Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 berveglieri_a_me_prud.pdf: 2017717 bytes, checksum: 69925cc487658d0455ded0ccb94753b8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As vertentes, como superf cies inclinadas, consistem em express~oes da Geomorfologia moldadas por fatores naturais (end ogenos e ex ogenos) e pelo pr oprio homem. Suas formas determinam o uxo ou o ac umulo de agua e representam caracter sticas fundamentais para a preven c~ao e resolu c~ao de problemas associados ao relevo, tais como utiliza c~ao do solo, constru c~ao civil entre outros. A classi ca c~ao da vertente em c oncava, convexa ou retil - nea permite a identi ca c~ao de areas conforme sua declividade. Assim, por meio de uma grade retangular regular, base do modelo digital de terreno, gera-se uma malha interpolada por fun c~oes estimadoras: thin-plate spline, que possui caracter sticas de suaviza c~ao e krigagem, que al em da suavidade tamb em considera a depend encia espacial. Logo ap os, a classi ca c~ao e feita, obedecendo a infer encia fuzzy baseada em fun c~oes de pertin encia que de nem classes a partir do c alculo da inclina c~ao e da concavidade ou convexidade do terreno. Entretanto, o resultado dessa classi ca c~ao est a atrelado a resolu c~ao da malha, n~ao permitindo fazer qualquer corre c~ao pontual. Pois, pequenas areas de pouca signi c ancia podem ser formadas, necessitando elimin a-las. Nesse sentido, para que o resultado seja ajustado, aplica-se o diagrama de Voronoi, caracterizado por sua rela c~ao de abrang encia e proximidade, como ferramenta para agregar regi~oes anteriormente classi cadas de modo a permitir um ajuste local e tornar o resultado mais condizente com a area em estudo, quando comparada a mapas geomorfol ogicos correspondentes / Slopes, such as inclined surfaces, consist in geomorphological expressions shaped by natural factors (endogenous and exogenous) and also by man himself. Their shapes determine the ow or accumulation of water and represent fundamental characteristics for the prevention and resolution of problems associated with relief, as land use, buildings, and others. Classi- cating slopes in concave, convex or straight allows to identi cate areas based on declivity. Thus, by regular rectangular grid which represents a digital terrain model, it generates a interpolated mesh by estimator functions: thin-plate spline, which has characteristics of smoothing, and kriging, which besides smoothing also considers spatial dependence. After that, the classi cation is realized according to fuzzy inference based on membership functions that de ne classes from the calculation of the slope and concavity or convexity of the ground. However, the classi cation depends on mesh resolution and it not allows any point correction. Once small areas with little importance can be formed requiring eliminate them. In order to adjust the result, it applies the Voronoi diagram, characterized by its comprisement and close relationship and scope, as a tool to aggregate regions previously classi ed and allow a local adjustment, that can provides a consistent result in study areas, if it was compared to the corresponding geomorphological maps

The work is intent on the aplication of geodetic methods of mapping while surveying of positional and diagrammatical sketch for the purpose of special maps creation. The aim of the work is to create special map and then digital terrain model. The theoretic part is intent on the maps in general, special maps and their kinds, the methods of mapping and the digital terrain models. In the practical part, there is the evaluation of the geodetic methods as same as the process of the creation of the special map and the digital terrain model. The following part is about examination of the possible contribution of the digital model of the terrain for the branch of land adjustment.

The purpose of this work was to present the computer supported hydrological simulation. The methods are demonstrated on the Jenínský stream catchment, which serves as an experimental catchment of the Depatment of Land Adjustement, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia since 2004. The hydrological analyses are solved in the ArcGIS 9.2 software, ArcView level and its extension ArcHydro. Digitized contour lines layers, watershed divide and the stream were used as a basis for functionality testing. Subsequently the results were compared with the reality, and the possible differences were discussed. The result is evaluation of the use of particular tools of the mentonioned software for the tasks solved in catchment hydrology. This work will also be used as a guideline for the use of ArcHydro for the extension of the education of modelling in the subjects concerning catchment hydrology.

A indústria brasileira de fertilizantes encontra-se submetida a um sistema de tributação que pode anular a concorrência do produto nacional em relação ao importado, em função da configuração geográfica da oferta doméstica e do fato do produto importado desfrutar de benefícios tarifários. Tais benéficos são justificados pela grande dependência que a agricultura brasileira tem deste importante insumo e, a localização do consumidor em relação aos principais portos de entrada do produto e da indústria nacional é uma informação estratégica para o mercado e para a viabilidade de projetos de investimentos domésticos. O presente estudo analisou os custos logísticos que incidem sobre os principais fertilizantes importados através da utilização de uma nova metodologia: o uso de um modelo digital de terreno. O modelo foi gerado interpolando-se indicadores de preços construídos a partir das variáveis que atuam na formação dos preços dos fertilizantes importados por meio de três métodos diferentes. O produto do estudo é um modelo digital que descreve o comportamento do preço do fertilizante importado de uma forma contínua sobre a superfície. Este modelo foi usado para analisar a área de abrangência do fertilizante importado de cada um dos principais portos e elaborar simulações a partir da manipulação das variáveis do modelo. / The Brazilian fertilizer industry is subject to a tax system that can cancel the competition of the national product with regard to imported, depending on the geographic configuration of the domestic supply and the fact that the imported products take advantage of tariff benefits. Such benefits are justified by the large dependence of the Brazilian agriculture has this important input. Therefore, the location of the consumer market in relation to the main ports of entry of the input and the domestic industry is a strategic information to the market and the viability of domestic investment projects. This study analyzed the logistics costs imposed on the main imported fertilizers by using a new methodology: the use of a digital terrain model. The model was generated interpolating price indicators constructed from the variables that act in the formation of prices of imported fertilizers by three different methods. The product of the study is a digital model that describes the behavior of the imported fertilizer price in a continuous manner over the surface. This model was used to analyze the coverage area of the imported fertilizer for each of the main ports and prepare simulations from the manipulation of model variables.

Using of Sentinel-1 data for radar interferometry Abstract The diploma thesis deals with extraction of a digital surface model (DSM) using synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) and Sentinel-1 data in selected locations of the Czech Republic. The InSAR technique, the Sentinel-1 data, their parameters and possibilities of their usage are described in the theoretical part of the thesis. The specification of the model areas and used data follows. The practical part is focused on creating a methodology of deriving a digital surface model and its extracting in the three tested locations. These locations differ from each other in their geomorphological features and land cover. At the end of this part the comparison of the extracted model with the reference model DMP 1G using statistical methods is carried out. At the end of this thesis the results are evaluated and discussed. Key words: InSAR, Sentinel-1, SAR, DSM

Master thesis is focused on formation of digital terrain model. The aim of work is to become acquainted with a dilemma in regard to terrain formation theory from the very beginning of data gathering process up to landscape digital model creation of interested area. The result of thesis is to compare advantages and disadvantages of particular programs destined for 3D modelling (ArcGIS, AutoCAD, Atlas DMT, Microstation, Catia, SolidWorks) in relation to geodetics and geoinformatics.

Terrain surfaces conserve human activities in terms of textures and structures. With reference to archaeological questions, the geological archive is investigated by means of models regarding anthropogenic traces. In doing so, the high-resolution digital terrain model is of inestimable value for the decoding of the archive. The evaluation of these terrain models and the reconstruction of historical surfaces is still a challenging issue. Due to the data collection by means of LiDAR systems (light detection and ranging) and despite their subsequent pre-processing and filtering, recently anthropogenic artefacts are still present in the digital terrain model. Analysis have shown that elements, such as contour lines and channels, can well be extracted from a highresolution digital terrain model. This way, channels in settlement areas show a clear anthropogenic character. This fact can also be observed for contour lines. Some contour lines representing a possibly natural ground surface and avoid anthropogenic artefacts. Comparable to channels, noticeable patterns of contour lines become visible in areas with anthropogenic artefacts. The presented work ow uses functionalities of ArcGIS and the programming language R.¹ The method starts with the extraction of contour lines from the digital terrain model. Through macroscopic analyses based on geomorphological expert knowledge, contour lines are selected representing the natural geomorphological character of the surface. In a first step, points are determined along each contour line in regular intervals. This points and the corresponding height information which is taken from an original digital terrain model is saved as a point cloud. Using the programme library gstat, a variographic analysis and the use of a Kriging-procedure based on this follow. The result is a digital terrain model filtered considering geomorphological expert knowledge showing no human degradation in terms of artefacts, preserving the landscape-genetic character and can be called a prehistoric terrain model.

Dimmuborgir is thought to be a former rootless shield volcano, which was fed with lava from a nearby crater row, 2170 ± 38 calendar years before present. In this study, the orientation of striations on the sides of lava channels, collapse structures and lava pillars were measured to find out how the enigmatic ~2 km by 2 km volcanic structure at Dimmuborgir was drained. During one week of field work 149 striations were found and measured, with respect to their dip angle, dip direction and elevation. Their locations were recorded with a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver. The orientations of the striations were visualized on Google Earth satellite images and on images from a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of Dimmuborgir. Resulting visualizations show that Dimmuborgir was drained radially and in multiple stages. It is concluded that Dimmuborgir was drained towards the west, the northeast and the southeast. The drainage towards the west was channeled. The drainage towards the northeast and the southeast was radially inwards, towards the collapsed parts of Dimmuborgir.

DTM Improvement in Sandstone Cliffs Relief using precise Co-registration of Airborne Laser Scanning Data Abstract The topic of this thesis is to design innovation of methodology improvement of digital terrain models from airborne laser scanning data in sandstone rocks rugged relief. Theoretical part of this thesis presents the Project GeNeSiS and New Elevation Model Project of the Czech Republic Territory, in which the test datasets were acquired. Simultaneously this section describes in detail methods of co-registrations datasets from strip adjustment to 3D least squares matching method, which have been published until now. In practical part of the work the Pravčická brána model region is introduced firstly. The focus of this section lays on description of new methodology for co-registration and classification of point clouds using spatial query. Co-registration of point clouds, respective detection transform parameters in this thesis is solved by introducing ground control areas. For each such region displacement and rotations in each axis are detected which subsequently determines the global transformation key. Innovation of the thesis lies in the fact that for DTM improvement there is sufficient only one point cloud. The second (and possibly others) point cloud is classified by presented algorithm...

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo estimar os componentes do balanço de energia (BE) e a evapotranspiração real diária (ETo), através de imagens TM/Landsat-5 e dados complementares disponíveis em estação meteorológica localizada na região de estudo. A área estudada foi a Bacia do Rio Corumbataí, localizada na região centroleste do Estado de São Paulo. A bacia apresenta um maior percentual de cobertura por cana-de-açúcar e pastagem, além de eucalipto e outros tipos de cobertura de menor abrangência. Foram utilizadas dez imagens obtidas em 01 de fevereiro de 2009 (DS 32), 04 de fevereiro de 2010 (DS 35), 22 de abril de 2009 (DS 112), 24 de maio de 2009 (DS 144), 12 de junho de 2010 (DS 163), 08 de julho de 2008 (DS 189), 30 de julho de 2010 (211), 31 de agosto de 2010 (DS 243), 13 de setembro de 2009 (DS 256) e 31 de outubro de 2009 (304). Também foi utilizado o Modelo Numérico do Terreno (MNT), para considerar a inclinação e sentido de declive do terreno. Os componentes instantâneos do BE e a ETo foram estimados através da aplicação do Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) (ALLEN at al., 2005). O METRIC é constituído de várias etapas, que incluem calibração radiométrica, cômputo da refletividade e albedo, índices de vegetação e emissividade, baseados nas bandas refletivas do TM/Landsat, além da temperatura da superfície. Para obtenção do saldo re radiação (Rn) foram utilizados dados da estação agrometeorológica localizada na bacia, de propriedade da USP/ESALQ, destinados às estimativas da radiação solar incidente e radiação de onda longa atmosférica. O cerne do METRIC, no entanto, é a determinação das densidades de fluxo de calor sensível (H). O Rn instantâneo apresentou valores entre 150 a 600 W.m-2, para os DS 189 e 32, respectivamente. A densidade de fluxo de calor no solo (G), que foi obtido em função de Rn, temperatura da superfície, albedo, NDVI e parametrização proposta por Bastiaanssen (2000), apresentou registros entre 5 a 110 W.m-2 nos DS 163 e 304, respectivamente. A densidade de fluxo de calor sensível (H) apresentou registros de 5 a 28 W.m-2 nos DS 112 e 304, respectivamente. A densidade de fluxo de calor latente (LE), calculado como resíduo da equação do balanço de energia, apresentou valores de 80 a 520 W.m-2, nos DS 163 e 35, respectivamente. A ETo diária apresentou valores entre 0,8 a 8,0 mm.dia-1, para os DS 163 e 32, respectivamente. Para validação dos resultados foram considerados dados de uma estação meteorológica de superfície, localizada nas dependências da USP/ESALQ, onde os valores de Rn obtidos com o modelo METRIC foram subestimados entre 2% e 11%, aproximadamente. O uso de imagens TM/LANDSAT-5, com o modelo METRIC e o MNT, permite identificar a variabilidade espacial e temporal, no mapeamento do saldo de radiação, fluxos de calor sensível, calor latente, calor no solo e evapotranspiração real diária na Bacia do Rio Corumbataí-SP. / The main objective of the present research was to assess the energy balance (BE) and daily evapotranspiration (ETo) using TM/Landsat-5 images and meteorological data observed in the study area. This research was carried on in the Corumbataí River watershed, located in the central-eastern region of the State of São Paulo. The watershed is covered mostly by sugar-cane and pasture, and also eucalipt and other covers of lesser ocupation. Ten images obtained on February 01st, 2009 (DS 32), February 04th, 2010 (DS 35), April 22nd, 2009 (DS 112), May 24th, 2009 (DS 144), June 12nd, 2010 (DS 163), July 08th, 2008 (DS 189), July 30th, 2010 (211), August 31st, 2010 (DS 243), September 13rd, 2009 (DS 256) and October 31st, 2009 (DS 304) had been used. Also the Numerical Terrain Model (MNT) was used to consider the terrain inclination and slope. The instantaneous components of the BE and the ETo had been estimated through the application of the Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) (ALLEN et al., 2005). The METRIC is comprised by several steps, including radiometric calibration, computation of the reflectivity and albedo, atmospheric correction of the albedo, vegetation indices and emissivity for each individual pixel, based on reflective bands of TM/Landsat, and land surface temperature. In order to obtain the net radiation (Rn), data from the agrometeorological station, in the same watershed, and in the area of USP/ESALQ, were used, to be employed in the estimation of the incident solar radiation and radiation of atmospheric long wave. The core part of METRIC, however, is the determination of the densities of the sensible heat (H) flow. The instantaneous Rn presented values between 150 the 600 W.m-2, for DS 189 and 32, respectively. The density of heat flow on the ground (G), that was gotten in function of Rn, surface temperature, albedo, NDVI and parameterization proposed by Bastiaanssen (2000), presented registers between 5 the 110 W.m-2 in DS 163 and 304, respectively. The density of sensible heat (H) flow presented values from 5 to 28 W.m-2 in DS 112 and 304, respectively. The density of latent heat (LE) flow, calculated as the residue of the equation of the energy balance, presented values from 80 to 520 W.m-2, in DS 163 and 35, respectively. The daily ETo presented values between 0,8 and 8,0 mm.dia-1, for DS 163 and 32, respectively. For validation of the results, data of a surface meteorological station, at USP/ESALQ, were used, where the values of Rn obtained through the METRIC model were underestimated, between 2% and 11%, approximately. The use of TM/LANDSAT-5 images, together with the METRIC model and the MNT, allows to identify the space and time variability, in the mapping of the radiation balance, flows of sensible heat, latent heat, heat in the land and daily real evapotranspiration in the Corumbataí River watershed.