This dissertation involves an analysis and discussion of the legal regime governing the exploitation of non-living marine resources within national jurisdiction in East Africa. This is in light of the relatively recent offshore oil and gas discoveries off the coasts of Mozambique and Tanzania which have resulted in offshore exploration activities along the Western Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea) in pursuit of these hydrocarbons. Before delving into legal analysis and discussion, the dissertation departs by providing background on the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC)2 which is the international legal regime governing maritime spaces and the contributions made by, inter alia, East African coastal States to bring it about. From here, the dissertation ventures into an analysis and discussion of the legal zones claimed by East African coastal States within which exploitation activities may occur. This part of the discussion involves, among other things, an in depth analysis of the practices of East African coastal States as far as establishing maritime zones in terms of international law. The dissertation then proceeds to discuss which East African coastal States have delimited their maritime zones where they overlap with neighbouring States with adjacent and/or opposite coasts. The discussion highlights which States, in terms of international law, have clearly defined the ambit of their maritime jurisdiction by establishing a delimitation boundary where claims to maritime zones overlapped. This part of the dissertation also discusses which States have not delimited their overlapping maritime zones and the reasons for the lack of delimitation. Following this, the dissertation moves on to discuss the LOSC provisions applicable to exploiting non-living resources, and analyse whether the laws of East African coastal States that pertain to exploiting these resources adequately give effect to LOSC. Finally, in light of the above analysis and discussions, the dissertation moves on to establish if whether or not the legal infrastructure of East African coastal States is adequate for exploiting non-living resources within their national jurisdiction. Generally, the findings reflect favourably on the legal framework of East African coastal States. However, the pressing issue is the practices of some States in respect of claiming certain maritime zones and where necessary, not delimiting these zones. This results in uncertainty as to the maritime jurisdiction of a coastal State, especially with resources such as oil and gas which may straddle across boundaries. Moreover, it creates conflict and as such, threatens peace and security in the region as well as stunt economic and socio-economic development. As such, this dissertation, on the one hand, reflects the advancement of East African coastal States from contributing towards the adoption and coming into effect of LOSC, as well as giving effect to it domestically as far as exploiting non-living resources within national jurisdiction is concerned. On the other hand, it highlights the work that lays ahead for East African coastal States in order for them to fully enjoy their right.

The concept of nation-state was imposed on the African continent. The African state is not the product of natural growth of the African peoples from tribal societies to nations.The colonial masters brought to Africa a nation-state that was based on legal and philosophical principles evolved elsewhere in the world.These principles became the measurements against which any nation should be tested to qualify for statehood. Accordingly, African borders were drawn. The two conflicting principles of self-determination and territorial integrity are amongst those principles. The former entails the right to peoples to determine their destination both politically and economically. The latter protects countries from fragmentation. The irony is how to ensure that all peoples achieve their right to self-determination and at the same time, national states are protected from dissolution. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Magnus Killander of the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

El ordenamiento territorial tiene, entre sus principales objetivos, alcanzar el desarrollo del territorio sobre la base de la utilización racional de los recursos y la conservación del ambiente. Su alcance es variable, puesto que depende, entre otros aspectos, del espacio geográfico al que se vincula y el enfoque de su implementación. En particular, la Geografía aplicada le aporta, gran parte de los aspectos teóricos y propuestas metodológicas, sobre los cuales se cimienta y desarrolla. De esta manera, el tratamiento, análisis y representación de la información geográfica, se jerarquizan como procesos relevantes. Con un rol tan importante, la información geográfica debe ser generada adecuadamente para garantizar el uso por parte de los responsables del ordenamiento, que, para el caso ecuatoriano, son los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados - GAD - municipales. Sin embargo, existen factores que limitan su aplicación. Es por ello que, el objetivo principal de la presente tesis es proponer lineamientos de carácter normativo, organizacional y técnico que contribuyan a fortalecer la articulación interinstitucional y la gestión de la información geográfica oficial, para impulsar su aprovechamiento en los procesos de ordenamiento territorial. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto, se analizó el marco legal e instrumental que define la temática en Ecuador, a fin de identificar el requerimiento de información geográfica por parte de los usuarios y su disponibilidad en las instituciones públicas generadoras. Además, se determinaron las capacidades institucionales ideales que requieren los GAD municipales, en los aspectos organizacionales, técnicos y de motivación, para lograr una gestión adecuada de la información. Determinación sobre la cual, mediante la utilización de técnicas e instrumentos, se realizó el levantamiento de datos en campo y posterior procesamiento, a fin de establecer la capacidad real o efectiva con la que cuentan. Los resultados alcanzados, permitieron identificar limitantes de distinta índole, que restringen la aplicación de la información geográfica, en los procesos de ordenamiento territorial. Información que sirvió de base, para el desarrollo de la propuesta de lineamientos generales de mejora, que posibilite superar los limitantes identificados y fortalecer a los GAD municipales / One of the main objectives of land-use planning is to achieve its development based on the rational use of resources and environmental conservation. Its scope is variable, and it depends on aspects such as the geographic space in which is linked and how to make an effort its implementation. The applied geography based on developed, provides the theoretic aspects and methodological proposals. The treatment, analysis and representation of geographic information is considered as one of the most relevant tools for land use planning. Geographic information has an important role, that is why it must be generated properly to guarantee its use by who’s responsible for planning, in Ecuador’s case are the Decentralized Autonomous Governments - GAD - municipalities. However, there are factors that limit its application. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to propose regulating, organizational and technical guidelines that contribute to strengthen the inter-institutional articulation and management of official geographic information, to promote its use in land use planning processes. This objective was achievement analyzing the legal and instrumental framework that defines the subject in Ecuador to identify users who requirements geographic information and its accessibility in public institutions that generate it. In addition, the ideal institutional capacities from GAD ́s were determined, searching about its organizational, technical, and motivational aspects for achieve an adequate information management. This determination was based on the use of techniques and instruments for field data collection and subsequent processing, in order to establish their real or effective capacity. The results made possible to identify the different kinds of limitations that restrict the use of geographic information in land-use planning processes. This study gives guidelines to overcome that limitations and strengthen the process of management into the municipal governments.

<p> This thesis is primarily concerned with the problem of recognition among feral Norway rats. Wild rats are known to behave amicably in the presence of colony members and act in a stereotyped aggressive manner towards unfamiliar conspecifics in a territorial context. Previous reports suggest that identity is basically olfactory and is organized around colony-specific odors residing in the nesting material or the metabolic excretions of the male members of a colony.</p> <p> The first experiments in this study were attempts to replicate various reports concerning the maleability of clan odors, thereby giving a wild rat the olfactory characteristics of an alien group and, conversely, to alter a resident's odor such that he was no longer identifiable as a member of his original clan. Further experiments examined identifier and regulator functions of behavioural cues on social interaction subsequent to recognition. The interactions of unfamiliar rats on a mutually common terrain was studied, and compared with that of familiar rats paired on an uncommon territory. The final experiment investigated the functional nature of olfactory stimulation in these situations and compared the reactions of anosmic residents towards familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics.</p> <p> These experiments indicate that recognition is indeed an olfactory process but that identity is highly resistent to alteration. The identifier substance does not appear to be contained in either the nesting matter nor in a colony's urine or feces. Bond of familiarity are not specific to a common terrain and in most cases behavioural cues appear to control the onset and termination of fight behaviour following the olfactory identification. Studies of anosmic residents indicate that novel odors elicit aggressive tendencies while familiar odors are not inhibitors of aggression. The results suggest the presence of a specific male pheromone that is essential for the arousal of aggression while the topography of interaction is regulated largely by the reciprocal behaviours of the animals.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

[pt] Em 2007, a Lei Federal número 11.445, ao criar a Política Nacional de Saneamento Básico - PNSB, estabeleceu as diretrizes nacionais para o serviço de saneamento básico. Em 2010, entrou em vigor a Lei Federal no 12.305, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos - PNRS. Porém, muitos são os obstáculos enfrentados pelos municípios para que a PNRS possa, de fato, ser colocada em prática. Para além da presença de lixões, ativos ou desativados – e, nessa segunda situação, os que se encontram sem obras de recuperação ambiental -, há ausência de regularidade na coleta, carência de veículos e de maquinários específicos, dentre diversos outros problemas. O modelo de governança territorial proposto na pesquisa busca apontar a relevância de se compartilhar o protagonismo da gestão pública - em lugar da gestão exclusivamente estatal - com outros dois segmentos, de modo a se criar um ambiente orientado para uma gestão eficaz. Nessa nova perspectiva, a gestão, em consonância com a legislação, garantiria também a autonomia financeira do manejo, desonerando, assim, os orçamentos municipais. Portanto, pondera-se, por tais razões, a necessidade de uma governança territorial capaz de estabelecer regras de cooperação e coparticipação intersetorial no território da bacia do rio Iguaçu/RJ. Acredita-se que esse modelo se encontra em um patamar superior dentre outros que instrumentalizam o oferecimento de serviços à população, posto que, por meio dele, os partícipes, com autonomia fortalecida, pactuam as regras que os mesmos seguirão, como forma de viabilizar a prestação eficaz de serviços públicos. Considera-se, portanto, o compartilhamento democrático entre órgão estatal, sociedade civil organizada e setor empresarial - nas ações, metas e na mobilização de recursos para a gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos, em suas etapas de planejamento, execução e avaliação - uma transição vital a se pôr em prática. / [en] In 2007, the Federal Law 11.445 created the National Policy for Basic Sanitation - NPBS, which established national guidelines for basic sanitation services. In 2010, the Federal Law no. 12.305, which established the National Policy for Solid Waste - NPSW, came into force. However, many are the obstacles faced by municipalities so that the NPSW can, in fact, be put into practice. Besides the presence of active or deactivated dumps - and, in this second situation, those without environmental recovery works - there is a lack of regularity in the collection, lack of vehicles and specific machinery, among several other problems. The territorial governance model proposed in the research seeks to point out the relevance of sharing the protagonism of public management - instead of an exclusively state management - with other two segments, in order to create an environment oriented to an effective management. In this new perspective, management, in line with the legislation, would also guarantee the financial autonomy of management, thus relieving the municipal budgets. Therefore, it is considered, for these reasons, the need for a territorial governance capable of establishing rules for cooperation and intersectoral co-participation in the territory of the Iguaçu river basin in Rio de Janeiro. It is believed that this model is at a higher level among others that instrumentalize the provision of services to the population, since, through it, the participants, with strengthened autonomy, agree on the rules that they will follow, as a way to enable the effective provision of public services. Therefore, the democratic sharing between the state agency, organized civil society and the business sector - in the actions, targets and in the mobilization of resources for the management of urban solid waste, in its planning, execution and assessment stages - is considered a vital transition to be put into practice.

17 de Agosto es un territorio rural que se localiza en el centro-este del partido de Puan en la región del Sudoeste bonaerense, está conformado por una población agrupada y una población dispersa que en total representan 319 habitantes de acuerdo con el Censo de Población 2010 y en la cual predomina el estrato poblacional de adultos mayores. A través del trabajo de terreno se pudo indagar que la población dispersa suma un total de 50 habitantes aproximadamente y está compuesta por agricultores familiares, empresas agropecuarias familiares y trabajadores rurales. La población económica activa del pueblo se emplea en las empresas vinculadas a la producción agropecuaria y en el sector público, por lo tanto los empleos están ligados al campo y al Estado como la Planta de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos y las instituciones educativas. Los niños y jóvenes rurales cuentan con los niveles formativos desde inicial hasta secundario. Algunos adolescentes deciden realizar sus estudios en las localidades vecinas principalmente en la Escuela Secundaria José Hernández de Bordenave ya que históricamente la población asistió a esa institución porque el Centro Educativo para la Producción Total Nº 30 de 17 de Agosto se inauguró en el año 2009. Al finalizar sus estudios los jóvenes migran a las ciudades universitarias principalmente Bahía Blanca para formarse como profesionales o se emplean en el sector primario como trabajadores rurales y/o apicultores. Para abordar esta investigación se utilizó un marco teórico estructurado a partir de los conceptos de territorio y ruralidad, acción territorial, innovación social y renacimiento rural. La estrategia metodológica se basó en poner en valor las palabras de los actores entrevistados y encuestados y a partir de ese punto construir conceptualizaciones que permitan entender las nuevas dinámicas de un pequeño territorio rural del sudoeste bonaerense. La metodología se construyó a partir de las variables independientes y dependientes que constituyen la hipótesis de trabajo creándose categorías de análisis para cada una. Los instrumentos metodológicos de trabajo fueron diversos, entrevistas, encuestas y cartografía temática para representar las dinámicas del territorio. Después del dispositivo metodológico el lector se encontrará con el análisis del territorio realizado a partir de una breve descripción de la trayectoria histórica y de la caracterización geográfica y poblacional. Posteriormente se analizan tres procesos, el incipiente proceso de innovación social producida por la acción pública, la acción privada y la acción colectiva, la creación del Centro Educativo para la Producción Total Nº 30 y la llegada de los neorurales y su inserción en la vida local. A través de diferentes cortes temporales establecidos desde 1960 hasta la actualidad se analiza como los tres procesos visibilizados en este tiempo y espacio están revirtiendo la trayectoria histórica de despoblamiento rural, envejecimiento poblacional e inacción territorial a través del impacto que generan en la vida comunitaria, cultural-deportiva y económica. En la última sección de esta investigación se presentan las conclusiones sobre el análisis de las transformaciones rurales y el renacimiento rural. / August 17 is a rural territory that is located in the center-east of the Puan district in the Buenos Aires Southwest region, it is made up of a grouped population and a dispersed population that in total represent 319 inhabitants according to the 2010 Population Census and in which the population stratum of retirees predominates. Through field work, it was possible to investigate that the dispersed population totals approximately 50 inhabitants and is made up of family farmers, family farming companies and rural workers. The economically active population of the town is employed in companies linked to agricultural production and in the public sector, therefore jobs are linked to the countryside and the State, such as the Urban Solid Waste Plant and educational institutions. Rural children and youth have training levels from initial to secondary. Some adolescents decide to study in neighboring towns, mainly at the José Hernández de Bordenave Secondary School since historically the population attended that institution because the Educational Center for Total Production No. 30 of August 17 was inaugurated in 2009. At the After completing their studies, young people migrate to university cities, mainly Bahía Blanca to train as professionals or are employed in the primary sector as rural workers and / or beekeepers.To address this research, a structured theoretical framework was used based on the concepts of territory and rurality, territorial action, social innovation and rural rebirth. The methodological strategy was based on putting in value the words of the interviewed and surveyed actors and from that point on constructing conceptualizations that allow understanding the new dynamics of a small rural territory in the southwest of Buenos Aires. The methodology was constructed from the independent and dependent variables that constitute the working hypothesis, creating analysis categories for each one. The methodological instruments of work were diverse, interviews, surveys and thematic cartography to represent the dynamics of the territory. After the methodological device, the reader will find the analysis of the territory made from a brief description of the historical trajectory and the geographic and population characterization. Subsequently, three processes are analyzed: the incipient process of social innovation produced by public action, private action and collective action, the creation of the Educational Center for Total Production No. 30 and the arrival of the neo-rurals and their insertion into local life . Through different temporal cuts established from 1960 to the present, it is analyzed how the three processes made visible in this time and space are reversing the historical trajectory of rural depopulation, population aging and territorial inaction through the impact they generate on community and cultural life. -sporty and economical. The last section of this research presents the conclusions on the analysis of rural transformations and rural renaissance. / TEXTO PARCIAL en período de teletrabajo

The majority of vertebrates are tropical, existing in an environment with low temperature seasonality. However, there is a strong research bias towards temperate-zone studies of seasonality. I investigated the timing of life history stages and trade-offs in tropical rufous-collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) in the humid Andes of Ecuador, then compared my data to temperate-zone Zonotrichia. In Chapter II, I investigated the function of male territorial aggression. Males had peak territorial aggression scores during pre-breeding and nesting, suggesting that paternity protection and food resource defense are the primary selective forces shaping male territorial behavior. Territorial aggression responses depended on the life history stage of males, which were not synchronized within the general population. In Chapter III, I tested for a trade-off between male territorial aggression scores and paternal provisioning rate. Males with higher provisioning rates had nestlings with larger body size, but contrary to the findings of previous studies, there was no direct relationship between aggression and paternal provisioning. In Chapter IV, I investigated how Z. capensis allocated supplemental food. Previous studies (mainly in temperate-zone breeding birds) found food supplements were allocated to reproduction. We supplemented fed birds in both non-breeding and feeding fledglings life history stages; both groups molted (replaced feathers) in response to supplementation, thus invested in their own maintenance over immediate reproduction. In Chapter V, I tested whether latitude and/or altitude are good predictors of reproductive synchrony in Zonotrichia. Reproductive synchrony indices overlapped among tropical and temperate populations. The high altitude, temperate-zone Zonotrichia population had the highest synchrony index, but there was only a weak relationship of altitude in a comparison of tropical populations. Cumulatively I found that tropical humid-forest resident Z. capensis time life history stages according to individual condition and history and not by overarching climatic cues. / Ph. D.

Nesta dissertação buscamos analisar transformações ocorridas nas áreas de fronteira que hoje integram a Calha Norte paraense (noroeste do Pará). Essas transformações são examinadas como parte da formação do território do Estado nacional no controle da população e na formação da estrutura fundiária brasileira. Tal processo se desdobra contraditoriamente, em particularidades regionais da produção de mercadorias e na subordinação do trabalho, que vão sendo mudadas com a formação dos mercados de terra, trabalho e capital e sua regulação pelo Estado. Num movimento histórico, a fronteira passa de lugar da posse da terra à reserva de superpopulação relativa num projeto nacional de acumulação, chegando à condição de lugar da preservação ambiental e da gestão de um lavrador confinado a sua terra. Os momentos discutidos expressam formas da acumulação capitalista em seus devidos contextos, nos quais a monetarização crescente das relações sociais impõe a venda de força de trabalho, mesmo que mantida a posse da terra. A acumulação, contudo, atinge um padrão crítico, em que a população lavradora cada vez menos subsiste de sua posse, e assim vai sendo administrada por programas governamentais de fomento em dinheiro. / In this dissertation we aim to analyze transformations occurring in the frontier areas that today are part of the Calha Norte paraense (northwest of Pará). These transformations are analyzed as part of the formation of the territory of the national State in the control of the population and in the formation of the Brazilian land structure. This process unfolds contradictorily, in regional particularities in the production of commodities and in the subordination of labor, which are being changed with the formation of markets of land, labor and capital and their regulation by the State. In a historical movement, the frontier passes from place of the possession of the land to the reserve of relative superpopulation in a national project of accumulation, achieving at the condition of place of the environmental preservation and the management of a \'lavrador\' confined to its land. The discussed moments express forms of capitalist accumulation in their contexts, in which the growing monetarization of social relations imposes the sale of labor power, even if possession of the land is maintained. Accumulation, however, reaches a critical pattern in which the population of \'lavradores\' is less and less subsisting by his land, and therefore is being managed by government cash programs.

[pt] Os movimentos sociais não são um campo novo de estudo na Geografia e nas Ciências Sociais, mas atualmente, tem-se revelado uma importante área para a interpretação das mudanças sociais. Comunidades ribeirinhas, indígenas, camponeses, quilombolas e comunidades tradicionais são exemplos de grupos que buscam através de diversas formas de organização a legitimação de seus direitos promovendo assim novas estratégias e práticas de luta. Outro grupo inserido nesse contexto são as populações que se articulam contra a construção de barragens e tentam assegurar seus modos de vida. Esses movimentos se colocam em oposição a políticas de apropriação do território que o interpretam apenas como fontes de recursos e, não em sua multiplicidade de sentidos, tais como seus valores simbólicos e culturais. Nessas disputas territoriais, os movimentos sociais que se estabelecem contra barragens passam a ter no lugar e no território sés pilares, atribuindo-lhes novos significados e os relacionando à produção de identidades individuais e coletivas. Desta forma, o objetivo central do presente trabalho é analisar como se constituiu a organização e mobilização do movimento territorial que atuou contra a construção da Pequena Central Hidrelétrica Santa Rosa I obra prevista para ser instalada no Rio Preto na divisa dos municípios de Belmiro Braga e Rio das Flores, nos estados de Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro respectivamente. A pesquisa busca analisar em que medida as articulações feitas entre diversos agentes (Associação de Moradores, Organizações Não Governamentais, Comitês de Bacia e Ministério Público) e em diferentes escalas foram importantes para que o projeto da obra não fosse concretizado até o momento. Além do apoio bibliográfico, foram realizadas entrevistas com os agentes envolvidos assim como a análise de documentos elaborados durante o processo de licenciamento da barragem. / [en] Social movements are not a new field of study in Geography and the social sciences , but currently , it has proved an important area for the interpretation of social change. River communities, indigenous, peasants , quilombolas and traditional communities are examples of groups seeking through various forms of organization the legitimacy of their rights thus promoting new strategies and practices. Another group entered in this context are the populations that articulate against the construction of dams to try to secure their livelihoods. These movements place themselves in opposition to political appropriation of the territory who interpret only as sources, and not in multiplicity of meanings, such as their symbolic and cultural values. These territorial disputes, social movements against dams that are established shall be in place and ifs territory pillars, giving them new meanings and relating to the production of individual and collective identities . The central aim of this paper is to analyze how to set up the organization and mobilization of territorial movement that against the construction of small hydroelectric Santa Rosa I work expected to be installed in the Black River on the border of the cities of Braga and Rio Belmiro Flores , in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro respectively. The research aims to analyze to what extent the articulations between different actors (Association of Residents, Non-Governmental Organizations and Local Committees) and at different scales were important to the project not been implemented until now. In addition to the bibliographic, interviews with those involved as well as analysis of documents produced during the process of licensing the dam were performed.

Decorridos 14 anos da promulgação do Estatuto das Cidades, com todos seus instrumentos de intervenção no território, o zoneamento ainda permanece como a principal ferramenta de planejamento de nossas cidades. É o grande foco das disputas entre os diversos atores e seus interesses, que agem na produção do espaço urbano. No Brasil, este instrumento recebeu a influência do \"zoning\" norte-americano que, agindo basicamente na proteção e valorização do modelo de habitação singular, segrega os demais usos, que seriam supostamente incompatíveis com a habitação. Com as mudanças econômicas a partir dos anos 70, o setor terciário assume posição de destaque na economia dos grandes centros, a reboque do novo modo de produção flexível, passando a evidenciar novas formas de consumo que, juntamente com as facilidades de transporte e comunicação, promovem outras dinâmicas no uso do espaço urbano e outras manifestações locacionais. Estas dinâmicas, próprias da inserção do setor terciário no tecido urbano, se chocam com um modelo de ordenamento do território inspirado nas premissas do urbanismo funcional modernista do IV CIAM, explicitadas na Carta de Atenas, e no \"zoning\" norte-americano. Ao mesmo tempo em que herdamos esta cultura de planejamento, focada no zoneamento, nunca tivemos a capacidade institucional (e tampouco a vontade política) para garantir sua aplicação efetiva. Este modelo encontrará numa sociedade de raiz patrimonialista (acostumada à cultura do jeitinho, do privilégio e do tráfico de influência), um viés diverso do norte-americano, muito mais sujeito aos interesses dos detentores do poder ou dos grupos com capacidade econômica e força política para negociar em prol de seus interesses específicos. Apesar deste regramento restritivo, o setor terciário representa uma parcela cada vez maior, na geração de riqueza e de postos de trabalho nas grandes cidades. Ele busca as oportunidades locacionais, de acordo com a disponibilidade e viabilidade para cada atividade. E, onde a legislação demonstra defasagem com a dinâmica urbana, o setor terciário vai se instalar, com os seus agentes buscando (politicamente, quando possível) as adequações nesta legislação, ou então simplesmente ignorando-a. O presente trabalho, servindo-se do exemplo da cidade de Campinas/SP, procura demonstrar a inadequação do modelo de zoneamento restritivo, como principal ferramenta de ordenação do território, em especial quanto à distribuição espacial das atividades do setor terciário. / Fourteen years after the enactment of the City Statute, with all its instruments Intervention in the territory, zoning still remains the main Planning tool for our cities. It is the main focus of disputes Between the various actors and their interests, who act in the production of the urban space. In Brazil, this instrument was influenced by the US \"zoning\" Which, basically acting in the protection and valuation of the singular housing model, Segregates the other uses, which would supposedly be incompatible with the dwelling. With economic changes starting in the 1970s, the tertiary sector Position in the economy of large centers, in the wake of the new New forms of consumption, which together With the facilities of transportation and communication, promote other dynamics in the Use of urban space and other locational manifestations. These dynamics, Of the insertion of the tertiary sector in the urban fabric, collide with an ordering model Territory inspired by the premises of the modernist functional urbanism of the IV CIAM, explained in the Charter of Athens, and in the \"zoning\" of the United States. To the same Time we inherited this planning culture, focused on zoning, never We had the institutional capacity (and also the political will) to ensure Effective application. This model will find in a patrimonialist society (Accustomed to the culture of the way, the privilege and the traffic of influence), a bias Different from the American, much more subject to the interests of the holders of power Groups with the economic capacity and political force to negotiate for the Of their specific interests. Despite this restrictive rule, the tertiary sector Represents an increasing share, in the generation of wealth and jobs in the big cities. It seeks out locational opportunities, according to Availability and feasibility for each activity. And, where legislation demonstrates With the urban dynamic, the tertiary sector will establish itself, with its Agents seeking (politically, when possible) the adjustments in this legislation, Or simply by ignoring it. The present work, using the example Of the city of Campinas / SP, seeks to demonstrate the inadequacy of the zoning model Restrictive, as the main tool for spatial planning, in particular Regarding the spatial distribution of activities in the tertiary sector.