Bone repair is modulated by different stimuli. There is evidence that the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) super-family of cytokines have significant effects on bone structure by regulating the replication and differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. There is also significant evidence that interactions with extracellular matrix molecules also influence cell behaviour. This study aimed at determining the role of the TGF-βs, Collagen type I, Fibronectin and Laminin in bone cell behaviour. To do this MG63 bone cells were used to examine cell adhesion and alignment to different micro-contact printed ECM protein patterns of different widths. The study also aimed at examining how TGF-β1, 2 and 3 and their solvent and carrier (HCl and BSA, respectively) effected cell surface interactions, cell morphology, cell proliferation and integrin expression. Finally, this study also aimed at examining how the TGF-βs and their solvent and carrier influenced wound closure in an in vitro wound closure model and how TGF-βs influence ECM secretion and integrin expression. 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100μm wide repeat gratings of Collagen type I, Fibronectin and Laminin patterns were stamp patterned onto glass slides and plated with MG63 cells at 50,000 cells per coverslip. Cells on the fibronectin pattern attached and elongated soon after seeding, but did not adhere readily to collagen and laminin and appeared more rounded until 18hrs after seeding. Cells aligned significantly well on the 50μm and 100μm wide fibronectin patterned coverslips with mean angles of alignment ~7.87° ± 3.06SD and 6.45° ± 5.08SD, respectively, compared to those with smaller width (p<0.001). In comparison, cells aligned less readily to the other two ECM proteins, showing optimal alignments of 9.66° ± 4.18SD and 14.36° ± 1.57SD to the 50μm wide collagen and laminin patterns, respectively. Differences in cell length mirrored those of alignment, with cells acquiring the greatest length when showing the greatest degree of alignment. The results indicate that MG63 cells responded significantly better to 50 and 100μm wide fibronectin patterns compared to those with smaller width (p<0.001) indicating that the cells may attach mostly via fibronectin specific integrins. Cell surface attachment was examined via a trypsinisation assay in which the time taken to trypsinise cells from the surface provided a means of assessing the strength of attachment. The results indicated that treatment with the solvent (HCl), TGF-β1, 2 and 3 all decreased cell attachment, but this effect was significantly greater in the case of HCl and TGF-β3 (p<0.001). However, there were significant differences in trypsinisation rates between HCl and TGF-β3 (p<0.001). The wound healing response to the TGF-βs and their solvent/carrier was also investigated in 300μm ± 10-30μm SD wide model wounds induced in fully confluent monolayers of MG63 bone cells. The results indicated that TGF-β3 and HCl significantly enhance wound closure when compared against negative controls, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 treatment (p<0.001). It was also found that TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 treatment significantly improved wound closure rate in comparison to the controls (p<0.001). Experiments were performed to determine if the HCl effects on wound closure were dose dependent. Cells were incubated with 20μM, 40μM, 80μM and 160μM concentrations of HCl prior to wounding and wound closure rates were recorded. Wound closure was dependent on HCl dose with the 80μM and 160μM concentrations inducing increases in wound closure rates that were both significantly greater than those induced by 20μM, 40μM and control treatments (p<0.001). However, there were significant differences in wound closure between the 80μM and 160μM treatment groups after 30hrs of treatment (p<0.001). The effect of different TGF-β isomers and their combinations on proliferation rate and cell length of human bone cells were also assessed. The results suggest that cell morphology changes were observed significantly more in cells treated with TGF-β(2+3) and TGF-β(1+3) (p<0.001). Any cell treated with TGF-β1, TGF-β(1+2) and TGF-β(1+2+3) showed significantly less elongation compared to the control and other TGF-β isomers. In terms of proliferation rate, TGF-β3 and TGF-β(2+3) increased cell numbers more than TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and other combinations. TGF-β1 and its combinations did not show significant proliferation and attachment compared to the control due to perhaps its inhibitory effect in contact with human bone cells. Immunostaining indicated that treatment with TGF-β3 significantly promoted the secretion of collagen type I and anti-human fibronectin in addition to integrin (α3 and β1) expression. Statistically TGF-β3 and their combinations showed significant differences in number of cells stained for collagen type I, anti-human fibronectin, α3 and β1 integrin. Any cell treated with TGF-β1 or any combination with TGF-β1 showed significantly lower cell number stained with the same proteins and integrins (p<0.001). Imaging with WSPR allowed observation of the focal contacts without the need for immunostaining. WSPR images revealed guided cells with high contrast band like structures at the border of cells distal to the edge of guidance cue to which they aligned and with less concentrically formed band like features across the cell body. It is believed that the high contrast features are associated with the formation of focal contacts on the edge of the cells distal to the edge of fibronectin patterns, which suggests that cell guidance is aided by a decrease in cell attachment along a guidance feature. The WSPR experiments also indicated that TGF-βs influenced the distribution of focal contacts. In the case of TGF-β1 treated cells the bright high contrast regions were intense but only arranged around the periphery of the cell. In TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 cells the bright contrast regions were weaker but again mostly localised around the periphery. These findings supported the earlier trypsinisation results.

L’injection de cellules immunologiquement compétentes à un hôte histo-incompatible amène une réaction qui peut se traduire par la maladie du greffon-contre-l’hôte (GVHD). La GVHD demeure une barrière importante à une utilisation plus répandue de la greffe allogénique de cellules hématopoïétiques (AHCT), pourtant un traitement efficace pour traiter de nombreuses maladies. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes qui sous-tendent cette pathologie pourrait en faciliter le traitement et la prévention. L’Interféron-gamma (IFN-γ) et le Transforming Growth Factor-béta (TGF-β) sont deux cytokines maîtresses de l’immunité impliquées dans la fonction et l’homéostasie des cellules greffées. Nous démontrons chez la souris que l’IFN-γ limite la reconstitution lympho-hématopoïétique de façon dose-dépendante en mobilisant des mécanismes d’apoptose et en inhibant la prolifération cellulaire. Le TGF-β est quant à lui généralement connu comme un immunosuppresseur qui contrôle l’immunité en utilisant plusieurs voies de signalisation. Le rôle relatif de ces voies en AHCT est inconnu. Nous avons étudié une de ces voies en greffant des cellules provenant de donneurs déficients pour le gène SMAD3 (SMAD3-KO), un médiateur central de la voie canonique du TGF-β, à des souris histo-incompatibles. Bien que l’absence de SMAD3 ne cause aucune maladie chez nos souris donneuses, l’injection de cellules SMAD3-KO amène une GVHD du colon sévère chez le receveur. Cette atteinte est caractérisée par une différenciation Th1 et une infiltration massive de granulocytes témoignant d’un rôle central de SMAD3 dans la physiologie des lymphocytes T CD4 et des cellules myéloïdes. Nous avons focalisé ensuite nos efforts sur le rôle de SMAD3 chez les lymphocytes T CD4 en sachant que SMAD3 était actif chez les lymphocytes T CD4 tolérants. Nous avons découvert que SMAD3 était rapidement inactivé après une activation des cellules T, suggérant que l’inactivation de SMAD3 était fonctionnellement importante pour briser l’état de tolérance. Des études de micro-puces d’ADNc nous ont montré que SMAD3 contrôlait en effet l’expression de nombreux transcrits de gènes connus comme étant reliés à la tolérance et/ou à des processus biologiques dont les rôles dans le maintien de la tolérance sont plausibles. / The injection of immuno-competent cells into a histo-incompatible host can result in the development of Graft-versus-Host disease (GVHD). GVHD is the most significant barrier to a more widespread use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT), a potent treatment for several diseases. A better understanding of the pathophysiological underpinnings of GVHD would facilitate the design of rational approaches to treat and prevent this complication of AHCT. Gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) are master cytokines of immunity and have a role in the function and homeostasis of transplanted cells. Using a murine model, we show that IFN-γ curtails lympho-hamatopoitic reconstitution in a dose-dependent fashion by increasing apoptosis and by limiting donor cell proliferation. TGF-β is an immunosuppressive cytokine that controls immune cells through multiple signaling pathways. The relative contribution of these pathways in AHCT is unknown. We specifically studied the role of one of these pathways by transplanting SMAD3 deficient cells (SMAD3-KO) in histo-incompatible hosts. SMAD3 is a key mediator of the so-called canonical TGF-β signaling pathway. Although SMAD3-KO donor mice are healthy, the injection of SMAD3-KO cells leads to severe GVHD in the hosts, characterized by intestinal involvement associated with Th1 skewing and massive granulocyte infiltration. These findings hint at a crucial role for SMAD3 in CD4 T-cell and myeloid cell biology. We then focalized on the role of SMAD3 in CD4 T cells knowing that SMAD3 is active in tolerant, resting CD4 T cells. We found that SMAD3 was rapidly inactivated upon T cell activation, suggesting that SMAD3 inactivation was functionally important to break the state of tolerance. Our cDNA microarray experiments show that indeed, SMAD3 regulates the transcript levels of multiple genes known to be involved in T cell tolerance and in biological processes plausibly related to immune tolerance.

La Fibrose Pulmonaire Idiopathique (FPI) est une maladie dévastatrice, d’étiologie inconnue, qui reste pour le moment incurable. Cette maladie est caractérisée par l’accumulation de fibroblastes et de protéines de la matrice extracellulaire dans les espaces aériens distaux aboutissant à une destruction alvéolaire et à une altération des propriétés mécaniques du poumon. La physiopathologie de la FPI est mal connue mais de nombreuses études suggèrent que la réactivation des voies impliquées dans le développement contribue à l’accumulation de la matrice extra-cellulaire et au comportement anormal des cellules épithéliales et des fibroblastes.La voie Hedgehog (HH) joue un rôle crucial dans le développement embryonnaire. Dans le développement pulmonaire fœtal, la voie HH est impliquée dans les interactions épithélium-fibroblaste et contrôle la prolifération et la différenciation du mésenchyme. La voie HH a été impliquée dans la fibrogénèse, notamment dans le foie et le rein.L’objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser la voie HH dans la fibrose pulmonaire chez l’homme et dans un modèle de fibrose induite par la bléomycine chez la souris.Nous avons démontré que la voie HH est réactivée dans les tissus pulmonaires de patients atteints de FPI et dans le modèle de fibrose pulmonaire chez la souris. Nous avons montré que le TGF-β1 activait la voie HH dans les fibroblastes pulmonaires humains et que l’inhibition pharmacologique de la voie HH au niveau des facteurs GLI inhibait l’effet du TGF-β1 in vitro. Par contre, ces inhibiteurs ne protégent pas les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse induite par le TGF-β1. In vivo, chez la souris, nous avons montré que le traitement par des inhibiteurs de Smoothened ne protégeait pas du développement de la fibrose tandis que le GANT61, un inhibiteur de l’interaction des GLI avec l’ADN, inhibait la fibrose.En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent l’implication de la voie HH dans la fibrose pulmonaire et ouvrent des perspectives thérapeutiques nouvelles. / Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF ) is a devastating disease of unknown etiology, which no efficient treatment. This disease is characterized by the accumulation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix proteins in the distal airways resulting to the destruction of alveoli and alteration of mechanical properties of the lung. The pathogenesis of IPF is not well known but many studies suggest that reactivation of pathways involved in the development, contributes to the accumulation of extracellular matrix and the abnormal behavior of epithelial cells and fibroblasts.The Hedgehog pathway (HH) plays a crucial role in embryonic development. In the fetal lung development, the HH pathway is involved in the epithelial-fibroblast interactions and controls the proliferation and differentiation of the mesenchyme. The HH pathway has been implicated in the fibrogenesis, particularly in the liver and kidney.The aim of this thesis was to characterize the HH pathway in pulmonary fibrosis in humans and in a model of bleomycin-induced fibrosis in mice.We demonstrated that the HH pathway is reactivated in lung tissue of IPF patients and in the model of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. We have shown that TGF-β1 activated the HH pathway in human lung fibroblasts and that the pharmacological inhibition of the HH pathway at the level of GLI transcription factors, inhibited the effect of TGF-β1 in vitro. By contrast, these inhibitors did not protect alveolar epithelial cells from TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In vivo, we have shown that treatment with Smoothened inhibitors did not protect mice from the development of fibrosis while GANT61, an inhibitor of the GLI interaction with DNA, inhibited fibrosis .In conclusion, our results demonstrate the involvement of the HH pathway in pulmonary fibrosis and open new therapeutic perspectives.

P8 est un gène lié au stress cellulaire qui a été identifié et caractérisé dans notre laboratoire. Il est surexprimé dans diverses pathologies, et plus particulièrement dans l'adénocarcinome pancréatique. Notre étude se focalise sur le rôle de p8 dans la progression tumorale et la formation des métastases du cancer du pancréas. Dans ce travail, nous avons démontré, dans un premier temps, que p8 régule la migration, l'adhésion et l'invasion cellulaire induites par diverses molécules dont le TGF-&#946;1, par le biais de la GTPase CDC42, dont il contrôle l'expression et l'activité. Nous avons prouvé aussi que la présence de p8 est nécessaire pour la mise en place d'une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse, facilitant ainsi l'action pro-tumorale du TGF-&#946;1. Enfin, une analyse morphologique d'adénocarcinomes pancréatiques humains et murins nous a permis d'identifier la présence de cellules « cannibales », déficientes en p8, capables de phagocyter et ainsi limiter la prolifération d'autres cellules. Nous avons décortiqué ce mécanisme au niveau moléculaire. Son étude nous a permis de conclure, qu'en absence de p8, une nouvelle transition de type épithélio-phagocytaire est instaurée, ayant comme résultat un cannibalisme cellulaire, potentialisé notamment par le TGF-&#946;1, qui agirait dans ce cas comme un agent anti-tumoral. L'avancée de ces résultats donne place à des nouvelles perspectives vis-à-vis de l'importance de p8, d'abord d'un point de vue moléculaire sur les actions pro et anti-tumorales du TGF-&#946;1, ensuite en tant que potentielle cible thérapeutique dans le cancer du pancréas. / P8 is a gene related to cellular stress, identified and characterized in our laboratory, and overexpressed in several diseases, especially in pancreatic cancer (PDAC). Our study focuses on the role of p8 in tumor progression and metastasis formation in PDAC. In this work, we have demonstrated that firstly, p8 regulates pancreatic cancer cell migration, invasion and adhesion, induced by several molecules like TGF-&#946;1, through CDC42, a small GTPase, whose expression and activation is controlled by p8. We also established that p8 is necessary to set up epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, promoting TGF-&#946;1 pro-tumoral effects. Finally, morphological analysis of human and murine pancreatic cancer, allowed us to identify “cannibal” cells, in which p8 expression was absent, able to phagocytose another cells and in this way limit its proliferation. We dissected the mechanism involved in this process at the molecular level. This study led us to conclude that when p8 is absent, a new epithelial-to-phagocytic transition takes place, resulting in cell cannibalism, maximized by TGF-&#946;1 action that will play an anti-tumoral role. These results underscore, on one hand, the crucial role of p8, at the molecular level, over the pro and anti-tumoral effects of TGF-&#946;1 and on the other hand its potential role in pancreatic cancer therapy.

A cirurgia bariátrica confere proteção cardiometabólica à indivíduos obesos, contribuindo para uma redução do risco de mortalidade. No entanto, a extensão do benefício metabólico pode estar sujeita a mudanças no estilo de vida do paciente após a intervenção cirúrgica. Embora o exercício físico pareça melhorar os efeitos da cirurgia na sensibilidade à insulina, o mecanismo de ação subjacente permanece em grande parte sem explicação. Especula-se que mudanças potenciais na matriz extracelular do músculo esquelético (ECM) poderiam estar associadas à melhora da sensibilidade à insulina induzida pelo exercício físico em pacientes pós-bariátricos. Além disso, não se sabe se os benefícios da cirurgia bariátrica sobre a função endotelial, importante marcador precoce de aterosclerose, são sustentáveis sem alterações no estilo de vida, como a inclusão de exercícios físicos. Dessa forma, foram objetivos do presente estudo, investigar os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a sinalização intracelular envolvida na sensibilidade à insulina e remodelamento da matriz extracelular do músculo esquelético (Estudo 1) e sobre a função endotelial da artéria braquial de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica (Estudo 2). Sessenta e duas mulheres foram randomizados após a cirurgia bariátrica para um programa de exercícios físicos de 6 meses ou tratamento padrão. No início do estudo, 3 e 9 meses após a cirurgia, a sensibilidade à insulina foi avaliada pelo teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG), análise da função endotelial e amostras de músculo esquelético foram obtidas a partir do vasto lateral. As amostras de músculo esquelético foram submetidas a análises abrangentes, incluindo expressão de genes e proteínas, fenótipo do músculo esquelético, transcriptoma e identificação de novas vias de sinalização celular. O treinamento físico após a cirurgia bariátrica melhorou a sensibilidade à insulina no músculo esquelético. Esta resposta foi mediada por alterações moleculares e fenotípicas na ECM. A cirurgia bariátrica per se foi incapaz de solucionar completamente a resistência à insulina e a expansão da ECM no músculo esquelético. Candidatos relevantes modulados pelo exercício emergiram como alvos terapêuticos para o tratamento da resistência à insulina do músculo esquelético, nomeadamente a via TGF \'beta\' 1 SMAD 2/3 e seu antagonista folistatina. Em resumo, empregamos uma abordagem \"top-down approach\" para fornecer evidências de que a ECM do músculo esquelético desempenha um papel fundamental nos efeitos sobrepostos da cirurgia bariátrica e do exercício físico sobre a sensibilidade à insulina em mulheres obesas. Além disso, este estudo demonstrou que o treinamento físico evitou a reversão da melhora da função endotelial por meio da melhora do padrão de fluxo sanguíneo e redução de marcadores inflamatórios. Em conclusão, ao revelar um novo mecanismo pelo qual o exercício pode contrabalançar a resistência à insulina em pacientes pós-bariátricos (isto é, atenuar a espessura da ECM) e preservar a função endotelial, este estudo endossa que o exercício físico deve ser adotado como relevante medida terapêutica a fim de garantir os melhores resultados cardiometabólicos em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica / Bariatric surgery provides cardiometabolic protection to obese individuals, contributing to a reduction in mortality risk. However, the extent of metabolic benefit may be subject to changes in the patient\'s lifestyle after surgical intervention. Although exercise seems to improve the effects of surgery on insulin sensitivity, the underlying mechanism of action remains largely unexplained. It is speculated that potential changes in the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) could be associated with improved insulin sensitivity induced by physical exercise in post-bariatric patients. In addition, it is not known whether the benefits of bariatric surgery on endothelial function, an important marker of early atherosclerosis, are sustainable without changes in lifestyle, such as the inclusion of physical exercise. Thus, the aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of exercise on intracellular signaling involved in insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle ECM remodeling (Study 1) and the effects of exercise on the brachial artery vasodilator response of patients undergoing bariatric surgery (Study 2). Sixty-two women were randomized after bariatric surgery to a 6-month exercise program or standard of treatment. At the beginning of the study, 3 and 9 months after surgery, insulin sensitivity was assessed by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), endothelial function analysis and skeletal muscle samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis. Skeletal muscle samples were subjected to comprehensive analysis, including gene and protein expression, skeletal muscle phenotype, transcriptome and identification of new cell signaling pathways. Exercise training after bariatric surgery improved insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. This response was mediated by molecular and phenotypic changes in ECM. Bariatric surgery per se was unable to completely resolve insulin resistance and skeletal muscle ECM expansion. Relevant exercise-modulated candidates emerged as therapeutic targets for the treatment of skeletal muscle insulin resistance, namely the TGF&#946;1/SMAD 2/3 pathway and its follistatin antagonist. In summary, we employed a \"top-down approach\" to provide evidence that skeletal muscle ECM plays a key role in the overlapping effects of bariatric surgery and exercise on insulin sensitivity in obese women. In addition, this study demonstrated that physical training avoided reversal of endothelial function improvement by improving blood flow pattern and reducing inflammatory markers. In conclusion, in revealing a new mechanism by which exercise can counterbalance insulin resistance in post-bariatric patients (i.e., attenuate ECM thickness) and preserve endothelial function, this study endorses that exercise should be adopted as a relevant therapeutic measure in order to guarantee the best cardiometabolic results in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

Rôle de la NADPH oxydase NOX4 dans la régulation de l'expression du symporteur sodium/iode (NIS) dans le cas du cancer papillaire de la thyroïde (PTC). L’activation autocrine de la voie TGF-β induite par BRAFV600E régule négativement l’expression du symporteur sodium/iode (NIS) via une production de ROS dépendante de la NOX4 dans le cancer papillaire de la thyroïde. Résumé : Le cancer papillaire de la thyroïde (PTC) est la pathologie thyroïdienne la plus répandue. Les mutations ponctuelles de BRAF sont retrouvées dans 40 à 60 % des cas de PTC. La transversion BRAFT1799A est la mutation de BRAF la plus fréquente. Les tumeurs porteuses de la mutation BRAFV600E sont souvent associées avec une diminution significative de l’expression du transporteur sodium/iode (NIS). Les résultats cliniques sur les patients atteints d’un cancer de la thyroïde porteur de la mutation BRAFV600E ont montré que l’inhibition de la voie MAPK ne permet pas de rétablir de manière assez importante l’expression du NIS induite par BRAFV600E. L’expression de BRAFV600E induit la sécrétion de TGF-β fonctionnel, qui inhibe l’expression des protéines thyroïdiennes impliquées dans le métabolisme de l’iode, et particulièrement le NIS. La NOX4 est surexprimée dans un nombre croissant de tumeurs, et particulièrement dans les cas de PTC. Dans le cas du cancer du sein, les mécanismes critiques pour le développement du cancer impliquent la régulation par le TGF-β de la NOX4 au niveau transcriptionnel via le facteur de transcription Smad3. Ces données nous mènent à considérer la NOX4 comme un candidat sérieux pour le rôle de système générateur de ROS contrôlé par la boucle autocrine TGF-β induite par BRAFV600E. Dans cette étude, nous avons tout d’abord observé une corrélation entre la présence de l’oncogène BRAFV600E, la surexpression de la NOX4 et l’inhibition de l’expression du NIS dans les cancers papillaires de la thyroïde. Puis, en utilisant la lignée BCPAP comme modèle in vitro de PTC, nous avons démontré BRAFV600E contrôle l’expression de la NOX4 et de la p22phox par l’intermédiaire de la signalisation TGF-β/Smads. La boucle TGF-β induite par BRAFV600E induit l’expression de la NOX4 et de la p22phox au niveau transcriptionnel via phosphorylated SMAD3. L’expression constitutive de la NOX4 et de la p22phox, qui forment ensemble un complexe NADPH oxydase fonctionnel, contribue au stress oxydatif observé dans les cellules BCPAP. Le traitement des cellules BCPAP par des scavengers de ROS comme le N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) et le Tiron permettent d’augmenter l’expression du NIS au niveau transcriptionnel et de rétablir l’expression d’une protéine fonctionnelle permettant la captation d’iode, ce qui indique que les ROS sont impliqués dans l’inhibition de l’expression du NIS. L’inhibition spécifique de la NOX4 par siRNA permet de réinduire l’expression de l’ARN messager et de la protéine NIS. Ces résultats montrent pour la première fois que les ROS produits par la NOX4 jouent un rôle critique dans l’inhibition de l’expression du NIS induite par BRAFV600E via la signalisation TGF-β/SMAD3. / BRAFV600E induced-TGF-β secretion down-regulates sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression via NOX4-dependent ROS generation in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Abstract : Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common thyroid pathology and BRAF point mutations account for 40-60% of tumors. BRAFT1799A is the most frequent BRAF mutation and BRAFV600E positive tumors are often associated with a significant loss of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression. Clinical results on patients harboring thyroid cancer with BRAF mutation have recently shown that MAPK pathway inhibition does not fully reverts the BRAF-induced NIS repression. BRAFV600E expression induces secretion of functional TGF-β which is a repressor of thyroid specific genes such as NIS. Importantly, NOX4 has been shown to be prominently expressed in an increasing number of tumors, in particular in PTCs. In breast cancer cells, a critical mechanism for cancer development involves the transcriptional regulation of NOX4 by TGF-β. This result prompted us to test NOX4 as a ROS-producing candidate induced by BRAF-induced TGF-β. In this report, we first show in PTCs a correlation between BRAFV600E status, NOX4 overexpression, and low NIS expression level. Then, using BCPAP cells as an in vitro PTC model, we demonstrate that BRAFV600E controls NOX4 and p22phox expression via TGF-β signalling. The TGF-β autocrine loop activated by BRAFV600E induces NOX4 and p22phox expression at the transcriptional level via phosphorylated SMAD3. Both constitutively expressed proteins form a functional NADPH oxidase which produces high intracellular ROS levels. ROS scavengers increase the NIS expression at both mRNA and protein levels, and rescue a functional NIS, indicating that ROS are involved in the repression of NIS. Knocking down NOX4 with specific siRNAs reinduces NIS expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Altogether, these results show for the first time that NOX4-dependent ROS generation has a critical role in BRAF-induced NIS repression via the TGF-β/SMAD3 oncogenic signalling.

A nefropatia diabética (ND) é uma das complicações microvasculares do diabetes e consiste no dano ao parênquima renal por consequência de uma série de fatores hemodinâmicos e moleculares. A ocorrência de ND e de outras complicações mesmo em indivíduos sob adequado controle glicêmico tem sido associada a um fenômeno conhecido como memória metabólica. Neste trabalho foram investigadas vias bioquímicas e moleculares persistentemente alteradas no rim de animais diabéticos tratados após um período inicial de hiperglicemia, com o propósito de entender os mecanismos envolvidos na memória metabólica. Para tanto, ratos com diabetes induzida por estreptozotocina foram mantidos hiperglicêmicos durante 4 semanas (período curto) ou 12 semanas (período longo) e posteriormente tratados com insulina isoladamente ou combinada com metformina (100mg/kg/dia) durante as 4 (período curto) ou 12 (período longo) semanas seguintes. Todos os animais tratados tiveram os seus níveis glicêmicos e função renal normalizados. Os tratamentos também foram capazes de normalizar os níveis elevados de malonaldeído no rim, bem como a excreção aumentada dos adutos de DNA 8-oxo-2\'-desoxiguanosina (8-oxodG) e N2-carboxietil-2\'- desoxiguanosina (CEdG) na urina observados nos animais diabéticos. Níveis aumentados de 8-oxodG foram detectados em DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA), mas não em DNA nuclear, de animais diabéticos apenas no período curto de estudo e também foram normalizados após o controle glicêmico. Nós identificamos uma via gradualmente alterada durante o curso do diabetes que permanece persistentemente alterada após o controle glicêmico tardio. Essa via compreende um declínio precoce do clearance de ácido úrico e expressão da pAMPK, seguida pelo acúmulo de fumarato, expressão aumentada de TGF-&#946;, expressão reduzida de PGC-1&#945; e redução da metilação e hidroximetilação do mtDNA. A redução persistente do clearance de ácido úrico em animais diabéticos tratados pode sustentar as alterações bioquímicas renais prolongadas observadas após o controle glicêmico, e essa regulação é provavelmente mediada pela redução sustentada da expressão de pAMPK e pela indução de inflamação. Este trabalho propõe a primeira consideração do possível papel da hiperuricemia e das alterações bioquímicas subjacentes como parte da memória metabólica na nefropatia diabética. / Diabetic nephropathy is one of the diabetes microvascular complications, and it consists on the damage to the renal parenchyma due to several hemodynamic and molecular factors. The occurrence of diabetic nephropathy and other complications even in those individuals under tight glycemic control has been associated to a phenomenon known as metabolic memory. Here we investigated biochemical and molecular pathways persistently altered in the kidney of diabetic animals treated after a previous period of hyperglycemia, aiming to understand underlying mechanisms in metabolic memory. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were maintained hyperglycemic during 4 (short period) or 12 weeks (long period), and then they were treated with insulin alone or combined with metformin (100 mg/kg/day) for the following 4 or 12 weeks, respectively. All the treated animals had them glycemic levels and renal function normalized. The treatments were also able to control enhanced kidney malondialdehyde levels, as well as the increased urine excretion of the DNA adducts 8-oxo-2\'- deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and N2-carboxyethyl-2\'-deoxyguanosine seen in diabetic animals. Increased levels of 8-oxodG were detected in mitochondrial DNA, but not in nuclear DNA of diabetic animals in the short period, and were also recovered after glycemic control. We have identified a kidney pathway that is gradually altered during the course of diabetes and remains persistently changed after late glycemic control. This pathway comprises an early decline of uric acid clearance and pAMPK expression followed by fumarate accumulation, increased TGF-&#946; expression, reduced PGC-1&#945; expression, and downregulation of methylation and hydroxymethylation of mitochondrial DNA. The sustained decrease of uric acid clearance in treated diabetes may support the prolonged kidney biochemical alterations observed after tight glycemic control, and this regulation is likely mediated by the sustained decrease of AMPK activity and the induction of inflammation. This work proposes the first consideration of the possible role of hyperuricemia and the underlying biochemical changes as part of metabolic memory in diabetic nephropathy.

Einleitung: Die Wundheilung kornealer Endothelzellen erfolgt hauptsächlich durch Migration benachbarter Zellen. Die Endothelzellen sind in vivo ständig in Kontakt mit Kammerwasser (KW). TGF-ß2 und Ascorbin- säure (AS) sind in hoher Konzentration im KW enthalten. Der Einfluß von humanem KW, TGF-ß2 und AS auf Proliferation und Migration boviner kornealer Endothelzellen (BCEC) in Kultur wurde untersucht. Methoden: Proliferation: BCEC der 1.Passage wurden zu 1,5x104 Zellen/Well ausgesät. Mit frischem Medium und Zusatz von humanem KW (10% und 100%), TGF-ß2 (0,1; 1 und 10 ng/ml) und AS (50, 100 und 200 µg/ml) wurden die Kulturen für 72 oder 96 h inkubiert und anschließend gezählt. Migration: Konfluente Zellkulturen der 1.Passage wurden verwendet. Mit einem modifizierten Trepan (Durchmesser 5,5 mm) wurde eine zentrale, zirkuläre "Wunde" gesetzt. Die Kulturen wurden mit frischem Medium, das humanes KW, TGF-ß2 und AS in den o. g. Konzentrationen enthielt, für 72 oder 96 h inkubiert. Zur Auswertung wurden die in den Wundbereich migrierten Zellen an 5 verschiedenen Stellen, ausgehend vom Wundrand, gezählt. Ergebnisse: Die Proliferation der BCEC wurde durch humanes KW (unverdünntes KW: nahezu 100%; 10%iges KW: 30%) und Ascorbinsäure (ca. 90% bei AS 200 µg/ml) gehemmt. TGF-ß2 stimulierte die Proliferation bis zu einem 3fachen Wert der Kontrollen. Die Migration wurde durch humanes KW (unverdünntes KW: nahezu 100%; 10%iges KW: 30%) und TGF-ß2 (ca. 50% bei allen Konzentrationen) gehemmt. AS hatte einen stimulierenden Einfluß (20-50%) auf die Migration. Schlußfolgerung: Noch ist unklar, welche Substanzen im KW für den proliferationshemmenden Einfluß auf korneale Endothelzellen verantwortlich sind. Sowohl AS als auch TGF-ß2 zeigten einen gegensätzlichen Effekt auf Proliferation und Migration kultivierter BCEC. Die Bedeutung dieser Beobachtungen für die Wundheilung humaner kornealer Endothelzellen in vivo ist Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen. / Purpose: Corneal endothelial cells are non-proliferating, wound healing primarily occurs by migration of adjacent cells. Endothelial cells in vivo are constantly exposed to aqueous humor (AH). Elevated concentrations of TGF-ß2 and ascorbic acid (AA) are present in aqueous humor. The influence of human AH, TGF- ß2 and AA on proliferation and migration of bovine corneal endothelial cells in vitro was investigated. Methods: Proliferation assays: BCEC at first passage were seeded at 1.5x104 cells/well. Fresh medium containing human AH (10% and 100%), TGF-ß2 (0,1;1 and 10 ng/ml) and AA (50, 100 and 200 µg/ml) was added to the cells. 72 or 96 hours later the cells were counted. Migration assays: BCEC at first passage were grown to confluency. A central, circular "wound" was made with an especially designed trephine (diameter 5.5 mm). The cultures were incubated with fresh medium containing human AH, TGF-ß2 and AA in the same concentrations for 72 or 96 hours. The cells were then counted in five randomly chosen sections from the wound edge. Results: Proliferation of BCE cells was inhibited by human AH (pure AH: nearly 100%, 10% AH: 30%) and AA (about 90% at 200 µg/ml). TGF-ß2 stimulated the proliferation up to 3 fold compared to the controls. Migration was inhibited by human AH (pure AH: nearly 100%, 10% AH: 30%) and TGF-ß2 (about 50% at all concentrations). AA had a stimulatory effect (20-50%) on migration. Conclusion: Presently, it remains unknown which substances in AH are responsible for the inhibiting effect on corneal endothelial proliferation. Both TGF-ß2 and AA showed to have a differential effect on proliferation and migration of cultured BCE cells. The significance of these observations for wound healing of human corneal endothelial cells in vivo has to be investigated.

Aufgrund des wachsenden Interesses an der Systembiologie werden zunehmend mathematische Modelle in Kombination mit Experimenten für die Analyse von Stoffwechselnetzwerken, Genregulationsnetzwerken und zellulären Signalweiterleitungswegen verwendet. Diese Dissertationsschrift benutzt die mathematische Modellierung und kinetische Untersuchungsmethoden zum Studium von zelluären Signalwegen, insbesondere des Netzwerkes zur Festlegung der Rezeptorlokalisation und des Tumorwachstumsfaktor-beta-Signalweges. Ergänzend wurde ein Computerwerkzeug (SBML-PET) entwickelt, das die Modellentwicklung unterstützt und der Parameterschätzung dient. Mit diesem Werkzeug kann man Modelle bearbeiten, die in der Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) formuliert sind. In dieser Arbeit wird ein quantitatives mathematisches Modell benutzt, um die Signalantwort in unterschiedlichen Rezeptorlokalisationsnetzwerken in Abhängigkeit von der Ligandenanzahl und der Zelldichte zu untersuchen. Die rechnergestützte Analyse des Modells hat ergeben, dass der Zustand eines Rezeptorlokalisationsnetzwerkes potenziell eine sigmoide Abhängigkeit von dem Verhältnis zwischen Ligandenanzahl und Oberflächenrezeptoranzahl pro Zelle zeigen. Dieses Verhältnis ist die entscheidende Kontrollgröße der Signalantwort in Rezeptorlokalisationsnetzwerken. Mit Hilfe des SBML-PET Software-Paketes haben wir eine Modellierungsmethode mit Randbedingungen vorgeschlagen, um ein umfangreiches mathematisches Modell für den Smad-abh?ngigen TGF-beta Signalweg zu erstellen und dessen Parameter aus experimentellen Daten unter Berücksichtigung qualitativer Nebenbedingungen zu fitten. Die Ergebnisse der kinetischen Untersuchung dieses Modells legen nahe, dass die Signalantwort auf einen TGF-beta-Reiz durch die Balance zwischen clathrin-abhängier Endozytose und clathrin-unabhängiger Endozytose reguliert wird. / With growing interests in systems biology, mathematical models, paired with experiments, have been widely used for the studies on metabolic networks, gene regulatory networks and cellular signaling pathways. This dissertation employs the mathematical modeling and kinetic analysis method to study cellular signaling pathways, in particular, the receptor trafficking network and TGF-beta signaling pathway. On the other hand, a systems biology markup language (SBML) based parameter estimation tool (SBML-PET), was developed for facilitating the modeling process. A quantitative mathematical model is employed to investigate signal responses in different receptor trafficking networks by simultaneous perturbations of the ligand concentration and cell density. The computational analysis of the model revealed that receptor trafficking networks have potentially sigmoid responses to the ratio between ligand number and surface receptor number per cell, which is a key factor to control the signaling responses in receptor trafficking networks. Using the SBML-PET software package, we proposed a constraint-based modeling method to build a comprehensive mathematical model for the Smad dependent TGF-beta signaling pathway by fitting the experimental data and incorporating the qualitative constraints from the experimental analysis. Kinetic analysis results indicate that the signal response to TGF-beta is regulated by the balance between clathrin dependent endocytosis and non-clathrin mediated endocytosis.

Hintergrund. L-Arginin spielt eine komplexe Rolle in der renalen Matrixexpansion, eingeschlossen der endogene Stoffwechsel der Aminosäure in Stickoxid (NO), Polyamine, L-Prolin und Agmatin. Bei Ratten mit einer induzierten Anti-Thy1-Glomerulonephritis (GN) ist gezeigt worden, dass die diätetische Gabe von L-Arginin die Überproduktion von transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta sowie die Matrixakkumulation limitieren konnte. Die vorliegende Studie testet die Hypothese, dass die günstigen Effekte auf die Überexpression von TGF-beta in vivo durch die Generierung von NO vermittelt wird. Methoden. Einen Tag nach Induktion einer Anti-Thy-1-Glomerulonephritis wurden männliche Wistar Ratten, die mit normal proteinhaltigen Futter ernährt worden sind, in die folgenden Gruppen zugeordnet worden: (1) normale Kontrollen; (2) GN; (3) GN-Arg [plus 500 mg L-Arginin/die]; (4) GN-Arg-NAME [plus 500 mg L-Arginin/die und 75 mg/die des NO-Synthase-Inhibitors Nitro-L-Arginin-Methyl-Ester (L-NAME) im Trinkwasser] und (5) GN-Molsi [plus 10 mg/die des NO-Donors Molsidomin]. In Versuchsprotokoll 1 wurde die Behandlung bis Tag 7, in Protokoll 2 bis Tag 12 nach Induktion der Glomerulonephritis durchgeführt. Analysiert wurden die Daten des systolischen Blutdrucks, die histologische glomeruläre Matrixexpansion, die Proteinurie sowie die glomeruläre mRNA- und Protein-Expression des Schlüsselfibrogens TGF-beta, des Matrixproteins Fibronektin und des Protease-Inhibitors Plasminogen-Aktivator-Inhibitor Typ 1(PAI-1). Ergebnisse. Die Blutdruckwerte zeigten sich normal in unbehandelten Anti-Thy-1-Tieren und nicht signifikant beeinflusst durch eine der Behandlungen. Verglichen mit unbehandelten, nephritischen Ratten, reduzierten die Gabe von L-Arginin sowie von Molsidomin signifikant die glomeruläre TGF-beta Überexpression und auch in ähnlichem Mass in beiden Studienprotokollen. Die günstigen Effekte von L-Arginin wurden durch gleichzeitige Blockade der NOS-Synthese mit L-NAME aufgehoben. Die glomeruläre Matrixakkumulation, Fibronektin und PAI-1 mRNA- und Protein-Expression folgten eng der TGF-beta-Expression. Die Proteinurie wurde durch keine der Behandlungen signifikant beeinflusst.Schlussfolgerung. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass die antifibrotischen Effekte der Aminosäure L-Arginin in der normotensiven Anti-Thy-1-Glomerulonephritis der Ratte hauptsächlich über die endogene Produktion von NO vermittelt werden. Diese Daten lassen vermuten, dass NO in vivo die TGF-beta-Überexpression auf einem blutdruck-unabhängigen Weg limitiert und dass NO-Donoren sich günstig in der Behandlung von menschlichen fibrotischen Nierenerkrankungen auswirken könnten. / Background. L-arginine olays a complex role in renal matrix expansion, involving endogenous metabolism into nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, L-prolin and agmatine. Supplementing dietary L-arginine intake has been shown to limit transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 overproduction and matrix accumulation in rats with induced anti-thy1 glomerulonephritis (GN). The present study tests the hypothesis that this beneficial effect on in vivo TGF-beta overproduction is mediated via the generation of NO. Methods. One day after inducion of anti-thy1 GN, male wistar rats fed a normal protein diet were assigned to the following groups: (1) normal controls; (2) GN; (3) GN-Arg [plus 500 mg L-arginine/day]; (4) GN-Arg-NAME [plus 500 mg L-arginine/day and 75 mg/day of the NO synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) in the drinking water] and (5) GN-Molsi [plus 10 mg/day of the NO donor molsidomine]. In protocol 1, treatment lasted until day 7 and in protocol 2 until day 12 after disease induction, respectively. Analysis included systolic blood pressure, proteinuria, a glomerular histologic matrix score and the glomerular mRNA and protein expression of the key fibrogen TGF-beta1, the matrix protein fibronectin and the protease inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). Results. Blood pressure was normal in untreated anti-thy1 animals and not significantly affected by any of the treatments. Compared to nephritic rats, administration of both L-arginine and molsidomine reduced glomerular TGF-beta1 overexpression significantly and to a similar degree in both protocols, while the beneficial effect of L-arginine was abolished by concomitant NO synthesis inhibition. Glomerular matrix accumulation, fibronectin and PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression cloxely followed the expression of TGF-beta1. Proteinuria was not significantly affected by any treatment. Conclusion. The present study shows that L-arginine´s antifibrotic action in normothensive anti-thy1 GN is mainly mediated by endogenous production of NO. The data suggest that NO limits in vivo TGF-beta overexpression in a pressur-independent manner and that NO donors may be of benefit in the treatment of human fibrotic renal disease.