Das Standardverfahren ULO (Ultra Low Oxygene) zur Lagerung von Äpfeln wurde mit zwei neuen DCA-Lagerverfahren (Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere) verglichen. Ziel des Projektes war, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der sächsischen Erzeuger durch eine Verbesserung der Qualität und der zeitlichen Verfügbarkeit von Äpfeln zu erhöhen. Im dreijährigen Versuch mit den Sorten Gala und Shampion zeigten sich Unterschiede in der Fruchtfleischfestigkeit. Sie blieb bei der DCA-Lagerung besser und länger erhalten als bei der Standard ULO-Lagerung. Bei der DCA-Lagerung und der ULO-Lagerung mit Ethylenreduktion entstehen im Vergleich zur normalen ULO-Lagerung höhere Kosten.

Historically, hydrologic models have been available only on mainframe computers and have therefore not been used by local water managers to support daily decisions. The development of the microcomputer presents an opportunity for that to change. Mathematical models of soil moisture and river routing are selected, developed and tested for use on a microcomputer as an aid to local water management. The models are then integrated with an appropriate data base in a computer program written for a microcomputer. The result is a Decision Support System for local water managers. In order to evaluate the feasibility of using the Decision Support System, an application of the program to a small hypothetical river and irrigation system is carried out. The speed of execution indicates that the use of the Decision Support System on this class of computer under the present configuration may be possible if software or hardware changes can reduce data transfer times to and from disk.

The unveiling of small RNA (sRNA)-mediated gene regulatory pathways has profoundly shaped our understanding of the complexity of gene regulation. In eukaryotes, sRNAs have been found to control cellular metabolism, growth and differentiation, to maintain genome integrity, and to combat viruses and mobile genetic elements. To gain insight into the roles of small RNAs in apple and peach, we conducted sRNA-seq, computational analysis and molecular experiments to genome-widely characterize their microRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) pathways. We identified totally 75 miRNAs or families, including 23 conserved, 10 less-conserved and 42 apple-specific ones, and 118 miRNA target genes in apple. Two classical trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) pathways, miR390-TAS3 and miR828-TAS4, were characterized with similar but unique tasiRNA biogenesis profiles and target specificities. Importantly, miR159, miR828 and miR858 can collectively target up to 81 MYB genes potentially involved in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. In contrast to the location of the miR159 target site in a sequence-divergent region, the target sites of miR828 and miR858 are located in the region encoding the conserved R3 repeat domain of MYB proteins. 10 out of the 19 miR828-targeted MYBs undergo the biogenesis of various phased siRNA (phasiRNA), which potentially regulate diverse genes outside the MYB family. In peach, totally 94 miRNAs or families and 80 target genes were identified. Similar pathways of tasiRNA (miR828-TAS4 and miR390-TAS3) or phasiRNA (miR828-MYB-siRNA) processing were also characterized in peach. Taking advantage of reverse computation and public available deep-sequencing data, we demonstrated that the miRNA-TAS-PPR-siRNA pathway is a highly dynamic and widespread feature of eudicots. Nine eudicot plants, representing six different plant families, have evolved similar tasiRNA pathways to instigate phasiRNA production from PPR �genes, which are triggered by different 22-nt miRNAs, including miR7122, miR1509, and fve-PPRtri1/2 and through distinct mechanistic strategies, like miRNA direct-targeting or indirect-targeting through TAS-like genes, one-hit or two-hit, or even two layers of tasiRNA-TAS interactions. We found that the MIRNA genes of these miRNA triggers show great identity with the Arabidopsis MIR173, implying a common origin of this group of miRNAs (super-miR7122). Combined results from phylogenetic analyses and conservation extent profiling revealed that the super-miR7122 was potentially evolved from another miRNA superfamily (super-miR4376), which probably originated from the miR390. Additionally, the miR482/2118-NB-LRR-siRNA pathway was found to be conserved, but evolved with distinct features, in apple and peach. Taken together, widespread and complex miRNA and tasiRNA regulatory networks have been adapted in apple and peach. They add another crucial layer of regulation on gene activity and stability, and must exert essential functions in all aspects of plant life. / Ph. D.

This project combines nonwoven technology, biological technology and food waste management and seeks for this feasibility to use fungal microfiber (FM) as a binder for lyocell pro-duction and the characterizations for possible applications. Rhizopus delemar was cultivated apple pomace in liquid-state fermentation to obtain mycelia biomass. The biomass was later blended in a kitchen blender for one minute. The blended FM was later mixed with 6 mm lyocell fibre at different FM dry weight percentage and water to make nonwoven webs by wet-laid method. The feasibility of using fungal microfiber as a binder for lyocell nonwovens was confirmed in this study. It is not possible to make nonwoven webs using lyocell short fibre without any binder applied. With 5%_FM, the tensile strength of lyocell nonwoven webs reached 0.0989 MPa. A clear increasing tensile strength was recorded as the increasing of FM weight per-centage and resulted a highest tensile strength at 9.38 MPa when applying 60%_FM. The re-sult of water contact angle proved that the increasing FM could decrease the hydrophobicity of nonwoven samples. Abrasion test showed that FM could improve the abrasion resistance of the lyocell nonwoven samples. Porosity test showed that lyocell nonwoven samples with a higher FM ended up with smaller mean flow pore size diameter (MFP) that nonwoven samples with 65%_FM has an average MFP at 7.26 m m. The SEM images reviled that FM bonded nonwoven webs had a fibrous structure, which is due to binding effect of fungal microfiber on lyocell short fibers. These characterizations have demonstrated the mechanism of using fungal microfiber as a binder for lyocell nonwovens in this project. In this thesis project, FM bonded lyocell nonwoven webs showed a great potential on the application of nonwoven applications such as interior materials or filtration materials.

This MSc Thesis presents history of Apple's operating system and developing application for Mac OS X. First part introduces long evolution of macintosh's OS since early beginings in 1976 focused on latest Mac OS X. Second part makes reader acquainted with elements of creating applications for Mac OS X using Cocoa framework and Objective-C language which is real objective superset of well known C language. Practical part is developing file manager. Programming patterns from file manager are used for explaining fundamentals of developing. This contains exact directions how to create first application step by step.

In this work Rhizopus Delemar was grown on an apple pomace medium, a waste product from the juice industry. The apple pomace was pre-treated with the enzyme invertase to hydrolyse the sucrose available in the waste to glucose and fructose, which are digestible by the fungus. Combination of invertase pre-treatment and yeast extract supplementation, resulted in highest biomass growth which was 4.3 ± 0.5 g/l biomass. The fungal cell wall was separated from fungal biomass using an alkali treatment. A hydrogel was formed from the cell wall material and used for spinning of filaments using dry gel spinning. The average dry weight percentage of the gel was 11.6 ± 1.3 %. The gel was spun through a needle to a collecting rotating surface to make filaments. The filaments were easy to spin and to collect continuous fibres. The spun filaments had a rubber-like texture. All the tested filaments had an ultimate tensile strength approximately 2-3 MPa and 10 – 12% elongation at break. The conclusion of this work is that it is possible to produce fibers from fungi grown in apple waste and that it is possible to improve fungal growth using invertase and yeast extract. The tensile strength of the filaments needs further improvement to compete with other materials used in woven fabrics.

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Type 2 diabetes is a worldwide and costly disease that requires complex cellular metabolic breakdown for its development. The onset of this disease is indicated by an abnormal elevated blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) and coexistence with hypertension. Apple and blueberry are the two popular fruits in the U.S. that are high in bioactive phenolic compounds. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate the synergistic health benefits of apple cider and blueberry juice for potential management of early stages of type 2 diabetes using in vitro enzyme assay models and enhance their synergistic effects through fermentation using probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria. Apple cider and whole blueberry juice were combined at 5 different ratios. Synergistic interaction of the phenolic bioactives between the two juice sources was observed in all assays. For maintenance of high α-glucosidase, α-amylase and ACE inhibition activities, a proportion of 80% apple cider and 20% whole blueberry juice was selected as the optimum combination reflecting maximum health benefits to potentially manage hyperglycemia and hypertension associated with type 2 diabetes. The 80/20 apple cider and blueberry juice combination was fermented at 24 and 48 h using Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum isolate. High inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase and ACE enzymes was observed in apple cider/blueberry juice combination. Strong antimicrobial activity against H. pylori was exerted by L. helveticus- and B. longum-fermented sample at 48 h. A possible mode of action through the synergy between lactic acid and proline oxidation pathway was suggested.

Agrivoltaic (APV) systems, based on the co-location of solar panels and crops, are an innovative solution to land-use conflicts that often arise between agriculture and energy production. Their optimal functioning starts with efficient management and sharing of light between solar panels and underlying plants. This is where tracking systems come into play, as they offer the flexibility needed to strike a balance between energy production and crop growth. This thesis presents several tracking optimization techniques that focus on the availability and distribution of light. To simulate and analyze the performance of these strategies, a simulation model was created, with reference to a Fraunhofer ISE research project in Bavendorf, Germany where semi-transparent solar panels are installed over an apple orchard. The chosen developmental environment was Simtool, a Fraunhofer Python package based on the ray-tracing tool Radiance. Considering the computational cost of the simulation, a Bayesian black-box optimization algorithm was leveraged to relieve the latter from such a computational burden. For the first scenario, the goal was to maximise the radiation reaching solar panels. The algorithm developed, Diffuse-Track Optimization, proved particularly effective during overcast days, allowing daily energy gains of up to 9%. Plants were prioritized in the second scenario, Trees-Track Optimization with the goal of minimising their shading rates, which were seen to fall below 10% despite the presence of the tracking system. Lastly, a compromise between the two objectives was achieved in the final scenario through an overall optimization approach, called APV-Track Optimization. By assigning equal importance to the irradiation reaching trees and that which reaches photovoltaic panels, shading rates of less than 40% can be guaranteed throughout the year, with a reduction of the electrical yield by only 8% compared to backtracking conditions.  The study showcased the potential of the proposed methodology, representing a good starting point to develop holistic optimisations methods that are still lacking in the literature. Future developments will reduce runtime costs, integrate weather forecasts and validate results by means of accurate field measurements. / Agrivoltaiska system (APV), som baseras på samlokalisering av solpaneler och grödor, är en innovativ lösning på de markanvändningskonflikter som ofta uppstår mellan jordbruk och energiproduktion. För att de ska fungera optimalt krävs en effektiv hantering och fördelning av ljuset mellan solpaneler och underliggande växter. Det är här spårningssystem kommer in i bilden, eftersom de erbjuder den flexibilitet som behövs för att hitta en balans mellan energiproduktion och odling av grödor. I denna avhandling presenteras flera optimeringstekniker för spårningssystem som fokuserar på tillgänglighet och fördelning av ljus. För att simulera och analysera hur dessa strategier fungerar skapades en simuleringsmodell med referens till ett forskningsprojekt vid Fraunhofer ISE i Bavendorf, Tyskland, där halvtransparenta solpaneler installerades över en äppelträdgård. Den valda utvecklingsmiljön var Simtool, ett Fraunhofer Python-paket baserat på strålspårningsverktyget Radiance. Med tanke på simuleringens beräkningskostnad användes en Bayesiansk black-box-optimeringsalgoritm för att avlasta den senare från en sådan beräkningsbörda. I det första scenariot var målet att maximera den strålning som nådde solpanelerna. Den utvecklade algoritmen, Diffuse-Track Optimization, visade sig vara särskilt effektiv under mulna dagar och möjliggjorde dagliga energivinster på upp till 9%. Växter prioriterades i det andra scenariot, Trees-Track Optimization, med målet att minimera deras skuggningsgrad, som sjönk under 10% trots närvaron av spårningssystemet. Slutligen uppnåddes en kompromiss mellan de två målen i det slutliga scenariot genomen övergripande optimeringsmetod, kallad APV-Track Optimization. Genom att lägga lika stor vikt vid den strålning som når träden och den som når solcellspanelerna kan en skuggningsgrad på mindre än 40% garanteras under hela året, med en minskning av elutbytet med endast 8% jämfört med förhållanden med backtracking.  Studien visade potentialen hos den föreslagna metoden och utgör en bra utgångspunkt för att utveckla holistiska optimeringsmetoder som fortfarande saknas i litteraturen. Framtida utveckling kommer att minska drifttidskostnaderna, integrera väderprognoser och validera resultaten med hjälp av noggranna fältmätningar.