Depuis quelques dizaines d’années, l’étude de composés intermétalliques à base des métaux de transition 3d, et d’éléments de terres rares 4f, présente un vif intérêt tant d’un point de vue fondamental qu’appliqué. Les propriétés remarquables de ces matériaux magnétiques proviennent de la présence, dans le même composé, de métaux de transition 3d, caractérisés par un magnétisme itinérant donné par les électrons de la bande externe 3d, et de métaux de terres-rares 4f qui, eux, présentent un magnétisme localisé dû aux électrons de la couche interne 4f. La recherche présentée ici se concentrera sur deux diagrammes des phases ternaires alliant samarium, fer et nickel et l’yttrium, fer et Gallium dans le deuxième système. Ces types d’intermétalliques sont aussi potentiellement caractérisés par un effet magnétocalorique (EMC) défini par le réchauffement ou le refroidissement de ces matériaux magnétiques sous l’application ou la suppression d’un champ magnétique extérieur.Le but de la thèse est la construction des deux diagrammes ternaires qui n’ont jamais été publiés et étudier les propriétés physicochimiques dans les systèmes (Sm,Y)-Fe-(Ni,Ga). Cette recherche aboutira à la détermination des diagrammes ternaires Sm-Fe-Ni et Y-Fe-Ga expérimentales (section isotherme à 800°C) et d’étudier les propriétés structurales de ces composés intermétalliques. Les propriétés magnétiques et magnétocaloriques ont également été étudiées en couplant les analyses magnétiques avec les mesures par diffraction des rayons X et par spectroscopie Mössbauer. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence l’influence importante de la nature et du taux de fer substitué au nickel et au gallium dans les deux systèmes sur les propriétés magnétiques / In recent decades, the study of intermetallic compounds containing 3d transition metals and 4f rare earth elements presents great interest both from a fundamental point of view and in its various applications. The remarkable properties of these magnetic materials come from the presence, in the same compound, of 3d transition metal, characterized by an itinerant magnetism given by the electrons in the 3d external band, and 4f rare-earth which themselves have a localized magnetism due to the electrons of the 4f inner layer. The research presented here will focus on the construction of two ternary phase diagrams combining [Sm-Fe-Ni] in the first system and [Y-Fe-Ga] in the second one. These types of intermetallics are also characterized by a magnetocaloric effect (EMC) defined by the heating or cooling of these magnetic materials under the application or removal of an external magnetic field.The aims of the thesis are the construction of two ternary phase diagrams that have never been published before and the study of the physicochemical properties in the (Sm, Y) -Fe- (Ni, Ga) systems. This research will lead to the determination of experimental ternary phase diagrams Sm-Fe-Ni and Y-Fe-Ga (isothermal section at 800°C) and to study the structural properties of some intermetallic compounds.The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties were also studied by coupling magnetic analysis with the X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements. This work has highlighted the important influence of the nature and rate of iron substituted by nickel and gallium in both systems on the magnetic properties

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The excellent high temperature microstructure stability, high strength, and oxidation resistance of intermetallics has for long driven the development of intermetallic based alloys. More recent studies demonstrated attractive properties of eutectic intermetallic in the Ni-Al-Zr systems. This thesis deals with study of binary Ni3Al+Ni7Zr2, NiAl+Ni7Zr2 and Ni3Al+NiAl+Ni7Zr2 ternary intermetallic eutectic alloys in this system and includes the identification of compositions that would yield each eutectic structure and their microstructural characterization, mechanical and oxidation behavior. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the study on high temperature materials development and presents the objectives of work in the current thesis. Various experimental techniques used for alloy preparation (vacuum arc melting and vacuum suction casting), microstructural characterization (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray Diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), compression tests, microhardness tests and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) are described in Chapter 2. The specific background of work related to each chapter together with experimental results and discussion are given in next three chapters. Chapter 3 reports the method of identification of the composition for each of the eutectic alloys referred to above. The identification of alloy compositions of binary eutectics Ni3Al+Ni7Zr2 (Ni-13.5Al-11Zr), NiAl+Ni7Zr2 (Ni-19Al-12Zr) and Ni3Al+NiAl+Ni7Zr2 ternary eutectic (Ni-18.4Al-11.6Zr) is carried out with the help of available liquidus projection of Ni-Al-Zr system, and the iterative melting of numerous compositions that were refined to define the critical compositions for each eutectic. The microstructural features of these alloys have been characterized using optical and electron microscopy. Phase identification is confirmed by X ray diffraction, EPMA and TEM. The microstructure of Ni3Al+Ni7Zr2 and Ni3Al+NiAl+Ni7Zr2 ternary eutectic alloy shows similar eutectic morphologies. The eutectic colony consists of lamellar plates at center and intermixed lamellar-rod irregular morphologies towards the boundaries of the colonies. However, the NiAl+Ni7Zr2 eutectic alloy shows a fine, lamellar plate morphology throughout the microstructure. The orientation relationship between eutectic phases is determined using TEM technique for each alloy composition. Onsets of melting and liquidus temperatures have been identified by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Modified liquidus projections of Ni-Al-Zr system near the Ni3Al+NiAl+Ni7Zr2 ternary eutectic region have been derived from present experimental work. Chapter 4 focuses on understanding the mechanical behaviour of these individual eutectics at room temperature and high temperature. An attempt has been made to correlate the microstructure and mechanical properties of eutectics by measuring room temperature hardness, compressive yield strength at various temperatures, and examination of slip bands, crack initiation and fractography. It is observed that NiAl+Ni7Zr2 eutectic possesses the highest yield strength and hardness followed by ternary eutectic and then the Ni3Al+Ni7Zr2 eutectic. The yield strength of these eutectics decreases rapidly beyond 700oC and this decrease is accompanied by substantial increase in compressive ductility and steady state flow, with little work hardening. Chapter 5 explores the isothermal oxidation behavior at high temperatures of these eutectic alloys. Oxidation kinetics have been measured at various temperatures (900oC, 1000oC, 1050oC and 1100oC) are carried out using the thermo gravimetric analysis technique (TGA). The oxidation behavior has been characterized using TGA, X ray diffraction and EPMA. The Top surface of oxide layer shows compact, NiO layer with a fine grain size. The cross section of oxide samples shows five distinct microstructural and compositional layers at steady state. Attempt has been made to understand the oxidation mechanism, sequence of layer formation in correlation with microstructure and weight gains, rate constants and activation energy analysis. Finally Chapter 6 presents a summary of the current work and suggests for further work.

The theoretical part of this master’s thesis is focused on the characteristics and forms of phosphorus, occurrence in natural waters and the problems associated with higher phosphorus concentrations, especially in the development of cyanobacteria and algae. There are also described the possibilities of determining the degree of pollution of natural waters by nutrients and the effects of eutrophication. There are also described methods for the determination of phosphates, especially spectrophotometric determination in ternary systems with dyes. Like other methods are mentioned AAS, ion chromatography, electrophoresis and izotachophoresis, electrochemical methods or enzymatic methods. In the experimental part of this work deals with the selection and optimalization of suitable ternary system with organic dyes for spectrophotometric determination of orthophosphates. The system with phosphovanadomolybdic acid is studied too. For analytical procedure with malachite green oxalate, which was found to be most useful, were studied interfering ions, commonly occurring in natural waters . The chosen procedure was finally tested on real water samples.

This study focuses on the architectural modification of pin-type small-molecule organic solar cells, in particular on the absorption layer and its influence on the key solar cell parameters, such as short circuit current density, fill factor and open circuit voltage. Three different approaches have been applied to improve the match between the solar spectrum and the spectral sensitivity of organic solar cells. In the first part, deposition parameters such as substrate temperature, gradient strength and (graded) absorption layer thickness are evaluated and compared to organic solar cells with homogeneously deposited absorption layers. Moreover, the gradient-like distribution of the absorption layer is characterized optically and morphological effects have been extensively studied. In order to isolate the origin of the efficiency improvement due to the graded architecture, voltage-dependent spectral response measurements have been performed and gave new insights. The second part concentrates on the efficient in-coupling of converted UV light, which is usually lost because of the cut off properties of organic light in-coupling layers. Via Förster resonance energy transfer, the absorbed UV light is re-emitted as red light and contributes significantly to higher short circuit current densities. The correlation between doping concentration, simple stack architecture modifications and the performance improvement is duly presented. In the third and last part, the impact of tri-component bulk heterojunction absorption layers is investigated, as these have potential to broaden the sensitivity spectrum of organic solar cells without chemical modification of designated absorber molecules. Along with the possibility to easily increase the photocurrent, an interesting behavior of the open circuit voltage has been observed. Knowledge about the impact of slight modifications within the solar stack architecture is important in order to be able to improve the device efficiency for the production of cheap and clean energy.

The performance of a modern computing system is improving with technology scaling due to advancements in the modern semiconductor industry. However, the power efficiency along with reliability does not scale linearly with performance efficiency. High leakage and standby power in sub 100 nm technology are critical challenges faced by circuit designers. Recent developments in device physics have shown that emerging non-volatile memories are very effective in reducing power dissipation because they eliminate stand by power and exhibit almost zero leakage powerThis dissertation studies the use of emerging non-volatile memory devices in designing circuit architecture for improving power dissipation and the performance of the computing system. More specically, it proposes a novel spintronic Ternary Content AddressableMemory (TCAM), a novel memristive TCAM with improved power and performance efficiency. Our experimental evaluation on 45 nm technology for a 256-bit word-size spintronic TCAM at a supply voltage of 1 V with a sense margin of 50 mV show that the delay is lessthan 200 ps and the per-bit search energy is approximately 3 fJ. The proposed spintronic TCAM consumes at least 30% less energy when compared to state-of-the-art TCAM designs. The search delay on a 144-bit proposed memristive TCAM at a supply voltage of 1 V and a sense margin of 140 mV is 175 ps with per bit search energy of 1.2 fJ on a 45 nm technology. It is 1.12 x times faster and dissipates 67% less search energy per bit than the fastest existing 144-bit MTCAM design.Emerging non-volatile memories are well known for their ability to perform fast analog multiplication and addition when they are arranged in crossbar fashion and are especially suited for neural network applications. However, such systems require the on-chip implementation of the backpropagation algorithm to accommodate process variations. This dissertation studies the impact of process variation in training memristive neural network architecture. It proposes a low hardware overhead on-chip implementation of the backpropagation algorithm that utilizes effectively the very dense memristive cross-bar arrayand is resilient to process variations.Another important issue that needs a careful study due to shrinking technology node is the impact of space or terrestrial radiation in Integrated Circuits (ICs) because the probability of a high energy particle causing an error increases with a decrease in thethreshold voltage and the noise margin. Moreover, single-event effects (SEEs) sensitivity depends on the set of input vectors used at the time of testing due to logical masking. This dissertation analyzes the impact of input test set on the cross section of the microprocessorand proposes a mechanism to derive a high-quality input test set using an automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) for radiation testing of microprocessors arithmetic and logical units..

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / This study explores the use of UV-assisted reduction method to synthesise the catalysts, aiming at reducing synthesis time. The Pd and Au catalyst loading is kept at 5 wt% in order to reduce the cost associated with high loading (20 wt%) of platinum group metals. The synthesised catalysts have SnO2 incorporated in them for two purposes, one being to activate the chemical reaction by absorbing UV-light and the second one is to serve as a promoter for binary and ternary catalysts. All the synthesised electrocatalysts in this study were denoted as Au/10wt%SnO2-C, Au/15wt%SnO2-C, Au/20wt%SnO2-C, Au/40wt%SnO2-C, Au/60wt%SnO2-C, Pd/10wt%SnO2-C, Pd/15wt%SnO2-C, Pd/20wt%SnO2-C, Pd/40wt%SnO2-C, Pd/60wt%SnO2-C and PdAu/10wt%SnO2-C respectively. The UV-assisted reduction method was proved to be effective with the obtained results from TEM, SEM, XRD and electrochemical studies. TEM micrographs revealed nanoparticles of Pd, Au and SnO2 which were proved by the measured d-spacing values corresponding to the element’s structures. The measured average particle size ranged from 3.05 to 14.97 nm for the electrocatalysts. The XRD profiles confirmed the face centred cubic of Pd, Au and tetragonal structures of SnO2. These electrocatalysts showed varied activity towards the oxidation of alcohols namely, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol in alkaline electrolyte The cyclic voltammetry results showed improved performance towards the oxidation of glycerol on Au-based electrocatalysts, highest current density of 22.08 mA cm-2 than on Pd-based electrocatalysts. Pd-based electrocatalysts were more active towards the oxidation of ethanol than Au-based electrocatalysts with the highest current density of 19.96 mA cm-2. The co-reduced PdAu on 10wt%SnO2-C electrocatalysts showed the lowest current density of 6.88 mA cm-2 for ethanol oxidation when compared to Pd/10wt%SnO2-C and Au/10wt%SnO2-C. Linear sweep voltammograms showed more negative onset potentials on Pd-based electrocatalysts than Au-based electrocatalysts. The more negative onset potential obtained on Pd-based electrocatalysts was observed for ethanol oxidation. These results correspond to the trend observed in literature for ethanol oxidation being more favoured on Pd-based electrocatalysts whereas the polyalcohol oxidation is more favoured on Au-based electrocatalysts. The best performing and most stable electrocatalyst among the Au-based electrocatalysts is Au/10wt%SnO2-C and Pd/10wt%SnO2-C for the Pd-based electrocatalysts.

Among the well-known methods to form or modify the composition and physical properties of thin films, ion implantation has shown to be a very powerful technique. In particular, ion beam syntheses of binary iron silicide have been studied by several groups. Further, the interests in transition metal silicide systems are triggered by their potential use in advanced silicon based opto-electronic devices. In addition, ternary silicides have been by far less studied than their binary counterparts despite the fact that they have interesting magnetic and electronic properties. In this study, we investigate ion beam synthesis of Fe-Si binary structures and Fe-Co-Si ternary structures. This work involves fundamental investigation into development of a scalable synthesis process involving binary and ternary transitional metal silicide thin films and Nano-structures using low energy ion beams. Binary structures were synthesized by implanting Fe- at 50 keV energy. Since ion implantation is a dynamic process, Dynamic simulation techniques were used in these studies to determine saturation fluences for ion implantation. Also, static and dynamic simulation results were compared with experimental results. The outcome of simulations and experimental results indicate, dynamic simulation codes are more suitable than static version of the TRIM to simulate high fluence, low energy and, heavy ion implantation processes. Furthermore, binary Fe-Si phase distribution was determined at different implantation fluences and annealing temperatures. A higher fluence implantation at 2.16×1017 atoms/cm2 and annealing at 500 oC showed three different Fe-Si phase formations (β-FeSi2, FeSi and Fe3Si) in substrate. Further, annealing the samples at 800 oC for 60 minutes converted the Fe3Si phase into FeSi2 and FeSi phases. As an extension, a second set of Fe- ion implantations was carried with the same parameters while the substrate was placed under an external magnetic field. External magnetic fields stimulate the formation of magnetic phase centers in the substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results shows formation of ferromagnetic Fe3Si phase in the Si matrix after annealing at 500 oC for 60 minutes. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) provide further evidence for ferromagnetic metallic behavior of Fe3Si in the substrate. Ternary Fe-Co-Si structures were synthesized by implanting Fe- & Co- into a Si (100) substrate at an energy of 50 keV at saturation fluences. Both Fe- & Co- co-implantation were performed under external magnetic fields to enhance magnetic phase formation. Fe(1-x)CoxSi B20-type cubic structure can be synthesized on Si(100) substrate with 0.4≤x≤0.55 concentration range using ion implantation under external magnetic field. Moreover, magnetic measurement indicates a possible magnetic phase transformation at ~50 K. Further, XPS results also provide evidence for metallic & ferromagnetic properties in the thin film structure

<p>  </p> <p>By means of this dissertation we bring to light that FETs (that are either Si or 2D-TMD based) when coupled with piezoelectric or ferroelectric materials can offer attractive solutions such as (i) technology scaling, (ii) non-volatile memory functionality and (iii) beyond-von-Neumann computing paradigms that address the limitations of current architectures. Our efforts encompass the domains of steep switching devices, non-volatile memories, computation-in-memory and non-Boolean computing, wherein we explore devices embedded with piezoelectric (strain-based) and ferroelectric (polarization-based) properties and propose novel circuits based on them, while focusing on understanding their device-circuit interactions and system implications.</p>

The theory of the lamellar eutectoid reaction by volume diffusion has been extended to account for solute segregation within the product phases and the effect of dilute third element additions. It has been demonstrated for symmetric binary systems that the segregation can account for 10% or more of the free energy stored in the product phases and can lead correspondingly to a predicted lamellar spacings appreciably greater than those obtained when segregation is neglected. This segregation is relatively high in the systems Cu-In, Cu-Be and Ag-Cd and may account for the fact that a secondary coarse-grained pearlitic reaction follows the initial fine grained one in these systems. The binary theory has been-used to analyse the available data for the eutectoid reaction in the Cu-Al and Fe-C systems and satisfactory agreement is obtained. The theory for ternary systems, while complete in principle, proves to be. intractable in all but the simplest version of the solution thermodynamics. It is concluded that the effect of the third element on the binary eutectoid reaction is mainly through its effect on the phase diagram, the ternary cross effects in the diffusion matrix tending to cancel out. Any additional element which lowers the eutectoid temperature will retard the reaction. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)