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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptors and Agonistic Behavior in Syrian Hamsters

Faruzzi, Alicia N 12 January 2006 (has links)
Social conflict is a part of everyday life, and it can be a potent stressor for both humans and other animals. In the laboratory, when two Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) compete for territory, a dominance hierarchy is quickly formed. Becoming subordinate is a significant stressor resulting in increased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone, β-endorphin, and cortisol. Defeated hamsters will also subsequently fail to display territorial aggression in future social encounters and will instead display increased submissive behavior, even in the presence of a smaller, non-aggressive intruder. This change in behavior is consistent and long-lasting and has been termed conditioned defeat (CD). Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is an important neuropeptide in the control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress. It is also involved in a number of behaviors such as anxiety, stress responding, food intake, learning, and memory. The widespread distribution of CRF, CRF-like peptides, and CRF receptors, particularly in brain sites related to anxiety, fear, and stress responses, suggests a role for CRF and CRF-like peptides in modulating emotional responses other than via HPA axis activity. It has also been shown that CRF may have a role in the acquisition and expression of CD. Non-specific and CRF type 2-specific CRF antagonists reduce the acquisition and expression of CD in male hamsters while injection of a CRF type 1-specific antagonist does not. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation was to investigate the role of CRF type 1 and 2 receptors in CD in hamsters and to identify neuroanatomical locations where CRF may be acting. It was found that non-specific or CRF type 1 receptor specific agonists enhance the expression, but not acquisition, of CD. Further, these agonists appear to enhance aggressive behavior in animals that were not previously defeated, suggesting a modulatory role for CRF type 1 receptors in agonistic behavior that depends on an animal’s previous social experience. Further, localization of CRF receptors was determined in hamster brain in sites thought important for CD and agonistic behavior, but changes in receptor binding following defeat were not observed. Implications of these results and future directions are discussed.
12

HYPOTHALAMIC MEDIATION OF ACUTE INCREASES IN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND RENAL SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY DURING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE LAMINA TEMRINALIS

Carmichael II, Samuel Paterson 01 January 2008 (has links)
Discrete electrical stimulation of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) produces sympathetically-mediated increases in peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure (ABP). Since efferent fibers from the lamina terminalis innervate the kidney through polysynaptic connections, the present study determined whether electrical stimulation of the OVLT increased sympathetic outflow to the kidney. In anesthetized male, Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5) electrical stimulation of OVLT neurons produced frequency and current intensity dependent increases in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and ABP that were abolished by ganglionic blockade with the nicotinic antagonist chlorisondamine (5mg/kg,i.v.). Since neurons from the OVLT terminate within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH), the present study also determined whether these connections mediate a portion of sympathetic and pressor responses to electrical stimulation of the OVLT. Bilateral inhibition of the PVH with the GABAA agonist muscimol (5mM/100nl) significantly attenuated the increase in ABP at all frequencies and current intensities. Spike-triggered averaging of RSNA revealed that PVH inhibition significantly blunted the RSNA responses to OVLT stimulation at 100, 200, but not 400andamp;igrave;A. The present findings indicate that electrical stimulation of the OVLT increases RSNA and ABP and that these responses are partially mediated by the tonic activity of PVH neurons.
13

The Posterior Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Mediates Opposite-Sex Odor Preference in Male Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus Auratus)

Been, Laura Elizabeth 11 November 2008 (has links)
In Syrian hamsters, social behavior is mediated exclusively by chemosensory cues and circulating gonadal steroid hormones. Where these two signals are processed in the brain is unknown, but the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBNST) has been suggested as a candidate site. Therefore, we tested male hamsters’ preference for opposite-sex odors following excitotoxic lesions of the pBNST. Lesions of the pBNST (pBNST-X) eliminated male hamsters’ preference for opposite-sex odors. Furthermore, pBNST-X males spent significantly less time investigating female odors than clean odors and significantly less time investigating female odors than control males did. Lesions of the pBNST did not change male hamsters’ investigation of male odors. The deficits observed in pBNST-X males were not due to a failure to discriminate between odors, as pBNST-X males were able to distinguish between odors. Together, these data suggest the pBNST is critical for opposite-sex odor preference in male hamsters.
14

Participação do sistema endocanabinóide no núcleo leito da estria terminal sobre respostas de ansiedade em ratos / Participation of endocannabinoid system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis on anxiety responses modulation in rats

Assis, Anna Bárbara Borges de 22 February 2017 (has links)
O sistema endocanabinoide é composto por ligantes endógenos, enzimas responsáveis pela síntese e degradação desses ligantes, além de receptores específicos. As duas principais moléculas endógenas, anandamida (AEA) e 2- araquidonilglicerol (2-AG), após sintetizadas, são difundidos para a fenda sináptica e agem retrogradamente em receptores canabinóides do tipo 1 e/ou 2 (CB1 e CB2, respectivamente). A ação da AEA termina após processo de internalização seguido por hidrólise através da enzima FAAH (fatty acid amid hydrolase; amidohidrolase de acidos graxos), presente no neurônio pós-sináptico. O 2-AG, por sua vez, é degradado pela MAGL (monoacilglicerol lipase), localizada pré-sinapticamente. O receptor CB1 modula negativamente a liberação de diversos neurotransmissores no sistema nervoso central. A participação dos endocanabinoides é amplamente descrita em diversas estruturas cerebrais envolvidas na expressão de respostas relacionadas aos comportamentos de ansiedade e medo, tendo seus efeitos mediados principalmente por CB1 e CB2. Entretanto, o papel dos endocanabinoides em algumas estruturas ainda não está completamente elucidado. Dentre essas, destaca-se o Núcleo Leito da Estria Terminal (NLET), uma estrutura límbica com importante papel na integração de informações associadas com controle autonômico, endócrino e comportamental durante situações aversivas. Há poucas evidências da presença e do envolvimento do sistema endocanabinoide no NLET sobre a modulação de respostas de ansiedade. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o envolvimento do sistema endocanabinoide presente no NLET na modulação de respostas aversivas inata e aprendida. Para isso ratos Wistar (240g - 270g) foram implantados com cânulas guia bilateralmente no NLET para administração de drogas. Foram utilizados: veículo (DMSO 10%), antagonista de receptores CB1, o AM251 nas doses de 0,1 a 0,3 nmol/100nL e um inibidor da enzima FAAH, URB597 nas doses de 0,01 e 0,1 nmol/100nL. Cinco dias após a cirurgia estereotáxica, os animais foram submetidos ao teste de resposta inata do Labirinto em cruz elevado por 5 minutos. Avaliou-se o número de entradas e o tempo gasto nos braços abertos e fechados. Dois a três dias após, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo do medo condicionado ao contexto, realizado em 3 dias consecutivos. No dia do teste, respostas comportamentais (tempo de congelamento) e autonômicas (Pressão arterial média; Frequência cardíaca, e Temperatura cutânea da cauda) foram continuamente avaliadas durante 10 min. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o bloqueio ou ativação de receptores CB1 no NLET não alterou as respostas de medo inato. Entretanto, no medo aprendido, o antagonismo de receptores CB1 no NLET aumentou o componente comportamental e pressórico. Ainda, a inibição da FAAH no NLET, via CB1, diminuiu o componente comportamental e pressórico da resposta emocional condicionada. Desta maneira, podemos sugerir que o sistema endocanabinoide presente no NLET modula respostas de medo aprendido, sem intervir nas respostas de medo inato. / The cannabinoid system is composed by two main endogenous ligands, enzymes responsible for synthesis and degradation of these ligands, and specific receptors. The two main endogenous molecules, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2- AG), after synthesized post-synaptically, are released into the synaptic cleft, where they activate cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2, respectively). AEA action terminates after internalization followed by enzymatic hydrolysis via FAAH (fatty acid amid hydrolase) located in the postsynaptic neuron. Meanwhile, 2-AG is degraded presynaptically by MAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase). CB1 receptor negatively modulates the release of several neurotransmitters in central nervous system. The endocannabinoid system is widely present in several brain structures involved on fear expression and anxiety-related responses, mostly mediated via CB1 and CB2 receptors. Nevertheless, the role of the endocannabinoids system role in specific brain structures is not yet completely elucidated. One structure in particular, is the Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminales (BNST), which is a limbic structure responsible for integration of autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioral information during aversive situations. There is little evidence about the presence and involvement of endocannabinoid system in the BNST on anxiety responses modulation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the endocannabinoid system in the BNST on the modulation of innate and learned aversive responses. Male Wistar rats (240 - 270g) were submitted to stereotaxic surgery for bilateral guide cannula implantation directed to the BNST, for drug administration. Animals received local injections of vehicle, AM251 (CB1-antagonist; 0,1 - 0,3 nmol/100nL), URB597 (an inhibitor of FAAH; 0,01 - 0,1 nmol/100nL). Five days after the stereotaxic surgery, animals were submitted to the innate response test, the elevated plus maze, for 5 minutes. The percentage of entries and time spent in open and the number of enclosed arms entries were analyzed. After two to three days, animals were submitted to the contextual fear conditioning protocol, performed in three consecutive days. On test day, behavioral (freezing) and autonomic responses (mean arterial pressure, heart rate and tail cutaneous temperature) were recorded for 10 min. Our data suggest that after CB1 receptors blocking or activation in the BNST do not promote changes in innate fear responses. However, during fear learning, CB1 receptor antagonism in the BNST increased freezing behavior and mean arterial pressure. In addition, FAAH inhibition in the BNST, via CB1, reduced freezing behavior and mean arterial pressure in the emotional conditioned response. These results suggest that endogenous cannabinoid system in the BNST can modulate defensive responses in fear learning, but not innate fear responses.
15

Participação do sistema endocanabinóide no núcleo leito da estria terminal sobre respostas de ansiedade em ratos / Participation of endocannabinoid system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis on anxiety responses modulation in rats

Anna Bárbara Borges de Assis 22 February 2017 (has links)
O sistema endocanabinoide é composto por ligantes endógenos, enzimas responsáveis pela síntese e degradação desses ligantes, além de receptores específicos. As duas principais moléculas endógenas, anandamida (AEA) e 2- araquidonilglicerol (2-AG), após sintetizadas, são difundidos para a fenda sináptica e agem retrogradamente em receptores canabinóides do tipo 1 e/ou 2 (CB1 e CB2, respectivamente). A ação da AEA termina após processo de internalização seguido por hidrólise através da enzima FAAH (fatty acid amid hydrolase; amidohidrolase de acidos graxos), presente no neurônio pós-sináptico. O 2-AG, por sua vez, é degradado pela MAGL (monoacilglicerol lipase), localizada pré-sinapticamente. O receptor CB1 modula negativamente a liberação de diversos neurotransmissores no sistema nervoso central. A participação dos endocanabinoides é amplamente descrita em diversas estruturas cerebrais envolvidas na expressão de respostas relacionadas aos comportamentos de ansiedade e medo, tendo seus efeitos mediados principalmente por CB1 e CB2. Entretanto, o papel dos endocanabinoides em algumas estruturas ainda não está completamente elucidado. Dentre essas, destaca-se o Núcleo Leito da Estria Terminal (NLET), uma estrutura límbica com importante papel na integração de informações associadas com controle autonômico, endócrino e comportamental durante situações aversivas. Há poucas evidências da presença e do envolvimento do sistema endocanabinoide no NLET sobre a modulação de respostas de ansiedade. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o envolvimento do sistema endocanabinoide presente no NLET na modulação de respostas aversivas inata e aprendida. Para isso ratos Wistar (240g - 270g) foram implantados com cânulas guia bilateralmente no NLET para administração de drogas. Foram utilizados: veículo (DMSO 10%), antagonista de receptores CB1, o AM251 nas doses de 0,1 a 0,3 nmol/100nL e um inibidor da enzima FAAH, URB597 nas doses de 0,01 e 0,1 nmol/100nL. Cinco dias após a cirurgia estereotáxica, os animais foram submetidos ao teste de resposta inata do Labirinto em cruz elevado por 5 minutos. Avaliou-se o número de entradas e o tempo gasto nos braços abertos e fechados. Dois a três dias após, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo do medo condicionado ao contexto, realizado em 3 dias consecutivos. No dia do teste, respostas comportamentais (tempo de congelamento) e autonômicas (Pressão arterial média; Frequência cardíaca, e Temperatura cutânea da cauda) foram continuamente avaliadas durante 10 min. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o bloqueio ou ativação de receptores CB1 no NLET não alterou as respostas de medo inato. Entretanto, no medo aprendido, o antagonismo de receptores CB1 no NLET aumentou o componente comportamental e pressórico. Ainda, a inibição da FAAH no NLET, via CB1, diminuiu o componente comportamental e pressórico da resposta emocional condicionada. Desta maneira, podemos sugerir que o sistema endocanabinoide presente no NLET modula respostas de medo aprendido, sem intervir nas respostas de medo inato. / The cannabinoid system is composed by two main endogenous ligands, enzymes responsible for synthesis and degradation of these ligands, and specific receptors. The two main endogenous molecules, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2- AG), after synthesized post-synaptically, are released into the synaptic cleft, where they activate cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2, respectively). AEA action terminates after internalization followed by enzymatic hydrolysis via FAAH (fatty acid amid hydrolase) located in the postsynaptic neuron. Meanwhile, 2-AG is degraded presynaptically by MAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase). CB1 receptor negatively modulates the release of several neurotransmitters in central nervous system. The endocannabinoid system is widely present in several brain structures involved on fear expression and anxiety-related responses, mostly mediated via CB1 and CB2 receptors. Nevertheless, the role of the endocannabinoids system role in specific brain structures is not yet completely elucidated. One structure in particular, is the Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminales (BNST), which is a limbic structure responsible for integration of autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioral information during aversive situations. There is little evidence about the presence and involvement of endocannabinoid system in the BNST on anxiety responses modulation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the endocannabinoid system in the BNST on the modulation of innate and learned aversive responses. Male Wistar rats (240 - 270g) were submitted to stereotaxic surgery for bilateral guide cannula implantation directed to the BNST, for drug administration. Animals received local injections of vehicle, AM251 (CB1-antagonist; 0,1 - 0,3 nmol/100nL), URB597 (an inhibitor of FAAH; 0,01 - 0,1 nmol/100nL). Five days after the stereotaxic surgery, animals were submitted to the innate response test, the elevated plus maze, for 5 minutes. The percentage of entries and time spent in open and the number of enclosed arms entries were analyzed. After two to three days, animals were submitted to the contextual fear conditioning protocol, performed in three consecutive days. On test day, behavioral (freezing) and autonomic responses (mean arterial pressure, heart rate and tail cutaneous temperature) were recorded for 10 min. Our data suggest that after CB1 receptors blocking or activation in the BNST do not promote changes in innate fear responses. However, during fear learning, CB1 receptor antagonism in the BNST increased freezing behavior and mean arterial pressure. In addition, FAAH inhibition in the BNST, via CB1, reduced freezing behavior and mean arterial pressure in the emotional conditioned response. These results suggest that endogenous cannabinoid system in the BNST can modulate defensive responses in fear learning, but not innate fear responses.
16

The Posterior Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Mediates Opposite-Sex Odor Preference in Male Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus Auratus)

Been, Laura Elizabeth 11 November 2008 (has links)
In Syrian hamsters, social behavior is mediated exclusively by chemosensory cues and circulating gonadal steroid hormones. Where these two signals are processed in the brain is unknown, but the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBNST) has been suggested as a candidate site. Therefore, we tested male hamsters’ preference for opposite-sex odors following excitotoxic lesions of the pBNST. Lesions of the pBNST (pBNST-X) eliminated male hamsters’ preference for opposite-sex odors. Furthermore, pBNST-X males spent significantly less time investigating female odors than clean odors and significantly less time investigating female odors than control males did. Lesions of the pBNST did not change male hamsters’ investigation of male odors. The deficits observed in pBNST-X males were not due to a failure to discriminate between odors, as pBNST-X males were able to distinguish between odors. Together, these data suggest the pBNST is critical for opposite-sex odor preference in male hamsters.
17

Envolvimento do núcleo leito da estria terminal nos efeitos ansiolíticos do canabidiol / Involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol

Gomes, Felipe Villela 26 January 2011 (has links)
O canabidiol (CBD), um componente não-psicotomomético presente na planta Cannabis sativa, induz efeitos ansiolíticos em roedores e humanos após administração sistêmica. Entretanto, poucos estudos foram feitos para identificar as estruturas cerebrais envolvidas nesses efeitos do CBD. Dados prévios do nosso laboratório apontam para um possível envolvimento do núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD, como evidenciado pelos níveis alterados (reduzidos) de imunorreatividade para proteína c-Fos (marcador de ativação neuronial) em animais tratados com administração sistêmica de CBD no modelo da resposta emocional condicionada (REC) contextual. Os mecanismos de ação pelos quais o CBD produz seus também são ainda pouco compreendidos, mas pode envolver a ativação de receptores 5-HT1A. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou se a administração de CBD diretamente no NLET atenuaria a expressão da REC contextual. Além disso, nós também avaliamos o envolvimento do NLET nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD em outros dois modelos animais de ansiedade amplamente utilizados, o labirinto em cruz elevado e o teste do lamber punido de Vogel e, se os efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD envolveriam a ativação local de receptores 5-HT1A. Os resultados mostraram que o CBD reduziu significativamente o tempo de congelamento e atenuou as respostas cardiovasculares induzidas pela re-exposição ao contexto aversivo no modelo da REC contextual. Além disso, o CBD também aumentou a exploração dos braços abertos do LCE, bem como o número de lambidas punidas no teste de Vogel, sugerindo um efeito ansiolítico. Adicionalmente, o CBD não alterou o número de entradas nos braços fechados do LCE e não interferiu no consumo de água ou no limiar nociceptivo, descartando potenciais interferentes nesses dois modelos. Nós também observamos que o pré-tratamento local com WAY100635, um antagonista de receptores 5-HT1A, foi capaz de bloquear os efeitos do CBD injetado no NLET nos três modelos animais utilizados. Logo, estes resultados dão suporte à proposta que NLET está envolvido nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD observado após a administração sistêmica, e que este efeito parece envolver a neurotransmissão mediada por receptores 5-HT1A. / Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa, induces anxiolytic effects in rodents and humans following systemic administration. Despite the brain structures of CBD acts remain poorly understood, previous results from our laboratory suggest that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) may be involved in the anxiolytic effects of CBD, as evidenced by changed levels (decreased) in c-Fos protein expression (a marker of neuronal activation) in animals treated with systemic administration of CBD in the contextual fear conditioning. The mechanisms of CBD effects are still poorly understood but may involve activation of 5-HT1A receptors. Thus, in the present study, we have investigated the anxiolytic-like effects of intra-BNST administration of CBD in rats submitted to contextual fear conditioning. Moreover, we also evaluated the involvement of the BNST in the anxiolytic effects of CBD in other two widely used animal models of anxiety, the elevated plus-maze and the Vogel conflict test, and if these effects are mediated by local activation of 5-HT1A receptors. The results showed that CBD significantly decreased the freezing time and attenuated the cardiovascular responses induced by contextual fear conditioning. Moreover, CBD has also increased the exploration of open arms in EPM, and the number of punished licks in the Vogel test, suggesting an anxiolytic effect. Additionally, the CBD did not alter the number of entries in closed arms of the EPM and did not affect water consumption or pain threshold, eliminating potential interferences of these two models. We also found that local pretreatment with WAY100635, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, was able to block the effects of CBD injected into the BNST in the three animal models of anxiety used. Hence, these results support the proposal that BNST is involved in anxiolytic effects of CBD observed after systemic administration, and this effect seems to involve the neurotransmission mediated by 5-HT1A receptors.
18

Participação do sistema noradrenérgico do núcleo leito da estria terminal na mediação das consequências comportamentais do estresse / Involvement of the noradrenergic system of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in mediating the behavioral consequences of stress

Nagai, Michelly Martins 08 October 2012 (has links)
O estresse parece ser um dos principais fatores responsáveis pela predisposição do indivíduo à depressão. Estudos prévios de nosso laboratório mostraram que a inativação aguda da transmissão sináptica no núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) provoca efeitos tipo-antidepressivos em animais submetidos ao modelo animal do nado forçado, indicando que sua ativação durante o estresse facilita o desenvolvimento de consequências comportamentais relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão. Contudo, os neurotransmissores envolvidos na mediação de tais efeitos permanecem desconhecidos. Sabe-se que a neurotransmissão noradrenérgica no NLET é abundante e tem participação importante na regulação de processos emocionais relacionados à resposta ao estresse. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou o envolvimento da neurotransmissão noradrenérgica existente no núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) no desenvolvimento das consequências comportamentais do estresse relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão, através da administração local de antagonistas noradrenérgicos em animais submetidos ao modelo animal do nado forçado. Os resultados mostraram que a administração local de WB4101 (antagonista ?1) (10 e 15 nmol), CGP20712 (antagonista ?1) (5 e 10 nmol) e ICI118,551 (antagonista ?2) (5 nmol) reduziu o tempo de imobilidade de animais submetidos ao teste do nado forçado. Além disso, a administração local das mesmas doses dessas drogas em grupos independentes de animais submetidos ao teste do campo aberto não causou alteração na atividade locomotora dos animais, descartando um possível efeito inespecífico sobre a atividade locomotora. Os resultados sugerem, portanto, o envolvimento da neurotransmissão noradrenérgica no NLET, através da ativação de receptores noradrenérgicos ?1, ?1 e ?2, na mediação das consequências comportamentais do estresse e nos mecanismos neurais envolvidos na neurobiologia da depressão. / Stress seems to be a major factor responsible for the individual\'s predisposition to depression. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that acute inactivation of synaptic transmission within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (NLET) with cobalt chloride causes antidepressant-like effects in rats submitted to the forced swimming test, suggesting that NLET activation during stress facilitates the development of the behavioral consequences related to the neurobiology of depression. However, the neurotransmitters involved in mediating these effects remain unknown. It is known that the noradrenergic neurotransmission in NLET is abundant and plays an important role in regulating emotional processes related to stress response. Thus, the present study investigated the involvement of the noradrenergic neurotransmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (NLET) in the development of the behavioral consequences of stress related to the neurobiology of depression by local administration of noradrenergic antagonists in rats submitted to the forced swimming animal model. The results showed that the local administration of WB4101 (?1-antagonist) (10 and 15 nmol), CGP20712 (?1-antagonist) (5 and 10 nmol) and ICI118, 551 (?2-antagonist) (5 nmol) reduced the immobility time of animals submitted to the forced swimming test, an antidepressant-like effect. Furthermore, local administration of the same doses of these drugs in independent groups of animals submitted to the open field test did not change their locomotor activity, discarding a possible unspecific effect on locomotor activity. The results, therefore, suggest the involvement of the noradrenergic neurotransmission within the NLET, through the activation of noradrenergic receptors ?1, ?1 and ?2, in mediating the behavioral consequences of stress and the neural mechanisms involved in the neurobiology of depression.
19

Participação do sistema noradrenérgico do núcleo leito da estria terminal na mediação das consequências comportamentais do estresse / Involvement of the noradrenergic system of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in mediating the behavioral consequences of stress

Michelly Martins Nagai 08 October 2012 (has links)
O estresse parece ser um dos principais fatores responsáveis pela predisposição do indivíduo à depressão. Estudos prévios de nosso laboratório mostraram que a inativação aguda da transmissão sináptica no núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) provoca efeitos tipo-antidepressivos em animais submetidos ao modelo animal do nado forçado, indicando que sua ativação durante o estresse facilita o desenvolvimento de consequências comportamentais relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão. Contudo, os neurotransmissores envolvidos na mediação de tais efeitos permanecem desconhecidos. Sabe-se que a neurotransmissão noradrenérgica no NLET é abundante e tem participação importante na regulação de processos emocionais relacionados à resposta ao estresse. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou o envolvimento da neurotransmissão noradrenérgica existente no núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) no desenvolvimento das consequências comportamentais do estresse relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão, através da administração local de antagonistas noradrenérgicos em animais submetidos ao modelo animal do nado forçado. Os resultados mostraram que a administração local de WB4101 (antagonista ?1) (10 e 15 nmol), CGP20712 (antagonista ?1) (5 e 10 nmol) e ICI118,551 (antagonista ?2) (5 nmol) reduziu o tempo de imobilidade de animais submetidos ao teste do nado forçado. Além disso, a administração local das mesmas doses dessas drogas em grupos independentes de animais submetidos ao teste do campo aberto não causou alteração na atividade locomotora dos animais, descartando um possível efeito inespecífico sobre a atividade locomotora. Os resultados sugerem, portanto, o envolvimento da neurotransmissão noradrenérgica no NLET, através da ativação de receptores noradrenérgicos ?1, ?1 e ?2, na mediação das consequências comportamentais do estresse e nos mecanismos neurais envolvidos na neurobiologia da depressão. / Stress seems to be a major factor responsible for the individual\'s predisposition to depression. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that acute inactivation of synaptic transmission within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (NLET) with cobalt chloride causes antidepressant-like effects in rats submitted to the forced swimming test, suggesting that NLET activation during stress facilitates the development of the behavioral consequences related to the neurobiology of depression. However, the neurotransmitters involved in mediating these effects remain unknown. It is known that the noradrenergic neurotransmission in NLET is abundant and plays an important role in regulating emotional processes related to stress response. Thus, the present study investigated the involvement of the noradrenergic neurotransmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (NLET) in the development of the behavioral consequences of stress related to the neurobiology of depression by local administration of noradrenergic antagonists in rats submitted to the forced swimming animal model. The results showed that the local administration of WB4101 (?1-antagonist) (10 and 15 nmol), CGP20712 (?1-antagonist) (5 and 10 nmol) and ICI118, 551 (?2-antagonist) (5 nmol) reduced the immobility time of animals submitted to the forced swimming test, an antidepressant-like effect. Furthermore, local administration of the same doses of these drugs in independent groups of animals submitted to the open field test did not change their locomotor activity, discarding a possible unspecific effect on locomotor activity. The results, therefore, suggest the involvement of the noradrenergic neurotransmission within the NLET, through the activation of noradrenergic receptors ?1, ?1 and ?2, in mediating the behavioral consequences of stress and the neural mechanisms involved in the neurobiology of depression.
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Envolvimento do núcleo leito da estria terminal nos efeitos ansiolíticos do canabidiol / Involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol

Felipe Villela Gomes 26 January 2011 (has links)
O canabidiol (CBD), um componente não-psicotomomético presente na planta Cannabis sativa, induz efeitos ansiolíticos em roedores e humanos após administração sistêmica. Entretanto, poucos estudos foram feitos para identificar as estruturas cerebrais envolvidas nesses efeitos do CBD. Dados prévios do nosso laboratório apontam para um possível envolvimento do núcleo leito da estria terminal (NLET) nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD, como evidenciado pelos níveis alterados (reduzidos) de imunorreatividade para proteína c-Fos (marcador de ativação neuronial) em animais tratados com administração sistêmica de CBD no modelo da resposta emocional condicionada (REC) contextual. Os mecanismos de ação pelos quais o CBD produz seus também são ainda pouco compreendidos, mas pode envolver a ativação de receptores 5-HT1A. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou se a administração de CBD diretamente no NLET atenuaria a expressão da REC contextual. Além disso, nós também avaliamos o envolvimento do NLET nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD em outros dois modelos animais de ansiedade amplamente utilizados, o labirinto em cruz elevado e o teste do lamber punido de Vogel e, se os efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD envolveriam a ativação local de receptores 5-HT1A. Os resultados mostraram que o CBD reduziu significativamente o tempo de congelamento e atenuou as respostas cardiovasculares induzidas pela re-exposição ao contexto aversivo no modelo da REC contextual. Além disso, o CBD também aumentou a exploração dos braços abertos do LCE, bem como o número de lambidas punidas no teste de Vogel, sugerindo um efeito ansiolítico. Adicionalmente, o CBD não alterou o número de entradas nos braços fechados do LCE e não interferiu no consumo de água ou no limiar nociceptivo, descartando potenciais interferentes nesses dois modelos. Nós também observamos que o pré-tratamento local com WAY100635, um antagonista de receptores 5-HT1A, foi capaz de bloquear os efeitos do CBD injetado no NLET nos três modelos animais utilizados. Logo, estes resultados dão suporte à proposta que NLET está envolvido nos efeitos ansiolíticos do CBD observado após a administração sistêmica, e que este efeito parece envolver a neurotransmissão mediada por receptores 5-HT1A. / Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa, induces anxiolytic effects in rodents and humans following systemic administration. Despite the brain structures of CBD acts remain poorly understood, previous results from our laboratory suggest that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) may be involved in the anxiolytic effects of CBD, as evidenced by changed levels (decreased) in c-Fos protein expression (a marker of neuronal activation) in animals treated with systemic administration of CBD in the contextual fear conditioning. The mechanisms of CBD effects are still poorly understood but may involve activation of 5-HT1A receptors. Thus, in the present study, we have investigated the anxiolytic-like effects of intra-BNST administration of CBD in rats submitted to contextual fear conditioning. Moreover, we also evaluated the involvement of the BNST in the anxiolytic effects of CBD in other two widely used animal models of anxiety, the elevated plus-maze and the Vogel conflict test, and if these effects are mediated by local activation of 5-HT1A receptors. The results showed that CBD significantly decreased the freezing time and attenuated the cardiovascular responses induced by contextual fear conditioning. Moreover, CBD has also increased the exploration of open arms in EPM, and the number of punished licks in the Vogel test, suggesting an anxiolytic effect. Additionally, the CBD did not alter the number of entries in closed arms of the EPM and did not affect water consumption or pain threshold, eliminating potential interferences of these two models. We also found that local pretreatment with WAY100635, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, was able to block the effects of CBD injected into the BNST in the three animal models of anxiety used. Hence, these results support the proposal that BNST is involved in anxiolytic effects of CBD observed after systemic administration, and this effect seems to involve the neurotransmission mediated by 5-HT1A receptors.

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