Då svårigheter med att förstå innehåll i text är ett vanligare problem än avkodningssvårigheter efter den första läsinlärningen, är det intressant att undersöka hur läsförståelseundervisningen är utformad för att stärka och stödja elevers läsförståelseutveckling. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare i årskurs 4 – 6 väljer ut texter och undervisar i läsförståelse för att stärka de elever som kämpar med sin läsförståelse. Studien har inspirerats av en fenomenografisk metodansats. Datainsamlingen skedde genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem lärare som undervisar i årskurs 4 – 6. Vidare har studien ett sociokulturellt perspektiv som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Resultatet visar att läsförståelseundervisningen till stor del är integrerad i andra ämnen utöver ämnet svenska. I svenskämnet kretsar undervisningen i läsförståelse i huvudsak kring reciproka lässtrategier som sedan överförs till övrig ämnesundervisning. De vanligaste texterna i läsförståelseundervisningen är skönlitterära texter i svenskämnet och läromedelstexter i SO- och NO- ämnena. Centralt oavsett ämne är att lära genom samtal tillsammans med andra. Samtalet beskrivs också som ett av de viktigaste redskapen för att stärka elevers läsförståelse. Vidare visar resultatet att läsförståelseundervisningen riktas mot en mer ytlig förståelse. Slutsatsen är att det saknas kunskap om hur en undervisning och ett stöd som syftar till en djupare läsförståelse kan se ut, vilket visar på ett behov av en kompetensutveckling inom området.

The thesis presents a perspective on the possibility of harnessing sociocognitive terminology and related practices to the aim of describing philosophical terminology. In this case, the terminology of the radical constructivist philosopher Ernst von Glasersfeld is surveyed as a starting point. The experimental terminological records produced are re-incorporated into the theoretical basis constituted by the thesis. Therefore, its aim can be seen as twofold; the description of philosophical terminology also entails theory construction. The practice described can be seen as regenerative theory construction. It incorporates elements of formulation and of codification/ language engineering in terms of contemporary computational possibilities. In terms of its theoretical basis, the project extends not only to the terminology used in the corpus texts but also to concepts and terms needed to understand these in the first place. The outlook can be described as heuristic and experimental. The approach breaks down to the following sub-problems. Each can be seen as characteristic for terminology description in the human sciences: (1) The idea of conceptual entities and concept description needs to be adjusted to the field of experience. This starts from sociocognitive terminology and incorporates the anthropological view of concept analysis. (2) The conceptual entity of stereotype has to be accounted for, as the variance of the descriptions of immaterial objects suggests that they can only be apprehended in a radically simplified manner. (3) The application of prototype theory employed as by sociocognitive theory and the Aristotelian concept theory of (post-)classical terminology research needs to be adapted to the description of ideal types. This is compressed into the concept of scientificity. (4) The principles developed need to be compressed into the conventional categories of principle and approach. These categories need to be set in relation to both philosophical concepts and experience. (5) This design of a possible practice needs to be adapted to existing procedures. The existing procedures may be in need of clarification or redefinition against the background of their usage in non-standard contexts. (6) To facilitate this mutual adaptation, peculiarities of the context of philosophical terminography are explored and compressed under the concept of disciplinarity. To this, there is a declarative aspect and a procedural one. (7) The procedural approach to disciplinarity develops an understanding of the intentional aspect of agenda and interest. These orient the development of potential consensus about disciplinarity within the constraints of context and therefore the apparent identity of (sub- (sub-))cultures inside the context. (8) Following these observations, the overall theoretical and methodological construct is tested against exemplary cases. To conclude, a practice for implementing these considerations is suggested. It includes the use of text fragments as units for textographic philosophical terminography and an understanding of computational information management practices appropriate to its principles.

In today’s society a large portion of the worlds population get their news on electronicdevices. This opens up the possibility to enhance their reading experience bypersonalizing news for the readers based on their previous preferences. We have conductedan experiment to find out how accurately a Naïve Bayes classifier can selectarticles that a user might find interesting. Our experiments was done on two userswho read and classified 200 articles as interesting or not interesting. Those articleswere divided into four datasets with the sizes 50, 100, 150 and 200. We used a NaïveBayes classifier with 16 different settings configurations to classify the articles intotwo categories. From these experiments we could find several settings configurationsthat showed good results. One settings configuration was chosen as a good generalsetting for this kind of problem. We found that for datasets with a size larger than 50there were no significant increase in classification confidence.

Pharmacovigilance is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse drug events (WHO 2004). Post-approval adverse drug events are a major health concern. They attribute to about 700,000 emergency department visits, 120,000 hospitalizations, and $75 billion in medical costs annually (Yang et al. 2014). However, certain adverse drug events are preventable if detected early. Timely and accurate pharmacovigilance in the post-approval period is an urgent goal of the public health system. The availability of various sources of healthcare data for analysis in recent years opens new opportunities for the data-driven pharmacovigilance research. In an attempt to leverage the emerging healthcare big data, pharmacovigilance research is facing a few challenges. Most studies in pharmacovigilance focus on structured and coded data, and therefore miss important textual data from patient social media and clinical documents in EHR. Most prior studies develop drug safety surveillance systems using a single data source with only one data mining algorithm. The performance of such systems is hampered by the bias in data and the pitfalls of the data mining algorithms adopted. In my dissertation, I address two broad research questions: 1) How do we extract rich adverse drug event related information in textual data for active drug safety surveillance? 2) How do we design an integrated pharmacovigilance system to improve the decision-making process for drug safety regulatory intervention? To these ends, the dissertation comprises three essays. The first essay examines how to develop a high-performance information extraction framework for patient reports of adverse drug events in health social media. I found that medical entity extraction, drug-event relation extraction, and report source classification are necessary components for this task. In the second essay, I address the scalability issue of using social media for pharmacovigilance by proposing a distant supervision approach for information extraction. In the last essay, I develop a MetaAlert framework for pharmacovigilance with advanced text mining and data mining techniques to provide timely and accurate detection of adverse drug reactions. Models, frameworks, and design principles proposed in these essays advance not only pharmacovigilance research, but also more broadly contribute to health IT, business analytics, and design science research.

Cultural identity is an issue that has concerned Portuguese artistic thought in a subliminal way ever since the end of the XIX century, with influences in architecture. Raul Lino, at the beginning of the last Century, was one of those who tried in a conscious manner, to tackle this problem both at the practical and theoretical level. Nevertheless, he never lived to see the real meaning of his proposal fully understood, not even after the retrospective of his work in the 1970 Exhibition in Lisbon. The intention behind this "Letter" is to give continuity to the perspective first formulated by him, starting from the analysis of one of the most significant accomplishments in the history of the Portuguese architecture, the INQUERITO into vernacular architecture. Having guaranteed the importance of cultural identity versus architecture as the driving force of the research, via the testimonies given by a host of relevant personalities in Portuguese cultural life, and evaluated the antecedents and convergences of the identity issue, the research field was defined as well as the methodology. This is based on a qualitative model which rendered the investigation viable, enabling the echoes of the INQUERITO to be appreciated in the architecture of the 1960s. The INQUERITO is therefore the subject of analysis and evaluation, as an instrument of research into the unique Portuguese vernacular architecture. The erudite architecture of its "protagonists" is also evaluated using similar criteria to assess the concerns with identity issue, mostly of a qualitative nature, as a corollary to the sensitivity side of the same issue. Finally, the importance of the identity perspective gave rise to an attempt at projecting the findings onto the teaching of architecture, so as to improve on the necessary humanization of relationships between real places and all their actors.

Topic models allow the probabilistic modeling of term frequency occurrences in documents. The fitted model can be used to estimate the similarity between documents as well as between a set of specified keywords using an additional layer of latent variables which are referred to as topics. The R package topicmodels provides basic infrastructure for fitting topic models based on data structures from the text mining package tm. The package includes interfaces to two algorithms for fitting topic models: the variational expectation-maximization algorithm provided by David M. Blei and co-authors and an algorithm using Gibbs sampling by Xuan-Hieu Phan and co-authors.

My processes and techniques are driven by the need to explore and to understand my own hesitations and convictions about our world. Initially, I began addressing these needs in my artwork using acrylic paint and sandpaper. This led me to investigate a variety of media including ink, transfers, and oil-based paints, as well as different solvents, cleaners, and varnishes, all to create or remove layers. Through this variety of media, I have come to discover that what matters most to me is the physical process of art-making. Each decision I make is done with regard to the additive elements of the media and what may be revealed through the subtractive processes later. Through my artwork, I continue to explore what I can only describe as the faÇades of the world as I see it. My work is often driven by cynicism and derision, and the media and processes I work with allow me to investigate and understand those aspects of our culture which I perceive with suspicion.

Text message reminders have proven effective for positive behavioral changes in medicine, but their influence on oral hygiene compliance has never been tested. This study aimed to determine if text message reminders about oral hygiene have an influence on the level of compliance. In this prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, 42 orthodontic patients were assigned to a text message or control group. Parents of patients assigned to the text message group received a reminder text message one weekday each week. Oral hygiene compliance was measured using bleeding index, modified gingival index, plaque index, and visual examination of white spot lesion development at baseline (T0), two appointments after baseline (T1), and four appointments after baseline (T2). Bleeding index, modified gingival index, and plaque index scores were significantly lower in the text message group than the control group at T2. A text message reminder system is effective for improving oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients.

This thesis examines the nature of the relationship between Shelley and the thought, politics, and discursive practices of Owenism and Chartism. Its objects of analysis are Owenite periodicals and Chartist newspapers, which I theorise as active in the process of transmission and reception. This thesis locates the reception and transmission of Shelley’s poetry and politics within the broader context of the movements’ political and social commitments. It makes an original contribution to knowledge by demonstrating that the movements used Shelley’s poetry critically and with discrimination. It also argues that Owenite and Chartist approaches to Shelley changed as the movements developed over time in response to historical pressures. I argue that a cultural materialist approach enables us to reconsider the nature of Shelley’s influence and popularity within these movements, something that has become a critical commonplace. It also allows us to distinguish between Owenite and Chartist ‘Shelleys’. I argue that the Owenite periodicals the Crisis and the New Moral World produced a qualitatively different Shelley from the one that emerged in Chartist newspapers such as the Northern Star. Although there was a degree of overlap between the two movements in terms of social commitments and personnel, the parameters set by the formal qualities and discursive strategies of the movements’ print cultures allowed different Shelleys to emerge within them. In terms of content, the Owenites quoted Shelley’s poetry to support their social theories and the most frequently quoted poems were Queen Mab and The Revolt of Islam. The Chartists also used Queen Mab, but were less interested in a feminist poem like Revolt and more interested in poems that allowed them to articulate class conflict. I account for such differences within my broader argument: that the two movements had qualitatively different conceptions of the possibilities of language and aesthetics, and different approaches to social conflict.

In the present work we study possibilities of automatic sorting of incoming email communication. Our primary goal is to distinguish information about oncoming workshops and conferences, job off ers and published books. We are trying to develop tool to mine the information from data from professional mailing lists. Off ers in the mailing lists come in html, rtf or plain text format, but the information in it is written in common spoken language. We are developing the system so it will use text mining methods to extract the information and save it structured form. Than we will be able to work with it. We are examining the handling of the mails by user and apply the knowledge in the development. We solve the problems with obtaining of the messages, distinguishing language and encoding and estimating the type of message. After recognition of the bearing information we are able to mine data. In the end we save the mined information to the database, which allows us to display it in well{arranged way, sort and search according to the user needs.