This project focused on the development and validation of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of Patulin in apple-based products. Patulin is one of the many mycotoxins that are secondary metabolites from about 60 filamentous fungi. The mold often appears as black or blue on fruit, vegetables or crops. To determine the concentration of Patulin in consumer products is important since it may affect consumer health. The symptoms are often flu-like and can lead to kidney-failure and neurotic damage. The Swedish Food Agency is tasked to analyze consumer products to determine if they are safe to ingest. The European Commission has set maximum residue limits for several toxins that can potentially appear in groceries on the market. Using an UPLC-MS/MS allows for the accurate qualification and quantification of Patulin in apple juice and purees. The method was validated by analyzing several lots of apple juices and a proficiency test from Fapas®. The recovery rate ranged between 70.5-103.8% and were accepted because they met the recovery criteria in Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 for Patulin.

The medical health industry is entering a new era and technology will play a great role in this area. Equipment in hospitals is in many cases strictly dependent on technology that works. However, technology in the medical health industry will maybe become a bigger part of our private lifestyle. This lifestyle includes digital health apps, wearables and devices that track your daily physical routines with “Internet of things”. These ways of keeping track of your health can be used for private purposes, but also to complement medical studies with clinical results. This thesis will focus on how wearables can complement a medical study where patients with severe heart failure will use the smartwatch Apple Watch. This smartwatch will collect data on patients daily physical activity pattern and thereafter analyze this data in order to find activity patterns. This thesis intends to answer the questions How can wearables such as the Apple Watch benefit medical heart research? and what makes the Apple Watch a suitable wearable for the medical study at Lund’s University Hospital? Interviews were therefore held with medical heart researchers and addressed the purpose of the medical study and their choice of wearable. Thereafter, a examination of the Apple Watch was conducted and it together with the interview indicated that the Apple Watch in fact is a suitable wearable. Finally, an exportation process where data from the Apple Watch was done where the exported data then was decoded in Microsoft Excel. The purpose of this was to examine statements that were revealed in the interview. That being said, the thesis came to the conclusion that the Apple Watch contributes a lot when mixing complementing data from wearables with clinical records. Another conclusion was that this tracking device was suitable for the medical study. In what extension the Apple Watch is suitable, is yet unclear since the medical study is in need of further patients and research where one compares wearables against each other.

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Missbruk av dominerande ställning regleras i artikel 102 fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt (FEUF) och berör främst stora multinationella företag. För att artikeln ska bli aktuell krävs att det berörda företaget först och främst har en dominerande ställning inom en viss definierad marknad. Att inneha en dominant position är tillåtet men det innebär skärpta regler för hur företaget får agera gentemot konkurrenter och konsumenter på marknaden, så kallade konkurrensregler. I takt med digitaliseringen har stora teknikbolag skapats, vilka systematiskt och upprepade gånger har överträtt artikel 102 FEUF och dömts till stora böter av Europeiska kommissionen.  Apple är ett företag som blivit föremål för utredning av EU-kommissionen för överträdelse av artikel 102 FEUF. När uppsatsen skrivs utreds Apple samtidigt för två eventuella överträdelser gällande missbruk av dominerande ställning. Vi skribenter utreder och analyserar vilket beslut som kommissionen bör komma fram till. Kortfattat handlar fallen om oskäliga avtalsvillkor för apputvecklare och begränsningar av mobila betalningar på iOS-enheter. I båda fallen görs bedömningen att Apple har missbrukat sin dominerande ställning. Bedömningen grundas på jämförelse med tidigare praxis där andra stora teknikbolag dömts för överträdelse av artikel 102 FEUF.  Eftersom kommissionen nyligen antagit lagar på konkurrensrättens område är det relevant att inkludera dem i en sidoanalys. Digital Markets Act och Digital Services Act är inte tillämpliga på Apples fall, eftersom lagarna inte var gällande när Apple begick de konkurrensbegränsande gärningarna, men lagarna kommer i framtiden fungera som konkurrensrättslig specialreglering mot de stora teknikbolagen.

As a college student, there is a risk of spending a large part of the day with sedentary studies, which can have negative effects on students' health. With the intention of counteracting this and devoting more time to physical activity, Wearable fitness tracker (WFT) is an increasingly common technical aid for students. The most sought-after option on the market among students is Apple's smartwatch called the Apple Watch. In previous studies conducted on wearable fitness trackers, it was shown that the use of WFTs resulted in the perception of health having positive changes. Similarly, studies concerning the integrated social functions showed that the use of these significantly increases the individual's intention to continue exercising and to continue using the service that provided the functions. Therefore, this study examined whether the usability of the exercise-related features of the Apple Watch has an impact on the attitude toward physical activity of college students. This quantitative study used a digital survey with a variety of questions for participants to answer. The System Usability Scale was used as the basis for some of the questions that would measure usability, and the Exercise Motives and Gains Index (EMGI) was used to measure attitudes towards training. The results of the study showed that the usability for mainly two categories of functions, Gaming and Sharing, was of great importance for whether the attitude towards physical activity changed. In addition, 3% of participants claim to not meet the health recommendations after owning the Apple Watch, which is a decrease compared to the 29% before the smartwatch was acquired. Despite the reported numbers that the vast majority claim to be more physically active since acquiring the Apple Watch, no connection between a change in attitude and the increase could be established. / Universitetsstudenter riskerar att tillbringa en stor del av dagen åt stillasittande studier, vilket kan ha negativa effekter på deras hälsa. Med avsikt att motverka detta och ägna mer tid åt fysisk aktivitet är Wearable Fitness Trackers (WFT) ett allt vanligare tekniskt hjälpmedel för studenter. Ett av de mest efterfrågade alternativen på marknaden bland studenter är smartklockan Apple Watch. I tidigare studier utförda på Wearable Fitness Trackers visades att fortsatt användning av WFTs hade en positiv relation med upplevda hälsoförbättringar. Andra studier som rörde spelifierade och sociala funktioner i hälsoappar och WFTs, visade att användning av de funktionerna ökar intentionen att fortsätta använda tjänsterna eller tekniken, samt att fortsätta träna. I denna studie undersöktes huruvida användbarheten av de träningsrelaterade funktionerna i Apple Watch har en påverkan på inställningen till fysisk aktivitet hos universitetsstudenter. Denna kvantitativa studie använde en digital enkät med ett flertal frågor för deltagarna att besvara. System Usability Scale användes för att mäta användbarhet, och Exercise Motives and Gains Index (EMGI) användes för mätning av inställning till fysisk aktivitet. Resultatet av studien visade att användbarheten för två funktionskategorier, Gaming och Sharing, hade stor betydelse för om inställningen till fysisk aktivitet förändrats. Dessutom uppgav 3% av deltagarna att de inte uppfyllde hälsorekommendationerna efter ägandet av Apple Watch, vilket är en minskning jämfört med 29 procent innan smartklockan införskaffades. Trots att en överväldigande majoritet av deltagarna uppgett att de utövar mer fysisk aktivitet idag, kunde ingen koppling mellan en förändring i attityd och den ökning som uppgavs etableras.

The Apple Watch is capable of recording single-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). To incorporate such devices in routine medical care, the reliability of such devices to obtain precordial leads needs to be validated. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and reliability of a smartwatch (SW) to obtain precordial leads compared to standard ECGs. We included 100 participants (62 male, aged 62.8 ± 13.1 years) with sinus rhythm and recorded a standard 12-lead ECG and the precordial leads with the Apple Watch. The ECGs were quantitively compared. A total of 98 patients were able to record precordial leads without assistance. A strong correlation was observed between the amplitude of the standard and SW-ECGs’ waves, in terms of P waves, QRS-complexes, and T waves (all p-values < 0.01). A significant correlation was observed between the two methods regarding the duration of the ECG waves (all p-values < 0.01). Assessment of polarity showed a significant and a strong concordance between the ECGs’ waves in all six leads (91–100%, all p-values < 0.001). In conclusion, 98% of patients were able to record precordial leads using a SW without assistance. The SW is feasible and reliable for obtaining valid precordial-lead ECG recordings as a validated alternative to a standard ECG.

Some of the recently released smartwatch products feature a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recording capability. The reliability of obtaining 3-lead ECG with smartwatches is yet to be confirmed in a large study. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and reliability of smartwatch to obtain 3-lead ECG recordings, the classical Einthoven ECG leads I-III compared to standard ECG. To record lead I, the watch was worn on the left wrist and the right index finger was placed on the digital crown for 30 s. For lead II, the watch was placed on the lower abdomen and the right index finger was placed on the digital crown for 30 s. For lead III, the same process was repeated with the left index finger. Spearman correlation and Bland-Altman tests were used for data analysis. A total of 300 smartwatch ECG tracings were successfully obtained. ECG waves’ characteristics of all three leads obtained from the smartwatch had a similar duration, amplitude, and polarity compared to standard ECG. The results of this study suggested that the examined smartwatch (Apple Watch Series 4) could obtain 3-lead ECG tracings, including Einthoven leads I, II, and III by placing the smartwatch on the described positions.

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