L'objet d'étude de cette thèse est l'activité du maître de stage (MS) dans sa fonction d'accompagnement et de conseil auprès d'un enseignant stagiaire (ES) dans le second degré. Historiquement présente dans la formation des enseignants, cette fonction n'est pas un véritable métier puisqu'elle est assumée occasionnellement par des enseignants. Nous avons choisi le cadre de la clinique de l'activité pour appréhender l'activité du MS en situation de travail. La méthode de l'instruction au sosie (IS) nous a permis d'accéder à l'activité réelle de 15 MS dans quatre disciplines d'enseignement (Anglais, Education Physique et Sportive, Histoire-Géographie, Mathématiques). Nos résultats montrent que cette fonction ne se réduit pas à la visite et à l'entretien qui la suit mais se diversifie dans un ensemble de tâches réparties dans neuf facettes traversées de huit dilemmes. L'analyse de l'activité réelle réalisée à l'aide d'une matrice, révèle la singularité d'une activité en manque de repères professionnels. Le MS, confronté à des préoccupations qui s'opposent, oriente finalement son activité dans une des trois formes de pratique d'accompagnement et de conseil identifiées : MS « enseignant », MS « formateur », MS « relationnel ». En utilisant la conceptualisation développementale du « métier » (Clot, 2008), nous avons mis en évidence la présence des quatre instances (personnelle, interpersonnelle, impersonnelle, transpersonnelle) dans l'activité. Cependant, le déficit des parts transpersonnelle et impersonnelle engendre un fort déséquilibre dans la dynamique vitale du « métier » réduisant les possibilités de développement de l'activité. Ce travail aboutit à des propositions pour concevoir et mettre en œuvre des dispositifs de formation qui visent à permettre aux MS de reprendre du pouvoir d'agir sur leur activité. / The object of this doctoral thesis is about the activity of the supervisor (S) in his position of supporting and mentoring of a trainee teacher (TT) while teaching in secondary schools. Whilst usually and historically accepted as part of the teachers' education, this activity is not a proper position since casually taken on by teachers on top of their job. We based our analysis of the Supervisor's activity in his work environment on the concepts of the Clinic of activity. Through the Instruction to the double Method we have been able to get an understanding of the actual activity of fifteen Supervisors in four different academic subjects (English, Sport, History & Geography, Mathematics). Our outcomes demonstrate that this role is not limited to the visit in the class followed by an interview but it is composed of tasks spread over nine faces themselves related throughout eight dilemmas. A matrix analysis reveals the unique activity of the Supervisor as well as an activity that lacks professional guidance. The Supervisor is facing conflicting concerns to eventually finds his activity among one of the three identified practices of supporting and mentoring: “teacher” Supervisor, “professional development” Supervisor, “emotional” Supervisor. Based on the developmental conceptualization of the “work activity” (Clot, 2008), we highlighted the four features - personal, interpersonal, impersonal, transpersonal - in the Supervisor's activity. However transpersonal and impersonal features are quite less represented than the other two features. This causes an important lack of balance in the “work activity” core dynamic that restricts the potential of development of the activity. This work eventually leads up to suggestions for improvements within design and application of educational processes in order to make possible for Supervisors to be proactive on their activity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of the physics instructors, major-physics students, and nonmajor-physics students regarding actual teaching performance and effective teaching performance. The sample consisted of a total of 56 physics instructors, 120 major-physics students, and 120 nonmajor-physics students at eight public universities in Thailand. A total of 53 physics instructors or 94.64 percent, 101 major-physics students or 84.17 percent, and 107 nonmajor-physics students or 89.17 percent responded in this study. Multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression were used in the follow-up assessment, with the .05 level of significance. The physics instructors, major-physics students, and nonmajor-physics students perceived actual teaching performance in class to be significantly different from effective teaching performance. The three groups rated actual teaching performance on every factor to be less than sffective teaching. There was a significant difference between the physics instructors' perceptions and the major-physics students' perceptions regarding actual teaching performance, and also there was a significant difference between the physics instructors' perceptions and the nonmajor-physics students' perceptions regarding actual teaching performance. However, there was no significant difference between major-and nonmajor-physics students' perceptions regarding actual teaching performance. There was no significant difference among the perceptions of the physics instructors, major-physics students, and nonmajor-physics students regarding effective teaching performance. The variables of sex and the highest degree were the significant predictors of the physics instructors' perceptions regarding actual teaching performance. The variable of GPA was the significant predictor of the nonmajor-physics students' perceptions regarding actual teaching performance.

In the last decade, Brazilian soybean and maize, cultivated in succession, accounted for 23.8 ± 1.9% and 6.9 ± 0.9% of world\'s production, respectively. More than 80% of soybean and maize production in Brazil is under rainfed conditions, which results in a high interannual yield variability and, consequently, increasing the risks for food supply, not only in the country but also around the world. Among the natural phenomena that cause climate and yield variability in Brazil, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most important. The best way to minimize the impacts of ENSO, mainly those associated to water deficit in rainfed crops, is by defining the most favorable sowing dates, when the probability of crop failure is small. Based on that, this study aimed: to determine the best sowing dates for the soybean-maize production system, based on the economic profitability at national scale; to assess the influence of the ENSO phases (El Niño, La Niña and Neutral) on spatial and temporal soybean and maize off-season yield variabilities for different sowing dates; and to determine the magnitude of the current soybean- maize succession yield gap due to water deficit and crop management in different Brazilian producing regions. To achieve such goals, soybean and maize off-season simulations were performed using three previously calibrated and validated crop simulation models (FAO-AZM, DSSAT and APSIM), in a multi-model approach. Soybean and maize yields were simulated for 29 locations in 12 states, with soybean sowing dates ranging from 21st September to 1st January, for a period of 34 years (1980-2013). Maize sowings were simulated in the same day soybean was harvested. The optimal sowing dates for soybean-maize succession varied according to the Brazilian region, with water deficit, solar radiation and air temperature being the main weather variables that influenced this crop system. ENSO phases affected soybean and maize yields across the country, having, in general, opposite effects during the warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) phases, but also depending on the sowing date considered. The yield gap (YG) of soybean-maize succession varied among locations, sowing dates and growing seasons. However, the yield gaps caused by water deficit (YGw) were, on average, higher than those caused by sub-optimal crop management (YGm), which can be explained by the high inter-annual and spatial climate variability observed in the Brazilian territory. / Na última década, a soja e o milho safrinha, cultivados em sucessão no Brasil, contribuíram com 23.8 ± 1.9% e 6.9 ± 0.9% da produção mundial, respectivamente. Mais de 80% da soja e do milho brasileiro são produzidos em condições de sequeiro, o que resulta em uma alta variabilidade interanual da produtividade e, consequentemente, aumenta os riscos de falhas no abastecimento alimentar no Brasil e no mundo. Entre os fenômenos causadores da variabilidade climática e da produtividade agrícola no Brasil, o El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) é o mais importante. A melhor maneira para minimizar os impactos do ENOS, principalmente os associados ao déficit hídrico em culturas de sequeiro, é definindo as datas de semeaduras mais favoráveis, onde as chances de grandes perdas são menores. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: determinar a melhor data de semeadura para o sistema de produção em sucessão soja - milho safrinha, baseado na rentabilidade econômica em escala nacional; indicar a influência das fases do ENOS (El Niño, La Niña e Neutro) sobre a sucessão soja - milho safrinha em escala espacial e temporal, em diferentes datas de semeaduras; e determinar a magnitude da quebra de produtividade da sucessão soja - milho safrinha devido ao déficit hídrico e ao manejo sub ótimo do cultivo. Para atingir os objetivos, simulações de produtividade para soja e milho safrinha foram realizadas usando três modelos de simulação de cultura (FAO-AZM, DSSAT e APSIM), previamente calibrados, em uma abordagem multi-modelos. As produtividades das culturas da soja e do milho foram simuladas para 29 locais em 12 estados, com as datas de semeadura da soja variando de 21 de setembro a 1º de janeiro, para um período de 34 anos (1980-2013). A semeadura do milho ocorreu imediatamente após a colheita da soja. A data de semeadura ótima para a sucessão soja - milho safrinha variou de acordo com a região brasileira, tendo o déficit hídrico, radiação solar e a temperatura do ar como as principais variáveis que influenciam o sistema. As fases do ENOS afetaram a produtividade da soja e do milho safrinha no Brasil, tendo, efeitos opostos durante as fases quentes (El Niño) e frias (La Niña). Os impactos das fases do ENOS também variaram de acordo com as datas de semeadura. As quebras de produtividade da sucessão soja - milho safrinha variaram entre os locais, datas de semeadura e safras. Entretanto, as quebras de produtividade causadas pelo déficit hídrico foram, em média, superiores àquelas causadas pelo manejo subótimo das culturas, o que pode ser explicado pela alta variabilidade espacial e interanual das condições meteorológicas no território brasileiro.

土地增值稅主要將自然增值收歸公有，以達地利共享的政策目標。自民國62年改採公告現值制度以來，由於制度及人為因素，使公告現值偏離市價，造成漲價歸私，同時促使土地投機，地價暴漲暴跌，財富分配不均，間接影響整個經濟社會的發展。本文的研究目的，旨在檢討我國土地增值稅稅制的缺點。提出改進方案。 　　本文的研究方法，蒐集自53年實施稅制以來的改革資料，配合稽徵機關的統計資料，作為分析與檢討的依據。並列舉英國、西德、義大利、紐澳及日本等六個國家的稅制，作一比較與評估，以供參考。 　　本文研究範圍，主要以增值稅的稅基為主。包括移轉時之現值，前次移轉現值或原規定地價、其他費用等。其中又以移轉時之現值在漲價總數額中居關鍵地位，因評價標準不同，所得的增值額差距亦大。公告現值雖然簡便，但卻偏離市價；實價課徵雖可正確衡量出稅基，若無整體規劃、估價、金融、仲介制度的配合，亦成空談。 　　本文除介紹土地課稅理論外，並由平均地權與漲價歸公的角度，確立土地增值稅的政策目標，據此探討我國稅制的缺失，歸納如下： 　　1.平均地權漲價歸公係一套完整的制度，但要付諸實施卻有很大的阻力。我國土地增值稅理念上依循平均地權的辦法，實施上又以課稅為主要方法，不但無法漲價歸公，反而弊病叢生。 　　2.民國43年按實價課徵的增值稅，由於客觀環境尚未成熟，法令規定不一及未建立土地估價制度，導致地價混亂，無依循標準而告失敗。 　　3.起而代之的公告現值，不但無法接近市價，反而促使土地投機、房地產價格波動起伏更大，資源扭曲，財富分配不均。如本文所分析的資料顯示，一般買賣案件中，平均有效稅率為46%，若加入「零稅基」的案件，其有效稅率為31.2%，亦即漲價歸私比率68.8%，此仍不包括自用住宅優惠稅率案件在內。實施結果與政策目標背道而馳。 　　實價課徵的採行雖較能達到「漲價歸公」，但在技術上面臨最大的困難就是如何掌握實際的買賣價格。自英、西德、義大利、紐澳及日本等國稅制的比較與評估中，可知技術上的困難可以克服。特別在鼓勵投資，抑制投機方面，英國准許扣除較高的投資成本及投資利潤；義大利對於土地建築期間的增值，不列入課稅範圍；日本更依其持有期間，劃分長期、短期、超短期，課以不同稅率。各有所長，值得借鏡。 　　最後，針對目前增值稅稅制，提出如下建議： 　　1.全面改制按實價課徵，訂定賞施的時間表及步驟。為改制前的各項配合措施，作有計劃的準備。 　　2.修法規定，土地買賣須經中介機構，非經此一機構不能買賣。 　　3.建立健全的估價制度，重視專業人員的培訓。 　　4.改制的過渡時期，如前次成本認定問題，費用扣除比率，房地併售價格劃分，均應審慎處理。 　　5.為防止土地投機，依據持有土地時間長短，課以不同稅率，或開徵「變更使用捐」以因應。加強人民誠實報稅的觀念，發揮自動勾稽的效果。

以哲學的角度來關注自我、他人與世界的關係，可以從各種面向來談論，這其 中包括意識、行動等關鍵概念，柏格森以「生命綿延」為存在的基本單元，在 創造的過程中，融合意識與行動於生命的整體經驗之中。德勒茲的柏格森詮 釋，對此創造過程進行了存有學的奠基，以「虛擬性」為柏格森哲學的最終原 則，形成了一種柏格森主義。本論文試圖延著德勒茲的柏格森詮釋，返回柏格 森的諸文本，考察柏格森與德勒茲詮釋下的柏格森面對虛擬的方式與態度有何 異同，進而呈顯出各自對生命創造的動態存有論之理論特徵與意蘊。從而，可 以藉由對意識與行動處理方式的展開，以更新的態度與眼界去重新面對自我、 他人與世界的關係。 本論文將於第一章概述德勒茲的《柏格森主義》之詮釋脈絡與相關問題；第二 章將帶出與意識及行動相關的身心問題，如何在柏格森的哲學脈絡下轉換為動 態生命之虛擬與現實的問題；第三章將從意識層面處理生命綿延與自由行動之 關係與連結；第四章將從行動層面帶出生命綿延之創造過程的特徵與意義。並 在經過考察之後，於結論提示出柏格森的哲學在德勒茲詮釋之外的其他意涵與 在當代脈絡下的可能發展。 關 / From the philosophical point of view, the relationships between self, others, and world are considered in various ways, which include consciousness, action and other key concepts. Henri Bergson suggested "duration of life" as the basic unity of the existence. In the process of creating , consciousness and action are integrated into the whole experience of life. According to Gilles Deleuze's interpretation of Bergson, the process of creating became the foundation of Bergson’s ontology. The concept of "virtuality" palys the role as the ultimate principle of the philosophy of Bergson, and therefore, the interpretation forms a kind of bergsonism. In this paper, with the context of the Deleuze’s interpretation of Bergson, the author tries to return to the Bergson’s own texts , examine the similar or different points of view and attitudes toward "virtual" between the Deleuze’s interpretation of Bergson and Bergson himself, and then manifest the theorical characteristics and meanings of their dynamic ontologies in life creating. Eventually, after disclosing the operations of consciousness and action, one can get an attitude and a horizon renewed to rehold the relationships between self, others, and world. In the first chapter, it will focus on Deleuze's "Bergsonism", elucidating the context of interpretation and the related issues; in the second chapter, it will bring out that in the context of Bergson's philosophy, how the mind and body issue related to consciousness and action concerns about the issue of dynamic life between virtual and actual.; in the third chapter, from the consciousness side, it will deal with the relationships and connections between duration of life and free act; in the fourth chapter, from the action side, it will deal with the characteristics and meanings in the process of creating of duration of life. After the examinations, the conclusion will suggest the other significations of Bergson’s philosophy except of Deleuze's interpretation and explore the potential developments in the contemporary thinking.

A major challenge faced by project managers is balancing the variables of scope, cost, and schedule. Changes in scope usually result in cost/schedule overruns. Variance in either or both of them creates disorder (typically increases) in the estimated or projected time and cost. Therefore, controlling cost and schedule are two of the most critical aspects of a construction project. This research uses two already existing management theories, specifically Management by Means (MBM) and Management by Results (MBR), and analyzes a case where these two theories are combined with the goal of improving construction practices. This research compares an eight month schedule in a construction project and relates Percentage of Planned activities Completed (PPC) with projected and actual draw (cash) calls. The research analyzes the question of how lean construction PPC captures variance in cost. The research method is based on a literature review, data collection, case study and data interpretation to answer the hypothesis that improvement in PPC over a particular month has a positive correlation with difference between cash calls. Because this research is limited to a time frame of 8 months in a single project, it is not statistically significant. However, this research serves to create a model template or pilot study for a larger study.

The main aim of this study, in which 310 university students participated, is to investigate whether or not computer interfaces offering human-like apologetic error messages influence users&rsquo / self-appraisals of performances and actual performances in the computerized environment. For the study, an online instructional material which includes deliberate design problems leading to user frustration was developed. The study is comprised of three phases. In the first phase, based on the CCSARP (Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns) coding manual and the studies conducted with the framework provided by the manual, apology strategy sequences were elicited from Turkish participants. Two of these apology strategy sequences were selected for producing two apology error messages. In addition to these apology messages, one plain computer error message was also developed for experimental control. The second phase of the study was conducted to determine whether these three messages were perceived as apologies. It was found out that the two apology messages were perceived as apologies and the plain computer message was not perceived as an apology. In the third phase these three messages were used to investigate the relationship between mood, self-appraisal of performance and actual performance after the transmission of the apologetic error messages. The findings of this study show that the frequencies of apology strategies preferred in the computerized environment are similar with those utilized in the social context. Statistical analyses also reveal that the influence of apology messages on self-appraisal of performance depends on participants&rsquo / mood state and the contents of the apology messages.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti neurotizmo, ekstraversijos, atvirumo patyrimui, sutariamumo ir sąžiningumo bruožų prognostinę vertę muzikos mokytojų faktiniam ir/ar suvokiamam suderinamumui su savo profesija. Tyrime dalyvavo 174 muzikos mokytojai. Tiriamųjų imtį sudarė 110 (63,2%) moterų ir 64 vyrai (36,8%). Tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojamas J. L. Holland Profesinio kryptingumo klausimynas (1996) (angl. Vocational Preference Inventory), Penkių didžiųjų faktorių inventorius (angl. Big Five Inventory) (John et al., 1991), suvokiamam muzikos mokytojų suderinamumui su profesija nustatyti buvo užduodamas klausimas, tiriamųjų prašant įvertinti savo suderinamumą su muzikos mokytojo profesija. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad didėjant muzikos mokytojų faktinio suderinamumo su profesija išreikštumui, didėja ir suvokiamas suderinamumas su savo profesija. Buvo nustatyta, kad atvirumo patyrimui ir sutariamumo bruožai prognozuoja aukštesnio lygio vyrų muzikos mokytojų faktinį suderinamumą su profesija, tačiau ekstraversijos ir sąžiningumo bruožai neturi prognostinės vertės vyrų muzikos mokytojų faktiniam suderinamumui su profesija. Atvirumo patyrimui bruožas prognozuoja aukštesnio lygio moterų muzikos mokytojų faktinį suderinamumą su profesija, tačiau ekstraversijos, sutariamumo ir sąžiningumo bruožai neturi prognostinės vertės moterų muzikos mokytojų faktiniam suderinamumui su profesija. Tyrimo rezultatai taip pat parodė, kad atvirumo patyrimui bruožas prognozuoja aukštesnio lygio muzikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to identify the predictive value of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness features to music teachers’ actual and/or perceived compatibility with the profession. There were 174 music teachers in the study. Research sample consisted of 110 (63,2%) women and 64 (36,8%) men. The study was carried out using Vocational Preference Inventory (Holland, 1996), Big Five Inventory (John et al., 1991), to establish perceived music teachers‘ compatibility with profession, the participants of the study were asked the question, asking to assess their compatibility with the music teaching profession. The results of the study showed, that if increases expression of the actual music teachers’ compatibility with the profession, increases and perceived music teachers’ compatibility with the profession. It was established, that openness to experience and agreeableness features predict a higher level of male music teachers’ actual compatibility with the profession, but neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness features have not predictive value to male music teachers’ actual compatibility with the profession. Openness to experience feature predicts a higher level of female music teachers’ actual compatibility with the profession, but neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness features have not predictive value to female music teachers’ actual compatibility with the profession. The results of the... [to full text]

Ces vingt dernières années la politique euro-méditerranéenne n’a pas été l’échec amplement commenté dans la bibliographie espagnole et française dans leurs « Think Tanks » atlantistes depuis les premiers accords des années 70, en passant par le processus de Barcelone en 1995, et l’Union de la Méditerranée en 2008. L’objectif était clair, comme nous l’avons constaté dans la documentation officielle tout au long de notre thèse, le contrôle de la Méditerranée empêchant que des politiques indépendantes n’apparaissent. La stratégie élaborée depuis Bruxelles s’est clairement alignée avec Washington. Les petites divergences existantes entre eux pendant l’invasion de l’Irak en 2003 ont disparu avec les accords signés sur la Stratégie Européenne de Sécurité, de façon à agir de manière coordonnée face aux pays riverains de la Méditerranée qui n'ont pas signé les accords d'Association, qui n’étaient pas membres du Dialogue Méditerranéen de l'OTAN, sans oublier l’importance d’Israël, comme acteur régional en Méditerranée, agissant en tant que responsable du génocide de la population palestinienne et du contrôle des autres pays de la région qui ont refusé de signer les accords de paix, conçus dans le Plan Yinon, en vertu de la stratégie de « Diviser pour régner ». De la même façon, on analysera le rôle de l'Espagne, qui a eu une tâche importante dans la construction de la politique euroméditerranéenne durant les années 90. À Madrid, en 1991, on a célébré la Conférence pour la Paix au Moyen Orient entre Israéliens et Palestiniens et, en 1995, le PB, la nouvelle feuille de route à suivre par l'UE afin de créer une association globale dans la Méditerranée. / In recent years the Euro-Mediterranean policy failure has not been widely quoted in the Spanish and French literature in their Think Tanks from the first agreements in the 70s, through the 1995 PB and the UpM in 2008. The objective as we have verified in the official documentation of the thesis is the control of the Mediterranean to prevent the emergence of independent policies. The strategy developed from Brussels is clearly aligned with Washington. Small divergences between them during the invasion of Iraq in 2003 disappeared with the agreements signed in the European Security Strategy, to act in a coordinated manner against those countries bordering the Mediterranean who did not signed the Association Agreements, not even members of the NATO’s DM. Not forgetting the importance of Israel as a regional figure in the Mediterranean, acting as supress of the Palestinian population and controlling other countries in the region who refuse to sign peace agreements, designed in the Yinon Plan, under the strategy of divide and rule. Likewise we analyze Spain’s role in the construction of the Euro-Mediterranean policy during the nineties. It was held in Madrid in 1991, the peace conference between Israelis and Palestinians in 1995 held the PB, the new path to be followed by the EU in the region for the creation of a global partnership in the Mediterranean. / En los últimos años la Política Euromediterránea no ha sido el fracaso ampliamente citado en la bibliografía española y francesa en sus Think Tanks. Desde los primeros acuerdos en la década de los 70, pasando por el PB de 1995 y la UpM en 2008. El objetivo claro como hemos constatado en la documentación oficial de la tesis es el control del Mediterráneo impidiendo el surgimiento de políticas independientes. La estrategia elaborada desde Bruselas está claramente alineada con Washington. Las pequeñas divergencias existentes entre ambos durante la invasión de Iraq en el año 2003 desaparecieron con los acuerdos rubricados en la Estrategia Europea de Seguridad, para actuar de forma coordinada frente a aquellos países de la ribera mediterránea que no firmaron Acuerdos de Asociación, ni eran miembros del DM de la OTAN, ni aceptaban las rutas de tránsito energético diseñada desde las agendas occidentales. Sin olvidar la importancia de Israel, como actor regional en el Mediterráneo, actuando como represor frente a la población palestina y controlando el resto de países de la región que se nieguen a firmar Acuerdos de Paz, diseñados en el Plan Yinon, bajo la estrategia de divide y vencerás. Del mismo modo analizaremos el papel de España que ha ejercido una labor importante en la construcción de la política euromediterránea durante la década de los noventa. En Madrid se celebró, en 1991, la Conferencia de Paz entre israelíes y palestinos y en 1995 se llevó a cabo el PB, la nueva ruta a seguir por la UE en la región para la creación de una asociación global en el Mediterráneo.

Text in Afrikaans / A study of the philosophical and historical foundations of infinity highlights the problematic development of infinity. Aristotle distinguished between potential and actual infinity, but rejected the latter. Indeed, the interpretation of actual infinity leads to contradictions as seen in the paradoxes of Zeno. It is difficult for a human being to understand actual infinity. Our logical schemes are adapted to finite objects and events. Research shows that students focus primarily on infinity as a dynamic or neverending process. Individuals may have contradictory intuitive thoughts at different times without being aware of cognitive conflict. The intuitive thoughts of students about both the actual (at once) infinite and potential (successive) infinity are very complex. The problematic nature of actual infinity and the contradictory intuitive cognition should be the starting point in the teaching of the concept infinity. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Mathematic Education)