O presente trabalho examina o desempenho de alunos do ensino fundamental II de uma escola pública municipal em leitura e interpretação textual através de perguntas propostas pelo livro didático e em perguntas elaboradas por mim, enquanto professor-pesquisador e regente da sala. A pesquisa está inserida na área da Linguística Aplicada e discute, dentro de uma perspectiva sociointeracionista de linguagem baseada em Bakhtin, (1997a, 1997b) o exercício da produção de sentidos no texto. O trabalho de análise das questões de interpretação em livro didático de português e proposição de uma nova modalidade de questões interpretativas é desenvolvido, a partir das contribuições de Marcuschi (1996, 2008) e de Santos (2001). Contribuem também neste processo de (re) elaboração de questões os autores Kleiman (1999), Koch e Elias (2006) e Antunes (2010). Foi desenvolvido no âmbito da pesquisa-ação de acordo com Engel (2000) e Bortoni-Ricardo (2008) e de base quanti-qualitativa, conforme propõem Gomes e Araújo (2005) e Gatti, (2014). O processo investigativo em questão tomou como sujeito de pesquisa, uma turma de alunos do ensino fundamental II de uma escola pública municipal de Marabá, estado do Pará, no ano de 2014. Os instrumentos utilizados para a geração de dados foram, no primeiro momento, a proposta de leitura e interpretação de um texto extraída do livro didático adotado na escola investigada; e, em momento posterior, a releitura do texto seguida da interpretação de perguntas, desta feita, elaboradas por mim, enquanto professor-pesquisador e regente. A análise dos dados tornou evidentes os seguintes resultados: a) Apesar das frequentes reformulações pelas quais tem passado o livro didático, principalmente após o advento do PNLD e dos PCNs, como controladores da qualidade desse material, essa ferramenta ainda registra problemas de diversas ordens, o que exige do professor um trabalho de análise e reformulação de determinadas atividades; b) Os alunos têm se mantido mais aptos a responder questões do tipo que priorizam a localização e cópia de informação em detrimento de questões que exigem o uso de um raciocínio crítico-reflexivo para a (re) construção dos sentidos; c) O quadro atual do livro didático e o desempenho dos alunos nas atividades de interpretação exigem cada vez mais do professor uma postura mediadora, que estimule o debate, a reflexão e a interação em prol de uma satisfatória obtenção de resultados. / This study was aimed at examining the performance of elementary school students II of a public school in reading and textual interpretation through questions proposed by the textbook and questions drawn up by me, as a teacher-researcher and conductor of the room. The research is inserted in the area of Applied Linguistics and discusses within an interactional social cognitive perspective language Bakhtin (1997a, 1997b) the idea of the creation of meaning in text. The analytical work of interpretation issues in textbook Portuguese and propose a new type of interpretative issues is developed from the contributions of Marcuschi (1996, 2008) and Santos (2001). They also contribute in this redesign process issues the authors Kleiman (1999), Koch and Elias (2006) and Antunes (2010). Developed within the framework of action research Engel (2000) and Bortoni-Ricardo (2008) based quantitative and qualitative Gomes and Araújo (2005) and Gatti (2014). The investigative process in question took as a research subject, a group of elementary school students II of a public school in Marabá state of Pará, in the year 2014. The instruments used for data collection were, at first, the proposal for reading and interpretation of a text extracted from the textbook adopted in school investigated; and, thereafter, re-reading the text then the interpretation of questions, this time drawn by me, as a teacher-researcher and conductor. Data analysis became apparent the following results: a) Despite frequent redesigns in which the textbook has passed, especially after the advent of PNLD and NCPs, as supervisors of the material quality, also highlight problems of different aspects, which It is requires the teacher a work of analysis and reformulation of certain activities; b) The students has remained more apt to answer questions that prioritize location and copy information to the detriment of issues that require the use of a critical and reflective thinking to the (re) construction of the senses; c) The current picture of the textbook and the performance of students in interpretation activities requires more teacher a mediating posture that stimulates debate reflection and interaction towards a satisfactory achievement of results.

<p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate modern influence in the painting <em>Strömkarlen</em>, by Ernst Josephson. <em>Strömkarlen</em> was painted 1884 in Norway. First the essay performed an investigation of earlier researchers statements to establish a ”common truth” that puts the painting in a realistic/naturalistic-romantic context. With the help of Yve-Alain Bois’ model, where he sees art from the painters point of wiew, it was possible to use two articles, written by Ernst Josephson in the fall of 1884, where he debates the conditions for art and artists in Sweden. By combining visual and textual interpretation, using a historical context, it is possible to see modern influence in <em>Strömkarlen</em>. Ernst Josephson wanted free and subjective art and artists, in opposition to the state controlled art system that existed in Sweden in the end of 19th century. <em>Strömkarlen</em> and the articles can also be seen as a combined proclamation for a new, free and modern art and what it could look like in a Scandinavian context. </p>

The purpose of this essay is to investigate modern influence in the painting Strömkarlen, by Ernst Josephson. Strömkarlen was painted 1884 in Norway. First the essay performed an investigation of earlier researchers statements to establish a ”common truth” that puts the painting in a realistic/naturalistic-romantic context. With the help of Yve-Alain Bois’ model, where he sees art from the painters point of wiew, it was possible to use two articles, written by Ernst Josephson in the fall of 1884, where he debates the conditions for art and artists in Sweden. By combining visual and textual interpretation, using a historical context, it is possible to see modern influence in Strömkarlen. Ernst Josephson wanted free and subjective art and artists, in opposition to the state controlled art system that existed in Sweden in the end of 19th century. Strömkarlen and the articles can also be seen as a combined proclamation for a new, free and modern art and what it could look like in a Scandinavian context.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The present research examines the post-formative Islamic legal literature surrounding the question of women’s leadership to gauge whether and to what extent the development of Islamic legislation pertaining to women was determined by genderattitudes prevalent in Muslim society. There are three main theories to explain the prevalence of Islamic legal rulings divesting women of leadership roles. The first is the traditional view that these rulings are best explained by the application of the theoretical and hermeneutical approaches of classical Islamic legal theory to the Islamic source texts, the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The second is that the rulings are best explained as the consequence of the widespread gender attitudes in near-eastern society during the formative and early post-formative period of Islamic Law. The third is that legal inertia is the primary factor in explaining the existing post-formative Islamic legal corpus and little can be determined from it regarding the origin and early perpetuation of the laws. These competing theories are tested and explored by returning to a broad survey of Islamic legal texts from the four canonical schools of thought. The relevant passages from these texts are first translated and then examined according to three separate analytical approaches – a legal-hermeneutical analysis, an analysis of gender motifs, and a diachronic analysis of legal arguments – to explore the ways in which classical legal scholars arrived at and justified the prohibition of female leadership in politics, the judiciary, and congregational prayer. Key