Neospora caninum (filo Apicomplexa) é um parasita obrigatório intracelular como todos os membros deste filo, alguns reconhecidos por causarem doenças com impacto relevante na saúde humana (Plasmodium e Toxoplasma) e veterinária (Babesia, Eimeria e Cryptosporidium). Causador da neosporose, N. caninum vem emergindo como um dos maiores causadores de abortos infecciosos em bovinos, levando a consideráveis perdas econômicas na bovinocultura mundial. Devido à sua recente descoberta, o conhecimento sobre diversos processos bioquímicos de N.caninum ainda é limitado, demandando novas pesquisas para a compreensão de seus mecanismos de sobrevivência e consequente identificação de alvos para intervenção terapêutica. O processo de invasão celular é bastante investigado em pesquisas envolvendo apicomplexas, uma vez que a sobrevivência desses parasitas depende do sucesso de sua entrada na célula hospedeira. Proteínas secretadas de organelas filo-específicas (micronemas, roptrias e grânulos densos) estão intimamente envolvidas com a invasão celular. Elas são responsáveis pela interação inicial com a célula hospedeira, participam da junção de movimento formada no momento da invasão, e contribuem para a estabilização do vacúolo parasitóforo. Neste trabalho as proteínas secretadas por taquizoítas de N. caninum foram investigadas de duas formas: (1) por caracterização molecular de proteínas com domínio Apple; e (2) por estudo do secretoma do parasita. Os domínios proteicos do tipo Apple são caracterizados pela capacidade de interação proteína-proteína e proteína-carboidrato, e estão presentes em algumas proteínas micronêmicas com propriedades adesivas. Neste trabalho três proteínas de N. caninum contendo domínios Apple foram caracterizadas: MIC17A, MIC17B e MIC17C. A análise das sequências proteicas e das estruturas dos domínios Apple, obtidas por modelagem molecular, mostraram alta identidade sequencial e estrutural entre MIC17A e MIC17C. Apesar de ser paráloga às outras duas, MIC17B apresenta diferenças importantes em sua sequência e estrutura. Para MIC17B e MIC17C foram realizados experimentos de detecção das proteínas nativas nos extratos total e secretado do taquizoíta que sugerem diferentes formas de processamento entre essas proteínas no parasita. Para MIC17B foi confirmada a localização em micronemas, num padrão diferente do observado para MIC17C. Os ensaios de invasão combinados aos de localização indicam que estas proteínas estejam relacionadas ao processo de invasão celular, porém, suas funções permanecem desconhecidas. O secretoma é o conjunto de proteínas secretadas pelo parasita e, para explorar a composição deste extrato (ESA) no taquizoíta de N. caninum, duas abordagens complementares foram utilizadas. Na primeira abordagem foram identificadas as proteínas presentes no ESA por espectrometria de massas. Na segunda abordagem realizou-se uma ii quantificação relativa das proteínas, marcadas por dois isótopos, nos extratos totais de taquizoítas submetidos ou não ao estímulo secretório. O resultado esperado seria com as proteínas secretadas diminuídas no parasita estimulado. Em ambas as abordagens foram utilizadas técnicas de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (nanoLC-MS/MS), o que resultou num alto número de identificações; 615 proteínas no ESA e 2011 proteínas quantificadas. A comparação das duas abordagens permitiu o reconhecimento de proteínas com maior probabilidade de secreção. Uma rede de interação entre as proteínas diferencialmente expressas foi predita, gerando resultados que, associados às informações sobre as proteínas aumentadas, permitiram uma investigação sobre proteínas potencialmente envolvidas com a regulação do metabolismo relacionado à secreção. Os resultados obtidos por ambos os estudos aqui demonstrados somam conhecimento acerca do parasita N. caninum e demonstram ser úteis para guiar a busca e seleção de alvos a serem investigados para o desenvolvimento de terapêutica contra a neosporose. / Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa phylum) is an obligatory intracellular parasite like all members from this phylum, some causing diseases with relevant impact on human (Plasmodium and Toxoplasma) and veterinary (Babesia, Eimeria and Cryptosporidium) health. Causative agent of neosporosis, N. caninum has emerged as one of the leading causes of infectious abortion in cattle, generating huge economical losses in worldwide livestock. Due to its recent discovery, knowledge of N. caninum biochemical processes remains scarce, demanding new research for comprehending its survival mechanisms and, consequently, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention. The invasion process has often been investigated in apicomplexans since their survival depends on the success of their entry into the host cell. Proteins secreted from phylum-specific organelles (micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules) are deeply involved with invasion. They are responsible for the initial interaction with the host cell; participate of the moving junction formed in the moment of invasion; and contribute for the stabilization of the parasitophorus vacuole. In this study, the proteins secreted by N. caninum tachyzoites were investigated in two ways: (1) the molecular characterization of Apple domaincontaining proteins; and (2) exploring the parasite secretome. The Apple protein domains are characterized by the ability to interact as protein-protein and proteincarbohydrate, and are present in some microneme proteins with adhesive properties. Here three N. caninum proteins containing Apple domains were characterized: MIC17A, MIC17B and MIC17C. Analyses of the Apple domains sequences and structures, obtained by molecular modeling, revealed high sequential and structural identities between MIC17A and MIC17C. Although being a paralog of the other two proteins, MIC17B presents significant differences in its sequence and structure. Experiments were performed for native MIC17B and MIC17C detection in the total and secreted tachyzoite extracts, suggesting different processing forms for these proteins in the parasite. For MIC17B, the microneme localization was confirmed, differently from the pattern observed for MIC17C. Invasion and localization assays indicated that these proteins are related to the cell invasion process; nevertheless, their functions remain unknown. The secretome is the set of proteins secreted by the parasite and, to explore this extract (ESA) composition in N. caninum, two complementary approaches were used. Firstly proteins present in ESA were identified by mass spectrometry. In the second approach, a relative quantification was performed on the proteomes of ethanol stimulated/non stimulated tachyzoites, expecting that the secreted proteins would be down regulated at the stimulated parasite. Both approaches were performed with high resolution mass spectrometry techniques (nanoLC-MS/MS), reaching a high number of identifications: 615 proteins iv in ESA and 2011 quantified proteins. The comparison between both approaches allowed the recognition of the most likely secreted proteins. An interaction network was predicted, involving the differentially expressed proteins. These results, associated with the information of up regulated proteins, allowed the investigation of proteins potentially involved with the secretion metabolism regulation. The findings from our two studies add up knowledge about N. caninum and demonstrate to be useful in guiding the search and selection for new targets for therapeutic development against neosporosis.

Neospora caninum (filo Apicomplexa) é um parasita obrigatório intracelular como todos os membros deste filo, alguns reconhecidos por causarem doenças com impacto relevante na saúde humana (Plasmodium e Toxoplasma) e veterinária (Babesia, Eimeria e Cryptosporidium). Causador da neosporose, N. caninum vem emergindo como um dos maiores causadores de abortos infecciosos em bovinos, levando a consideráveis perdas econômicas na bovinocultura mundial. Devido à sua recente descoberta, o conhecimento sobre diversos processos bioquímicos de N.caninum ainda é limitado, demandando novas pesquisas para a compreensão de seus mecanismos de sobrevivência e consequente identificação de alvos para intervenção terapêutica. O processo de invasão celular é bastante investigado em pesquisas envolvendo apicomplexas, uma vez que a sobrevivência desses parasitas depende do sucesso de sua entrada na célula hospedeira. Proteínas secretadas de organelas filo-específicas (micronemas, roptrias e grânulos densos) estão intimamente envolvidas com a invasão celular. Elas são responsáveis pela interação inicial com a célula hospedeira, participam da junção de movimento formada no momento da invasão, e contribuem para a estabilização do vacúolo parasitóforo. Neste trabalho as proteínas secretadas por taquizoítas de N. caninum foram investigadas de duas formas: (1) por caracterização molecular de proteínas com domínio Apple; e (2) por estudo do secretoma do parasita. Os domínios proteicos do tipo Apple são caracterizados pela capacidade de interação proteína-proteína e proteína-carboidrato, e estão presentes em algumas proteínas micronêmicas com propriedades adesivas. Neste trabalho três proteínas de N. caninum contendo domínios Apple foram caracterizadas: MIC17A, MIC17B e MIC17C. A análise das sequências proteicas e das estruturas dos domínios Apple, obtidas por modelagem molecular, mostraram alta identidade sequencial e estrutural entre MIC17A e MIC17C. Apesar de ser paráloga às outras duas, MIC17B apresenta diferenças importantes em sua sequência e estrutura. Para MIC17B e MIC17C foram realizados experimentos de detecção das proteínas nativas nos extratos total e secretado do taquizoíta que sugerem diferentes formas de processamento entre essas proteínas no parasita. Para MIC17B foi confirmada a localização em micronemas, num padrão diferente do observado para MIC17C. Os ensaios de invasão combinados aos de localização indicam que estas proteínas estejam relacionadas ao processo de invasão celular, porém, suas funções permanecem desconhecidas. O secretoma é o conjunto de proteínas secretadas pelo parasita e, para explorar a composição deste extrato (ESA) no taquizoíta de N. caninum, duas abordagens complementares foram utilizadas. Na primeira abordagem foram identificadas as proteínas presentes no ESA por espectrometria de massas. Na segunda abordagem realizou-se uma ii quantificação relativa das proteínas, marcadas por dois isótopos, nos extratos totais de taquizoítas submetidos ou não ao estímulo secretório. O resultado esperado seria com as proteínas secretadas diminuídas no parasita estimulado. Em ambas as abordagens foram utilizadas técnicas de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (nanoLC-MS/MS), o que resultou num alto número de identificações; 615 proteínas no ESA e 2011 proteínas quantificadas. A comparação das duas abordagens permitiu o reconhecimento de proteínas com maior probabilidade de secreção. Uma rede de interação entre as proteínas diferencialmente expressas foi predita, gerando resultados que, associados às informações sobre as proteínas aumentadas, permitiram uma investigação sobre proteínas potencialmente envolvidas com a regulação do metabolismo relacionado à secreção. Os resultados obtidos por ambos os estudos aqui demonstrados somam conhecimento acerca do parasita N. caninum e demonstram ser úteis para guiar a busca e seleção de alvos a serem investigados para o desenvolvimento de terapêutica contra a neosporose. / Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa phylum) is an obligatory intracellular parasite like all members from this phylum, some causing diseases with relevant impact on human (Plasmodium and Toxoplasma) and veterinary (Babesia, Eimeria and Cryptosporidium) health. Causative agent of neosporosis, N. caninum has emerged as one of the leading causes of infectious abortion in cattle, generating huge economical losses in worldwide livestock. Due to its recent discovery, knowledge of N. caninum biochemical processes remains scarce, demanding new research for comprehending its survival mechanisms and, consequently, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention. The invasion process has often been investigated in apicomplexans since their survival depends on the success of their entry into the host cell. Proteins secreted from phylum-specific organelles (micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules) are deeply involved with invasion. They are responsible for the initial interaction with the host cell; participate of the moving junction formed in the moment of invasion; and contribute for the stabilization of the parasitophorus vacuole. In this study, the proteins secreted by N. caninum tachyzoites were investigated in two ways: (1) the molecular characterization of Apple domaincontaining proteins; and (2) exploring the parasite secretome. The Apple protein domains are characterized by the ability to interact as protein-protein and proteincarbohydrate, and are present in some microneme proteins with adhesive properties. Here three N. caninum proteins containing Apple domains were characterized: MIC17A, MIC17B and MIC17C. Analyses of the Apple domains sequences and structures, obtained by molecular modeling, revealed high sequential and structural identities between MIC17A and MIC17C. Although being a paralog of the other two proteins, MIC17B presents significant differences in its sequence and structure. Experiments were performed for native MIC17B and MIC17C detection in the total and secreted tachyzoite extracts, suggesting different processing forms for these proteins in the parasite. For MIC17B, the microneme localization was confirmed, differently from the pattern observed for MIC17C. Invasion and localization assays indicated that these proteins are related to the cell invasion process; nevertheless, their functions remain unknown. The secretome is the set of proteins secreted by the parasite and, to explore this extract (ESA) composition in N. caninum, two complementary approaches were used. Firstly proteins present in ESA were identified by mass spectrometry. In the second approach, a relative quantification was performed on the proteomes of ethanol stimulated/non stimulated tachyzoites, expecting that the secreted proteins would be down regulated at the stimulated parasite. Both approaches were performed with high resolution mass spectrometry techniques (nanoLC-MS/MS), reaching a high number of identifications: 615 proteins iv in ESA and 2011 quantified proteins. The comparison between both approaches allowed the recognition of the most likely secreted proteins. An interaction network was predicted, involving the differentially expressed proteins. These results, associated with the information of up regulated proteins, allowed the investigation of proteins potentially involved with the secretion metabolism regulation. The findings from our two studies add up knowledge about N. caninum and demonstrate to be useful in guiding the search and selection for new targets for therapeutic development against neosporosis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaVPR_TESE_1-170.pdf: 4608142 bytes, checksum: 9ed83cbe76a127f48714302cd74c674a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Recently, global demand for ethanol fuel has expanded very rapidly, and this should further increase in the near future, almost all ethanol fuel is produced by fermentation of sucrose or glucose in Brazil and produced by corn in the USA, but these raw materials will not be enough to satisfy international demand. The aim of this work was studied the ethanol production from cashew apple juice. A commercial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for the production of ethanol by fermentation of cashew apple juice. Growth kinetics and ethanol productivity were calculated for batch fermentation with different initial sugar (glucose + fructose) concentration (from 24.4 to 103.1 g.L-1). Maximal ethanol, cell and glycerol concentrations (44.4 g.L-1, 17.17 g.L-1, 6.4 g.L-1, respectively) were obtained when 103.1 g.L-1 of initial sugar concentration were used, respectively. Ethanol yield (YP/S) was calculated as 0.49 g (g glucose + fructose)-1. Pretreatment of cashew apple bagasse (CAB) with dilute sulfuric acid was investigated and evaluated some factors such as sulfuric acid concentration, solid concentration and time of pretreatment at 121?C. The maximum glucose yield (162.9 mg/gCAB) was obtained by the hydrolysis with H2SO4 0.6 mol.L-1 at 121?C for 15 min. Hydrolysate, containing 16 ? 2.0 g.L-1 of glucose, was used as fermentation medium for ethanol production by S. cerevisiae and obtained a ethanol concentration of 10.0 g.L-1 after 4 with a yield and productivity of 0.48 g (g glucose)-1 and 1.43 g.L-1.h-1, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cashew apple bagasse treated with diluted acid (CAB-H) and alkali (CAB-OH) was studied and to evaluate its fermentation to ethanol using S. cerevisiae. Glucose conversion of 82 ? 2 mg per g CAB-H and 730 ? 20 mg per g CAB-OH was obtained when was used 2% (w/v) of solid and loading enzymatic of 30 FPU/g bagasse at 45 ?C. Ethanol concentration and productivity was achieved of 20.0 ? 0.2 g.L-1 and 3.33 g.L-1.h-1, respectively when using CAB-OH hydrolyzate (initial glucose concentration of 52.4 g.L-1). For CAB-H hydrolyzate (initial glucose concentration of 17.4 g.L-1), ethanol concentration and productivity was 8.2 ? 0.1 g.L-1 and 2.7 g.L-1.h-1, respectively. Hydrolyzates fermentation resulted in an ethanol yield of 0.38 g/g glucose and 0.47 g/g glucose, with pretreated CABOH and CAB-H, respectively. The potential of cashew apple bagasse as a source of sugars for ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus CE025 was evaluated too in this work. First, the yeast CE025 was preliminary cultivated in a synthetic medium containing glucose and xylose. Results showed that it was able to produce ethanol and xylitol at pH 4.5. Next, cashew apple bagasse hydrolysate (CABH) was prepared by a diluted sulfuric acid pre-treatment. The fermentation of CABH was conducted at pH 4.5 in a batch-reactor, and only ethanol was produced by K. marxianus CE025. The influence of the temperature in the kinetic parameters was evaluated and best results of ethanol production (12.36 ? 0.06 g.L-1) was achieved at 30 ?C, which is also the optimum temperature for the formation of biomass and the ethanol with a volumetric production rate of 0.25 ? 0.01 g.L-1.h-1 and an ethanol yield of 0.42 ? 0.01 g/g glucose. The results of this study point out the potential of the cashew apple bagasse hydrolysate as a new source of sugars to produce ethanol by S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus CE025. With these results, conclude that the use of cashew apple juice and cashew apple bagasse as substrate for ethanol production will bring economic benefits to the process, because it is a low cost substrate and also solve a disposal problem, adding value to the chain and cashew nut production / Recentemente, a demanda mundial por etanol combust?vel tem se expandido de forma muito r?pida, sendo quase todo etanol combust?vel ? produzido por fermenta??o de sacarose no Brasil ou glicose de milho nos Estados Unidos, por?m, estas mat?rias-primas n?o ser?o suficientes para satisfazer a demanda internacional. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produ??o de bioetanol a partir do ped?nculo de caju. Para tal fim, inicialmente, estudou-se a produ??o de etanol utilizando o suco de caju como fonte de carbono, avaliando a influ?ncia da concentra??o inicial de substrato por Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nessa etapa, os melhores resultados foram utilizando uma concentra??o inicial de a??car de 87,71 g.L-1 obtendo a concentra??o m?xima de etanol de 42,8 ? 3 g.L-1 com uma produtividade de 9,71 g.L-1.h-1 e rendimento de etanol de 0,49 g etanol/g glicose + frutose. Posteriormente, estudou-se a produ??o de etanol utilizando como material lignocelul?sico o baga?o de caju (CAB) que continha 20,9% celulose, 16,3% hemicelulose e 33,6% lignina + cinzas. Inicialmente estudou-se o pr?-tratamento do CAB com ?cido sulf?rico dilu?do avaliando-se diferentes par?metros, obtendo as maiores concentra??es dos a??cares glicose (22,8 ? 1,5 g.L-1) e xilarabin (arabinose + xilose plus, 29,2 ? 2,4 g.L-1), na fra??o l?quida (CAB-H), no pr?-tratamento conduzido em autoclave a 121?C por 15 min usando H2SO4 0,6 mol.L-1 e 30% m/v de CAB, com rendimentos de glicose, xilarabin e a??cares totais de 75,99 ? 5,0, 97,17 ? 8,1 e 173,16 ? 13,0 mg.(g de baga?o)-1, respectivamente. A convers?o obtida nesse pr?-tratamento com base na percentagem de celulose e hemicelulose do CAB foi 322,1 ? 20,1 mg glicose.(g celulose)-1 e 514,1 ? 43,1 mg xilarabin.(g hemicelulose)-1. Na fermenta??o do hidrolisado CAB-H por S. cerevisiae obteve-se 10 g.L-1 de etanol ap?s 4 horas de cultivo, com rendimento de 0,48 g.(g glicose)-1 e produtividade de 2,62 g.L-1h-1. Ap?s, estudou-se a hidr?lise enzim?tica do CAB ap?s pr?-tratamento com H2SO4 dilu?do (CAB-H) e alcalino (CAB-OH) e a fermenta??o dos hidrolisados por S. cerevisiae para produzir etanol. Uma convers?o de glicose de 82 ? 2 mg.(gCAB-H)-1 e 730 ? 20 mg.(gCAB-OH)-1 foi obtida utilizando 2% (m/v) de s?lidos e carga enzim?tica de 30 FPU.(g baga?o)-1 a 45?C. Na fermenta??o conduzida com o hidrolisado obtido da hidr?lise enzim?tica do CAB-OH, obteve-se uma concentra??o de etanol, produtividade e rendimento de 20,0 ? 0,2 g.L-1, 3,33 g.L-1.h-1 e 0,38 g.(g de glicose)-1, respectivamente. Para o hidrolisado da hidr?lise do CAB-H, a concentra??o de etanol foi 8,2 ? 0,1 g.L-1 com 2,7 g.L-1.h-1 de produtividade e rendimento de 0,47 g.(g glicose)-1 em 3 h de ensaio. O potencial do baga?o de caju como fonte de a??cares para a produ??o de etanol por Kluyveromyces marxianus CE025 tamb?m foi avaliado e verificou-se a influ?ncia da temperatura nos par?metros cin?ticos, sendo os ensaios conduzidos em batelada a pH 4,5, utilizado o hidrolisado (CAB-H) como fonte de carbono. Os melhores resultados para a produ??o de etanol foram a 30?C, coincidindo com a temperatura ?tima de crescimento, resultando em 12,36 ? 0,06 g.L-1 de etanol, com uma taxa volum?trica de produ??o de 0,26 ? 0,01 g.L-1.h-1 e rendimento de 0,42 ? 0,01 g.(g de glicose)- 1. Os resultados apresentados demonstram o potencial do ped?nculo de caju (suco e baga?o) como nova fonte de carbono para produzir etanol por S. cerevisiae e K. marxianus CE025

The method an individual uses to handle their passwords is an important measure to be able to protect their sensitive information from data intrusion. The amount of passwords a person uses is increasing rapidly, this leads to the individual having problems with remembering all of them. Using a password manager that stores all passwords, as well as creating unique strong passwords for different websites is a common solution for this problem.  This study aims to deepen the understanding of the individual's password management. Apple’s own password manager iCloud Keychain has been used as the platform of study. This study aims to seek answers on how secure the common user feels towards iCloud Keychain, as well as user experience point of views. How user friendly is the program and what challenges do users experience?  The study is primarily based on a questionnaire, which forms the basis for in-depth interviews with both a selected focus group as well as an expert interview.  The results show divided opinions about the level of security the users feel towards iCloud Keychain, and where connections can be seen based on users previous knowledge in the field. The conclusion includes that iCloud Keychain is quite a strong candidate on the market for password management but it has some issues when it comes to the overall user experience. Areas for development to create an even stronger candidate include amongst others, opening for use on a wider number of platforms, that is; unlocking the program from Apple's ecosystem. / Individens hantering av sina lösenord är en viktig åtgärd för att kunna skydda sin känsliga information från dataintrång. I dagsläget använder människor sig av ett större antal lösenord, vilket gör det svårare att komma ihåg dem. Att använda sig av en lösenordshanterare som samlar alla lösenord, samt även skapar unika lösenord för varje hemsida gör det säkrare för individen.  I denna studie fördjupas förståelsen för individens hantering av lösenord och dess användning av just Apples egna lösenordshanteringsprogram iCloud Nyckelring. Frågor kring användarens känsla av säkerhet gentemot programmet undersöks. Även användarvänligheten och utmaningar med användandet är några av huvudsakerna som undersöks.  Studien bygger framförallt på en enkät, som lägger grunden till en fördjupad intervju med en fokusgrupp samt en expertintervju.  Resultaten påvisar delade meningar kring säkerheten med iCloud Nyckelring, där samband kan dras utifrån om användaren har tidigare kunskap inom området eller inte. Slutsatsen inkluderar att iCloud Nyckelring är en ganska stark kandidat på marknaden för lösenordshantering, men den har vissa problem när det kommer till den övergripande användarupplevelsen. Utvecklingsområden för att skapa en ännu starkare kandidat är till exempel att öppna för användning på ett större antal plattformar, det vill säga; låsa upp programmet från Apples ekosystem.

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to explore disruptive innovation and to determine whether Christensen’s latest version (2015) of the disruptive innovation theory can explain the success of multisided platforms in the music industry. Thus, we analyze three cases studies based on the theory: Napster, Spotify and Apple Music. At the end, we present our results concerning Christensen’s theory’s capability to explain the recent success stories of digital multisided platforms. Research Question - “Does the theory of disruptive innovation explain the success of Multi-sided Platforms in the music industry?” Methodology - A comparative case study with three levels of success gives us a width that we think is necessary in order to draw conclusions. Spotify is considered to be a global market leader while Apple Music is highly successful and market leader in the US. Napster, however, is not considered successful due to the legal issues it has encountered. Secondary data is used on all cases, and an in-depth literature review of the theory which supports the theoretical framework that we use to compare the cases. Findings - This research explores Christensen’s theory that is widely misinterpreted and misapplied in the recent years. Christensen’s theory is heavily built upon a technology factor that drives disruptive innovation, however, this can not explain for instance Spotify’s success, which is according to the original theory is not disruptive. We argue that business model innovation is the driver of disruption in some cases where technology is merely an enabler for business to reach disruptive effects. We would like to propose a stronger categorization of disruption types, such as “technology driven disruption” or “business model driven disruption” in order to identify disruption with different roots. / Syfte - Syftet med denna forskning är att undersöka disruptiv (omstörtande) innovation och att avgöra om Christensens senaste version (2015) av den disruptiva (omstörtande) innovationsteorin kan förklara framgången med flersidiga plattformar inom musikbranschen. Således analyserar vi tre fallstudier baserade på teorin: Napster, Spotify och Apple Music. I slutet presenterar vi våra resultat avseende Christensens teoris förmåga att förklara de senaste framgångshistorierna för digitala flersidiga plattformar. Forskningsfråga - “Förklarar teorin om disruptiv innovation framgången med flersidiga plattformar i musikbranschen?” Metodik - En jämförande fallstudie med tre nivåer av framgång ger oss den bredd som vi tycker är nödvändig för att dra slutsatser. Spotify anses vara en global marknadsledare och Apple Music är mycket framgångsrikt samt marknadsledande i USA. Napster anses emellertid inte framgångsrikt på grund av de rättsliga problem som uppstått. Sekundär data används i alla exempel, samt en djupgående litteraturöversikt av teorin som stöder den teoretiska ramverk som vi använder för att jämföra fallen. Resultat - Denna undersökning utforskar Christensens teori som är brett misstolkad och felaktig tillämpad under de senaste åren. Christensens teori bygger starkt på en teknikfaktor som driver disruptiv innovation, men detta kan inte förklara exempelvis Spotifys framgång, vilken enligt den ursprungliga teorin inte är disruptiv. Vi argumenterar för att affärsmodellinnovation driver störningar i fall där tekniken bara är en katalysator för att verksamheten når disruptiva effekter. Vi skulle vilja föreslå en starkare kategorisering av disruptionstyper, till exempel “tekniskt driven disruption” eller “affärsmodelldisruption” för att identifiera disruptioner med olika rötter.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An investigation of the servicisation phenomenon and its influence on the product life cycle of high technologically manufactured goods. Rising demand for services and ongoing commoditisation of goods has forced businesses to purse alternatives to differentiate themselves in the market place. This has renewed interest to reposition the unit of exchange from a goods dominant to a service dominant perspective. Although applicability of the product life cycle as a marketing tool has often been questioned, it continues to form a fundamental building block of marketing theory. The purpose of this research report was to determine whether the servicisation phenomenon can be utilised as part of corporate strategy to extend the product life cycle of high technological goods. The primary objective was to gain new insight into the interesting and profitable combination of goods and services within the goods manufacturing industry. The main focus was to test whether a service dominant business model can extend the product life cycle. A case study of the product life cycle of the Apple iPod versus Creative’s digital media player value offerings was analysed. The main finding was that the iPod as opposed to Creative’s media player, did show signs of a longer product life cycle in the role of a service delivery vehicle. The service dominant business model has created many alternative revenue streams for Apple. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Ondersoek oor die dienste verskynsel en die invloed daarvan op die produkleefsiklus van hoë tegnologiese goedere. ‘n Toename in die aanvraag na dienste, en voortdurende omskepping van verbruikersartikels in kommoditeite, forseer besighede om na alternatiewe te soek om hulself in die markplek te differensieer. Daar is dus nuwe belang om die eenheid van handel te herdefinieer vanuit ‘n diens perspektief teenoor die tradisionele goedere een. Alhoewel die toepaslikheid van die produkleefsiklus, as ‘n instrument vir bemarkingsbesluitneming, talle keer bevraagteken is, bly dit ‘n hoeksteen van bemarkingsteorie. Die doel van hierdie navorsingsprojek was om te bepaal of die dienste verskynsel gebruik kan word in korporatiewe strategie om die produkleefsiklus te verleng. Die hoof doelwit was om nuwe insig te kry oor hoe ‘n produk en dienste gekombineer kan word om winste van vervaardigers te verbeter. Die hoof fokus was om te toets of ‘n diensgesentreerde besigheidsmodel die produkleefsiklus kan verleng. ‘n Studie van die produkleefsiklus van Apple se iPod is gedoen teenoor dié van Creative se digitale mediaspeler. Daar is bepaal dat die iPod, teenoor Creative se mediaspeler, wel tekens van ‘n langer produkleefsiklus toon, in die rol van ‘n diensleweringsinstrument. Dié diens gesentreerde besigheidsmodel voorsien Apple van vele alternatiewe bronne van inkomste.

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The global movement in agriculture is towards more environmentally friendly, sustainable production practices, since the role of soil microbial functions in ensuring crop production and soil fertility has become more evident in agricultural systems. Furthermore, with the impeding phase-out of methyl bromide, apple replant disease (ARD) is becoming an increasingly important problem and biological management practises are needed. Since microbial activity is generally carbon-limited in agricultural soil, it is widely accepted that management practices providing a range of organic compounds on a regular basis will tend to maintain an active and diverse microbial population. It was hypothesised that the application of various biological amendments can affect soil microbial numbers and function, thereby having a positive effect on fruit tree growth and yield. The effect of continued applications of organic material, various microbial inoculants and biostimulants on tree performance were evaluated in conventional management systems. Field trials were established in a conventional pear orchard, potential apple replant disease sites, as well as an optimally managed, high density apple orchard under controlled fertigation. The use of compost, compost extracts, a Bacillus inoculant and humates were investigated intensively. Furthermore, to improve our understanding of soil biological systems a combination of simple, practical methods were used to evaluate the effect of biological amendments on soil microbial properties and effects were related to tree performance. Regular application of compost extract in combination with compost showed the most significant effect in improving tree performance in commercial pome fruit orchards under various conditions. In the pear orchard, cumulative yield over the first two seasons was improved by more than 50% compared to controls, while in the fertigated orchard yield was improved by 22%. Biological amendments also showed improved growth in orchards suffering from stunted growth symptoms typical of ARD. However, in severe ARD cases methyl bromide fumigation showed the most consistent effects. Other biological amendments which showed positive effects on yield were application of Bacillus inoculants (Biostart®) in combination with a labile C source and a low dosage humate product, as well as a combination of compost and humates. It was clear that a combination of labile organic matter and a diverse group of microorganisms showed most promise. Although for some specific treatments increased microbial numbers and activity may have resulted in improved tree performance, in general, changes in culture-based plate counts, soil enzyme activity and carbon utilisation profiles could not be used as an indicator of yield. It was suggested that improved synchronisation of nutrient release and plant uptake, as well as microbial phytohormone production, may play an important role in improving tree performance with application of biological amendments. More research is needed on the exact mechanisms through which compost extracts improve yield and studies on root growth proliferation, as well as effects in the rhizosphere are recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Binne lanbouverband is daar tans wêreldwyd die neiging om die uitwerking van produksie-praktykte op die omgewing in ag te neem en sodoende meer verantwoordelik op te tree. Omdat die belangrike rol wat grondmikro-organisme funksionering in volhoubare verbouingspraktyke speel nou deeglik besef word, word meer volhoubare bestuurspraktyke bepleit. Hiermee saam, noodsaak aspekte soos die uitfasering van metielbromied vir die beheer van appelhervestigingsiekte, dat biologiese bestuurspraktyke meer aandag geniet. Daar word geredelik aanvaar dat gereelde toediening en aanvulling van organiese materiaal ‘n aktiewe, diverse mikrobe populasie in die grond tot gevolg sal hê. Die hipotese is gestel dat die toediening van ‘n verskeidenheid biologiese produkte grondmikrobe getalle en werking gunstig kan beïnvloed. Dit kan moontlik weer aanleiding gee tot positiewe reaskies wat die groei en drag van vrugtebome betref. In hierdie studie is die uitwerking van voortgesette toedienings van organiese materiaal, mikrobiese inokulante, asook biostimulante, op die prestasievermoë van vrugtebome ondersoek. Veldproewe is uitgelê in ‘n konvensionele peerboord, verskeie boorde met moontlike appelhervestigingsiekte probleme, asook ‘n hoëdigtheidsaanplanting appelboord onder optimale bestuur. ‘n Deeglike ondersoek is gedoen met betrekking tot die gebruik van kompos, komposekstrak, Bacillus-inokulante en humate. Eenvoudige, praktiese metodes is aangewend om vas te stel hoe biologiese toevoegings grondmikrobe eienskappe beïnvloed en of dit verband hou met veranderinge in boomprestasie. Die studie het aangetoon dat die gereelde toediening van komposekstrak saammet kompos, betekenisvolle verbetering in boomprestasie van kernvrugboorde teweeg bring onder verskeie omstandighede. Die kumulatiewe opbrengs van ‘n peerboord is oor twee seisoene met meer as 50% verhoog teenoor die kontrole. In ‘n optimaal bestuurde appelboord onder sproeibemesting, is opbrengs met 22% verhoog in vergelyking met die kontrole. Biologiese toevoegings het ook groei verbeter in boorde waar appelhervestigingsiekte bome se groei vertraag het. In die geval van ernstige appelhervestigingsimptome het metielbromied egter steeds die mees konstante positiewe uitwerking gehad. Ander biologiese toevoegings wat ‘n gunstige uitwerking op opbrengs getoon het, was ‘n kombinasie van Bacillus inokulante, ‘n lae dosis humaat en ‘n aktiewe koolstofbron, asook kompos in kombinasie met humate. Dit is duidelik dat ‘n kombinasie van ‘n maklik afbreekbare koolstofbron (soos kompos) tesame met ‘n diverse groep mikroorganismes mees belowend is vir gebruik in biologiese verbouingssisteme. Resultate toon dat veranderings in aantal organismes gemeet deur plaattellings, die aktiwiteit van grondensieme, en verbruikspotensiaal van verskillende koolstofbronne, nie as ‘n aanduiding van boomprestasie gebruik kan word nie. Daar is voorgestel dat verbeterde sinkronisasie van voedingselementvrystelling en plantopname, sowel as produksie van plantgroeihormone deur mikrobe, moontlik ‘n rol speel by boomreaksies op biologiese toevoegings. Meer navorsing wat verband hou met die meganisme waardeur komposekstrak opbrengs verbeter, is nodig. Verder word studies op fynwortelontwikkeling sowel as aspekte van die wortelrisosfeer aanbeveel.

L'alternance de production est définie comme la charge en fruit d'un arbre irrégulière sur plusieurs années consécutives. La principale hypothèse en soulignant l'alternance est que la charge en fruits d'une année en cours inhibe la formation de fleurs pour l'année suivante. Ce phénomène génère d'importants problèmes agronomiques pour les espèces fruitières comme le pommier, en réduisant la production de fruits au cours des années 'OFF' et la qualité des fruits au cours des années 'ON', tout en augmentant les coûts de gestion des vergers, en particulier pour l'éclaircissage des fruits. Une stratégie pour atténuer l'alternance est de développer de nouvelles variétés avec une production régulière. Les principaux objectifs de ma thèse étaient: (i) d'améliorer les stratégies de phénotypage et les méthodes pour caractériser l'alternance de production, (ii) de disséquer le contrôle génétique de l'alternance de production en utilisant une descendance de pommier en ségrégation et d'identifier les principales régions génétiques responsables de la variation du caractère, et (iii) d'étudier les processus physiologiques sous-jacents à l'alternance de production. J'ai combiné des méthodes comme la modélisation, la génétique quantitative, la détection de Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) et de gènes candidats ainsi que la cartographie et l'expression de gènes.Mon étude a utilisé une population de pommier ségrégation obtenue à partir d'un croisement entre des parents contrastés pour les caractéristiques architecturales et de floraison (‘Starkrimson' x 'Granny Smith'). Le phénotypage de la population pour l'alternance de production a été réalisée à l'échelle d'arbres entiers, en observant les occurrences de floraison pendant six années consécutives, et à l'échelle locale, en observant la succession de méristèmes floraux vs végétative en position terminale de rameaux. De ces données, de nouveaux modèles ont été développés afin de quantifier l'alternance de la production, en tenant compte de la croissance ontogénétique de la production et la présence / absence de floraison entre les années successives le long des pousses courtes. Ceci nous a conduits à proposer de nouveaux descripteurs de la tendance d'un génotype à l'alternance de production dans les premiers stades de développement des arbres et ouvre des possibilités pour une évaluation plus rapide et plus précoce de ce caractère dans les programmes de sélection de fruits à pépins.Pour identifier les régions génomiques impliquées dans l'alternance, une détection de QTL a été réalisée sur la base des données phénotypiques et des valeurs de BLUP obtenues à partir des modèles. J'ai démontré que la régularité de la production est sous contrôle polygénique. J'ai extrait une liste de gènes qui sont présents au sein de ces QTL en utilisant la séquence du génome du pommier. Les principaux gènes candidats identifiés sont liés aux gibbérellines, aux auxines, et à la floraison. J'ai étudié l'expression des gènes candidats co-localisant avec des QTLs par PCR quantitative en utilisant les méristèmes prélevés sur les arbres portant une forte charge en fruits vs une faible charge. Une analyse microarray m'a permis d'obtenir un aperçu global des processus biologiques et de l'expression des gènes qui sont modulés dans le méristème lorsque des fruits sont présents. Certains gènes liés à la floraison, au développement du méristème, aux gibbérellines et aux auxines ont montré un profil d'expression affectée par la présence de fruits.Mes résultats fournissent des éclaircissements sur le contrôle physiologique et génétique de ce caractère complexe qui est l'alternance et ouvrent la perspective d'inclure la régularité de production dans les schémas de sélection de pommier et d'autres espèces fruitières / Biennial bearing is defined as the irregular crop load of a tree over consecutive years. The main assumption underlining biennial bearing is that the fruit load of a given year inhibits flower formation for the following year. This phenomenon generates major agronomic problems for fruit species such as apple, by reducing fruit production during ‘OFF' years and fruit quality during ‘ON' years, while increasing orchard management costs, especially for fruit thinning. A strategy to attenuate biennial bearing is to develop new varieties with regular production. The main objectives of my project were (i) to improve phenotyping strategy and methodology for biennial bearing characterisation, (ii) to dissect the genetic control of biennial bearing using an apple segregating progeny and to identify key genetic regions responsible for the trait variation, and (iii) to investigate physiological processes underlying biennial bearing. I combined methodologies such as modelling, quantitative genetics, candidate gene and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping and gene expression.My study used an apple segregating population issued from a cross between contrasting parents for architectural and flowering features (‘Starkrimson' x ‘Granny Smith'). Phenotyping of the population for biennial bearing was achieved at whole tree scale by observing flowering occurrence for six consecutive years, and at local scale, by observing the succession of floral vs. vegetative meristems in terminal position of shoots. From this data, new models were constructed to quantify the alternation of production, taking into account the ontogenetic increasing trend of production and the presence/absence of flowering between successive years along short shoots. This led us to propose new descriptors of the tendency of a genotype to biennial bearing in the early stages of tree development and opens possibilities for a faster and earlier evaluation of this character in pipfruit breeding programmes and for orchard management.To identify genomic regions involved in biennial bearing, a QTL detection was performed on the basis of phenotypic data and BLUP values obtained from the models. I demonstrated that the regularity of production is under polygenic control. I mined a list of genes that are present within these QTLs using the apple genome sequence. The main candidate genes identified are related to gibberellins, auxins, and flowering.I investigated the expression of candidate genes co-locating with QTLs by quantitative PCR using meristems collected on trees bearing heavy fruit load vs. light crop. A microarray analysis enabled me to obtain a global overview of biological processes and gene expression that are modulated in the meristem when fruits are present. Some genes related to flowering, meristem development, gibberellins and auxins showed an expression profile affected by the presence of fruit.My results provide elucidation on the physiological and genetic control of the complex trait that is biennial bearing and open up the perspective of including regular bearing in breeding schemes for apple and other fruit species.

Vi går mot ett allt mer kontantlöst samhälle, där mobilbetalningar är det betalsätt som används mest efter kortbetalningar. Idag finns det ett stort urval av olika mobila betalningstjänster på marknaden. I denna studie kommer acceptans av digitala plånböcker att undersökas. Digitala plånböcker är betaltjänstapplikationer som bl.a. kan användas för att online och i fysisk butik. Mer specifikt kommer vi att undersöka de digitala plånböckerna Apple Pay och Samsung Pay, vilka är relativt nylanserade på den svenska marknaden. I och med det nya betaltjänstdirektivet (PSD2) som initierades av EU, förväntas fler företag tillhandahålla betalningstjänster som bygger på bankernas API och använda kundens kontoinformation. Denna potentiella förändring av den finansiella marknaden, där företag istället för banker tillhandahåller kunders kontoinformation och sköter deras finansiella tjänster, väcker frågor angående kunders uppfattade förtroende och risk. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkade användares acceptans och avsikten att använda dessa digitala plånböcker. Dessa faktorer baserades på E-commerce acceptance model, vilken baserades på den etablerade modellen Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) och litteratur om faktorerna risk och förtroende. Data som låg till grund för empirin hämtades från elektroniska enkäter. Resultatet påvisade att faktorerna uppfattad nytta och förtroende hade starkast påverkan på respondenternas avsikt att använda de digitala plånböckerna. Resultatet och urvalet diskuterades även utifrån teorin Diffusion of Innovations för att kontextualisera studien. / We are moving towards an increasingly cash-free society, where mobile payments are the most frequently used payment method after card payment. Today there is a wide selection of different mobile payment services on the market. This study will focus on acceptance of digital wallets, which are payment service applications that can be used online as well as in physical stores. More specifically, we will examine the digital wallets Apple Pay and Samsung Pay, which are newly launched on the Swedish market. With the new Payment Service Directive (PSD2) initiated by the EU, more companies are expected to provide payment services based on the bank's APIs to use the customer's account information. This potential change in the financial market, where companies instead of banks manage customer account information and financial services, raises questions about customers' perceived trust and risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate which factors influenced users' acceptance and intent to use digital wallets. These factors are based on the E-commerce acceptance model, which was based on the established model Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and literature on the factors risk and trust. The data which the results were based upon were obtained from electronic surveys. The results indicated that the factors perceived usefulness and trust had the strongest impact on respondents' intention to use the digital wallets. The result and sample were also discussed based on the theory Diffusion of Innovations to contextualize the study.

Continuous-flow microwave heating is an alternative processing technology that can bring advantages to the pasteurization of food products, particularly, fruit-based beverages. This work aimed to study the continuous-flow microwave thermal processing of cloudy apple juice. Dielectric and electric properties of cloudy apple juices, obtained from different varieties and from an industrial plant, were determined from 500 to 3000 MHz and temperatures between 10 °C and 90 °C. At these frequencies, apple variety showed little influence and the permittivity decreased almost linearly with temperature. Inactivation kinetics of pathogen microorganisms (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes) and enzymes (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and pectin methylesterase) were studied and modeled to evaluate non-thermal effects of microwave radiation. For both processing technologies, it was possible to achieve a 5-log10 reduction of E. coli and L. monocytogenes, as recommended by the FDA. Microwave processing in comparison to conventional heating enhanced the microorganism inactivation in 18 out of 28 experiments. Predicted enzyme inactivation curves for pasteurization at 70 °C and 80 °C of the cloudy apple juice showed that pectin methylesterase has the highest thermal resistance and that there was no significant evidence of non-thermal microwave effects. A pilot scale unit used for pasteurizing fruit juices was evaluated and the process was modeled and simulated to determine the average time-temperature history. Mean residence times and dispersion parameters were obtained from internal volume measurements and residence time distribution experiments. Thermal processing experiments using water provided heat transfer coefficients as functions of Reynolds number and also microwave power absorption. Mathematical modeling was used to determine the temperature distribution along the product path and results were validated. Results showed that focused microwave heating provided the necessary temperature increase in a very short time, with a lethality contribution of only 0.7% as compared to 59-68% when using the conventional heat exchanger, which configures over-processing and can decrease product quality. Fresh cloudy apple juice was subjected to continuous flow microwave assisted pasteurization in a pilot scale unit at three processing temperatures (70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C), two flow rate levels and two heating systems (conventional and focused microwave). Good results were obtained for polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase inactivation, but not for pectin methylesterase, which showed to be the most resistant enzyme. A comparative evaluation on quality changes was performed in cloudy apple juice samples pasteurized in the continuous-flow unit. Profile of volatiles of the microwave pasteurized apple juice was more similar to the nonpasteurized juice, in comparison with the conventionally pasteurized juice. However, total organic acids and total soluble sugar contents were not significantly different between both processing technologies. There was an increase of phenolic contents during processing of cloudy apple juice, possibly due to the extraction of phenolic compounds present in suspension of material. Furthermore, it was observed the same trend of antioxidant capacity by DPPH and ORAC methods. In conclusion, this PhD work presents the potential of the microwave-assisted pasteurization in cloudy apple juice regarding enzymatic, microbiological and quality aspects. / Aquecimento de micro-ondas de fluxo contínuo é uma tecnologia de processamento alternativa que pode proporcionar vantagens para a pasteurização de produtos alimentícios, particularmente, bebidas à base de frutas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o processamento térmico de micro-ondas de fluxo contínuo em suco de maçã não clarificado. As propriedades dielétricas e elétricas dos sucos de maçã não clarificados, obtidos de diferentes variedades de maçãs e de uma planta industrial, foram determinadas entre 500 e 3000 MHz e temperaturas entre 10 °C e 90 ° C. Nessas frequências, a variedade da maçã apresentou pouca influência e a permissividade elétrica diminuiu quase linearmente com a temperatura. Cinéticas de inativação de microrganismos patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157: H7 e Listeria monocytogenes) e enzimas (polifenol oxidase, peroxidase e pectina metilesterase) foram estudadas e modeladas a fim de avaliar os efeitos não térmicos da radiação de micro-ondas. Para ambas tecnologias de processamento foi possível obter uma redução de 5-log10 de E. coli e L. monocytogenes, como recomendado pelo FDA. O processamento de micro-ondas em comparação com o aquecimento convencional aumentou a inativação dos micro-organismos em 18 dos 28 experimentos. As curvas de inativação enzimática preditas para pasteurização a 70 ° C e 80 ° C do suco de maçã mostraram que a pectina metilesterase possui a maior resistência térmica e que não houve evidência de efeitos não térmicos. Uma unidade de escala piloto usada para pasteurizar sucos de frutas foi avaliada e o processo foi modelado e simulado para determinar o histórico de tempo-temperatura. Os tempos médios de residência e os parâmetros de dispersão foram obtidos a partir de experimentos de distribuição do tempo de residência e volumes. Experimentos do processamento térmico utilizando água, como produto alimentício, forneceram coeficientes de transferência de calor em função do número de Reynolds e absorção de energia de micro-ondas. A modelagem matemática foi utilizada para determinar a distribuição de temperatura do percurso do produto, e posteriormente, foram validados. Os resultados mostraram que o aquecimento por microondas focalizadas proporcionou o aumento necessário da temperatura em um tempo curto, com uma contribuição de letalidade de apenas 0,7% em comparação a 59-68%, quando usado somente o trocador de calor convencional, o que configura sobre processamento, podendo diminuir a qualidade do produto. O suco de maçã fresco não clarificado foi submetido à pasteurização por micro-ondas em fluxo contínuo em uma unidade de escala piloto em três temperaturas de processamento (70 ° C, 80 ° C e 90 ° C), dois níveis de vazão e dois sistemas de aquecimento (convencional e micro-ondas). Resultados positivos foram obtidos para polifenol oxidase e peroxidase, mas não para a pectina metilesterase demonstrando ser a enzima mais resistente. Uma avaliação comparativa das mudanças de qualidade foi realizada em amostras de suco de maçã pasteurizado na unidade de fluxo contínuo. O perfil de voláteis do suco de maçã pasteurizado por microondas foi mais semelhante ao suco não pasteurizado em comparação ao suco pasteurizado convencionalmente. Entretanto, ácidos orgânicos totais e açúcares solúveis totais não foram significativamente diferentes no processamento por estas duas tecnologias. Houve um aumento de compostos fenólicos durante o processamento do suco de maçã não clarificado, possivelmente devido a extração de compostos fenólicos presentes no material em suspensão. Além disso, foi observado a mesma tendência na atividade antioxidante determinada pelos métodos de DPPH e ORAC. Em conclusão, este trabalho de doutorado apresenta o potencial da pasteurização por micro-ondas em suco de maçã não clarificado quanto aos aspectos enzimáticos, microbiológicos e de qualidade.