transferência de energia proveniente do Tb3+ não é um mecanismo trivial. Entretanto, foi observado em amostras preparadas com diferentes concentrações de íons aceitadores e doadores e intensificada também na presença de NPs de prata. Os aumentos ocorridos na luminescência são provavelmente causados pelo aumento do campo local nas proximidades dos íons de terras-raras e por processos de transferência entre as NPs metálicas e os íons de terras-raras. Nestes casos a distância entre os íons de terras-raras e as NPs está compreendida entre 5 nm e 20 nm. Portanto, a presença das NP desempenha um papel importante para o aumento da luminescência, permitindo o desenvolvimento de novos materiais com aplicações em nanofotônica. / This work presents the synthesis and characterization of luminescent properties of vitreous systems TeO2-ZnO e TeO2-ZnO-PbO-Na2O doped with ions of europium and terbium containing silver, gold and copper nanoparticles (NPs), for applications in photonic devices. These glasses have a large window transmission (350-6500 nm), chemical stability, mechanical and thermal resistance, low phonon energy (around 700 cm-1) and high refraction index (~2,0). The optical absorption measurement showed the incorporation of rareearths ions in the trivalent form, responsible for the luminescence phenomenon in the glasses and the presence of absorption bands related to the surface plasmons resonance (SPR), located in approximately 490 nm (in the case of silver NPs) in 500 nm (in the case of gold NPs) and around 800 nm (in the case of copper NPs). The characterization of the metallic NPs was perfomed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with the aid of electron diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques that allowed the observation of metallic NPs, crystalline with several shapes and sizes. The measurements were made through with excitation of 405 nm for samples doped with Eu3+ and 377 nm for samples doped with Tb3+, using a fluorescence spectrometer, with Xenon lamp with pulses varying from 2 to 3 s. The bands associated to Eu3+ emission were measured at 580 nm, 590 nm, 614 nm, 650 nm and 695 nm due to the transitions 5D07FJ (with J = 0 to 4). The band situated at 614 nm related to electric dipole transition is the most intense because it is sensitive to changes in the local field, caused by the presence of metallic NPs. For samples doped with Tb3+ it was observed emissions at 485 nm, 550 nm, 590 nm and 623 nm, associated with the transitions 5D47FJ (with J = 6 to 3) being the 550 nm emission also related to electric dipole transition and consequently the most sensitive to changes in the local field, caused by the presence of metallic NPs. For the samples codoped with Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions it was observed significative enhancement of the luminescence at 614 nm emission in the presence of silver NPs. The achievement of the enhancement of the luminescence of Eu3+ ions only by energy transfer from Tb3+ is not a trivial mechanism. However, it was observed in samples prepared with different concentrations of acceptor and donors ions and intensified in the presence of NPs silver. The enhancement of the luminescence is probably caused by the increase of the local field around the rare earth ions and by processes of energy transfer between the metallic NPs and the rare earth ions. In these cases the distance between the rare earth ions and the metallic NPs ranges from 5 to 20 nm. Thus, the presence of metallic NPs plays an important role for the enhancement of the luminescence, allowing the development of new materials with application in photonic.

Neste trabalho são relatados os estudos sobre as propriedades fotoluminescentes dos tungstatos de terras raras Eu2(WO4)3 e Gd2(WO4)3:TR3+ (TR3+ = Eu, Sm e Tb) obtidos via três métodos diferentes de preparação: i) método cerâmico, que é o mais antigo e envolve altas temperaturas (>1000 ºC) e períodos prolongados de aquecimento, consistindo na mistura física dos reagentes na forma de pó, trituração e calcinação; ii) método Pechini, que utiliza complexação de cátions em meio de ácido cítrico e etileno glicol, formando uma cadeia polimérica que promove a formação dos tungstatos de TR em temperaturas mais baixas (~750 ºC) e iii) método de combustão, que envolve uma reação exotérmica entre os nitratos metálicos e um combustível orgânico, atingindo bruscamente altas temperaturas (>1000 ºC). A caracterização dos tungstatos de TR foi feita a partir das seguintes técnicas: a) difratometria de raios-X - os difratogramas apresentaram picos característicos dos tungstatos descritos na literatura, que são isoestruturais na série lantanídica formando estrutura de scheelita ; b) espectroscopia IV - os espectros continham bandas de absorção nas regiões espectrais atribuídas à unidade [WO4], confirmando o grupo pontual Td; c) análise térmica - as curvas TG/DTG evidenciaram que a temperatura de obtenção dos tungstatos de TR encontra-se ao redor de 750 ºC; d) microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão - as micrografias ilustraram a morfologia e o tamanho das partículas dos sistemas obtidos e e) espectroscopia de reflectância difusa - o espectro de reflectância confirmou a posição da banda de transferência de carga O→W em torno de 265 nm. As propriedades fotoluminescentes dos compostos foram estudadas com base nas transições intraconfiguracionais, f5 (Sm3+), f6 (Eu3+) e f8 (Tb3+). Os espectros de excitação apresentaram bandas largas na região do UV, atribuídas à banda de transferência de carga LMCT O→W e O→TR33+ . Para o composto de Eu2(WO4)3, quando a excitação é monitorada na transição intraconfiguracional, 7F0→5L6 do íon Eu3+ (394 nm), seus espectros de emissão apresentam bandas finas oriundas do nível emissor 5D0 e também dos estados 5DJ (J = 1, 2 e 3) em ambas temperaturas 298 e 77 K. Por outro lado, quando os espectros de emissão são monitorados nas bandas LMCT O→W (260 nm) e O→Eu3+ (310 nm) não apresentam bandas oriundas dos níveis emissores 5D3, 5D2 e 5D1 (5DJ→7FJ´). Esse fenômeno evidencia o cruzamento ressonante entre os estados LMCT e os níveis 5DJ (J = 1, 2 e 3). O alto valor dos parâmetros de intensidade Ω2 dos compostos de Eu3+ reflete o comportamento hipersensível da transição 5D0→7F2, indicando que o íon TR3+ encontra-se em um ambiente químico altamente polarizável. Os valores de eficiências quânticas para os compostos Gd2(WO4)3:Eu3+ são maiores que para os compostos Eu2(WO4)3 devido à maior contribuição radiativa nos sistemas dopados. Deve-se considerar que o composto Eu2(WO4)3 contém maior concentração de íons Eu3+, gerando uma maior proximidade e resultando na transferência de energia não-radiativa entre esses íons. Observa-se que o maior valor de eficiência quântica obtida foi para o sistema Gd2(WO4)3:Eu3+ (1%), obtido pelo método Pechini. As micrografias mostraram que a morfologia e o tamanho das partículas dos compostos dependem do método utilizado. As coordenadas CIE (Commission Internationale d\'Eclairage) foram determinadas. / The studies about the photoluminescent properties of the rare earth tungstates Eu2(WO4)3 and Gd2(WO4)3:RE3+ (RE3+ = Eu, Sm and Tb) obtained via three different methods of preparation were reported: i) ceramic method, which is the older one and uses high temperatures (>1000 ºC) and long periods of heating, with the physical mixture of the reagents in the powder form, grinding and calcination, ii) Pechini method, which consists on the complexation of cations in citric acid and ethylene glycol medium, forming a polymeric network that promotes the formation of RE tungstates at lower temperatures (~750 ºC) and iii) combustion method, which is based on a exothermic reaction between metal nitrates and an organic fuel, reaching rapidly high temperatures (>1000 ºC). The characterization of the RE tungstates was made using the following techniques: a) X-Ray diffraction - the XRD patterns showed characteristic peaks of the tungstates described in the literature, which are isostructural in the lanthanidic series, forming the scheelite structure; b) IV spectroscopy - absorption bands assigned to the unit [WO4] were observed in the spectra, confirming the Td point group; c) thermal analysis - the TG/DTG curves evidenced that the obtaining temperature of the RE tungstates lies around 750 ºC; d) scanning and transmission electronic microscopes - the micrographs illustrated the morphology and the particle size of the obtained systems and e) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy - the reflectance spectrum confirmed the position of the O→W charge transfer band around 265 nm. The photoluminescent properties of the compounds were studied based on the intraconfigurational transitions f5 (Sm3+), f6 (Eu3+) and f8 (Tb3+). The excitation spectra showed broad bands in the UV region, assigned to the LMCT O→W and O→TR3+ LMCT. In the case of the Eu2(WO4)3 compound, when the excitation is monitored in the 7F0→5L6 intraconfigurational transition of the Eu3+ ion (394 nm), the emission spectra show narrow bands coming from the 5D0 emitting level and also from the 5DJ states (J = 1, 2 and 3) at both temperatures 298 and 77 K. On the other hand, when the emission spectra are monitored in the O→W (260 nm) and O→Eu3+ (310 nm) LMCT bands, they do not show bands coming from the 5D3, 5D2 and 5D1 (5DJ→7FJ´) emitting levels. This phenomenon evidences the resonance crossover between the LMCT states and the 5DJ levels (J = 1, 2 and 3). The high value of the Ω2 intensity parameters of the Eu3+ compounds reflects the hypersensitive behavior of the 5D0→7F2 transition, indicating that the TR3+ ion lies in a highly polarizable chemistry environment. The quantum efficiencies values for the Gd2(WO4)3:Eu3+ compounds are higher than for the Eu2(WO4)3 compound due to the major radiative contribution in the doped systems. We must consider that the Eu2(WO4)3 compound contains higher concentration of Eu3+ ions, generating proximity and resulting in the non-radiative energy transfer among these ions. We observed that the highest quantum efficiency value was for the Gd2(WO4)3:Eu3+ (1%) system, which was obtained by the Pechini method. The micrographs and the XRD patterns showed that the morphology and the crystallites size of the compounds depend on the used method. The CIE (Commission Internationale d\'Eclairage) coordinates were determined.