Em um contexto de sustentabilidade onde resíduos devem ser aproveitados na tentativa de gerar novos produtos, energéticos ou não encontra-se o bagaço de maçã, o resíduo oriundo da prensagem do fruto no processo de produção de suco. Tal biomassa é composta por cascas, polpa, talos e sementes. Representa cerca de 30% da produção anual de maçã no Brasil e tem como opção de utilização, suplementação de ração animal e adubação orgânica. Uma alternativa de aproveitamento para esta biomassa está na sua utilização em bioprocessos como na produção de etanol, xilitol, dentre outros. O xilitol e o etanol vêm sendo amplamente investigados, o xilitol por suas diversas aplicações nos setores odontológico, farmacêutico e alimentício e o etanol pela sua utilização em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis. Desta forma o presente trabalho avaliou o aproveitamento do bagaço de maçã como matéria-prima em bioprocessos. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas etapas de caracterização da biomassa; obtenção por hidrólise ácida (1% H2SO4, 121?C, 20 min.), concentração a vácuo e, destoxificação (1% de carvão vegetal ativo e ajuste de pH), do hidrolisado hemicelulósico; e fermentação deste hidrolisado por Candida guilliermondii e Kluyveromyces marxianus. As fermentações foram desenvolvidas em frascos Erlenmeyer (125mL), em shaker rotatório (200 rpm, 30°C) por 96 horas, empregando como meio de cultivo o hidrolisado hemicelulósico suplementado com (g.L-1) solução de extrato de farelo de arroz (20); CaCl2.2H2O (0,1) e (NH4)2SO4 (2,0). No presente trabalho, o bagaço de maçã apresentou teores (%) de 32,62 de celulose, 25,38 de lignina e 23,60 de hemicelulose, enquanto o hidrolisado o qual foi destoxificado em separado para as fermentações com as leveduras teve como constituintes (g.L-1): xilose (29,65), glicose (20,79), arabinose (19,93), ácido acético (2,07), furfural (0,03) e hidroximetilfurfural (0,11). Foi constatado que ambas as leveduras consumiram totalmente a glicose (12h) e parcialmente as pentoses, xilose e arabinose, sendo a última consumida lentamente por C. guilliermondii e apenas nas últimas 24 horas de cultivo por K. marxianus Como resultado, C. guilliermondii produziu xilitol (9,35g.L-1) e K. marxianus tanto xilitol (9,10g.L-1) quanto etanol (10,47 g.L-1) como principais bioprodutos. As máximas atividades enzimáticas (U/mgprot) de xilose redutase (XR) e xilitol desidrogenase (XDH) das leveduras empregadas foram 0,23 e 0,53 para C. guilliermondii e 0,08 e 0,08 para K. marxianus, respectivamente. Baseando-se nos resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, pode-se afirmar que o bagaço de maçã é uma biomassa promissora para ser aproveitada como matéria-prima em bioprocessos que visam a produção de xilitol e/ou etanol. / In a sustainability context in which residues must be used for obtaining new energetic or non-energetic products, vegetal biomass becomes an important feedstock for bioprocess. One of those residues is apple pomace, which is produced in the fruit milling during the juice production process. This biomass is composed by skin, pulp, stalk and seeds. It represents about 30% of apple annual production in Brazil, and the conventional uses are animal feeding and organic fertilization. One alternative to use this biomass is its utilization as feedstock in bioprocesses, such as ethanol and xylitol production. Extensive research is being performed in xylitol and ethanol production due to the important applications of xylitol in odontological, pharmaceutical and food industries, as well as because of the utilization of ethanol as substitute of fossil fuels. In this way, the present work evaluated the use of apple pomace as feedstock for bioprocess, through the development of stages of biomass characterization; dilute-acid hydrolysis (1% H2SO4, 121?C, 20 min.), vacuum concentration and detoxification (pH adjustment and activated charcoal adsorption) of the hemicellulosic hydrolysate and fermentation of this hydrolysate by Candida guilliermondii and Kluyveromyces marxianus. The fermentations were performed in Erlenmeyer flasks (125mL) in a rotatory shake (200rpm, 30ºC) for 96h, employing as culture medium the hemicellulosic hydrolysate supplemented with (g.L-1) rice bran extract (20), CaCl2·2H2O (0.1) and (NH4)2SO4 (2.0). In this work, the composition (%) of apple was 32.62 of cellulose, 25.38 of lignin and 23.60 of hemicellulose. The hydrolysate was separately detoxified for the fermentations with the yeasts, and has the following composition (g.L-1): xylose (29.65), glucose (20.79), arabinose (19.93), acetic acid (2.07), furfural (0.03) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (0.11). It was verified that both yeasts consumed totally glucose (12h) and partially pentoses, i.e. xylose and arabinose, the latter being consumed slowly by C. guilliermondii and only in the last 24h of fermentation by K. marxianus. The main products for C. guilliermondii was xylitol (9.35g.L-1) while for K. marxianus it was ethanol (10.47g.L-1) and xylitol (9.10 g.L-1) as well. The maximum enzymatic activities (U/mgprot) of Xylose Reductase (XR) and Xylitol Dehydrogenase (XDH) were 0.23 e 0.53 for C. guilliermondii and 0.08 and 0.08 for K. marxianus, respectively. Based on the results of the present work, it can be stated that apple pomace is a promissory biomass to be used as feedstock in bioprocess for xylitol and/or ethanol production.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A identificaÃÃo de locos que controlam caracterÃsticas quantitativas (QTLs), e a seleÃÃo assistida por marcadores moleculares associados a esses QTLs, tem despertado grande interesse em programas de melhoramento visando à qualidade dos frutos. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a qualidade de cajus em genÃtipos de cajueiro e identificar QTLs candidatos relacionados com estes caracteres, utilizando os mapas genÃticos jà desenvolvidos para o cajueiro. Para as anÃlises fÃsicas e fÃsico-quÃmicas foram coletados quinze cajus/planta em 66 plantas da geraÃÃo F1 originada do cruzamento CCP 1001 x CP 96 e no clone CCP 76, utilizado como testemunha. Foram avaliadas as seguintes caracterÃsticas: coloraÃÃo (luminosidade, intensidade de vermelho e amarelo), pesos (total, castanha e pedÃnculo), tamanho (comprimento, diÃmetros basal e apical), fenÃlicos oligomÃricos, sÃlidos solÃveis totais, acidez total titulÃvel, doÃura e vitamina C. Para identificaÃÃo dos QTLs candidatos foram utilizadas as metodologias de mapeamento nÃo paramÃtrico, mapeamento de intervalo e mapeamento de QTLs mÃltiplos. Os resultados demonstraram elevada variaÃÃo fenotÃpica na geraÃÃo F1 para todos os caracteres em estudo, com potencial para seleÃÃo de genÃtipos que atendam as exigÃncias do mercado in natura. As anÃlises de QTLs permitiram a identificaÃÃo de 54 QTLs associados a qualidade do pedÃnculo. O carÃter que apresentou o menor nÃmero de QTLs foi intensidade de vermelho, com dois, e o que apresentou o maior nÃmero foi o peso do pedÃnculo, com sete. Estes QTLs explicaram entre 3,15 % e 21,33 % da variaÃÃo fenotÃpica total. Os resultados obtidos suportam fortemente a presenÃa de QTLs verdadeiros. Estes QTLs estÃo em processo de validaÃÃo para que possam ser utilizados na seleÃÃo assistida por marcadores em programas de melhoramento genÃtico do cajueiro. / Detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and marker assisted selection associated with theses QTLs have shown a great interest in breeding programs focused on fruit quality traits. The aim of this work were to study the quality of cashew apple in several genotypes and identify QTLs associated with these traits, using the cashew genetic maps already developed. For the physical and physical-chemical analyses, it was collected 15 cashew apple per plant, from 66 genotypes of the generation F1 originated from the cross CCP 1001 x CP 96 and from the clone CCP 76, used as a control. The following characteristics were evaluated: color (lightness, redness and yellowness), weight (whole, nut and apple), apple length and diameter (upper and lower), oligomeric phenolic, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), TSS/TTA ration and vitamin C. Detection of candidate QTLs were realized using the methods non-parametric mapping, interval mapping and multiple QTL mapping. The results evidence high phenotypic variability in the generation F1 for all characters analyzed, with potential for the selection of genotypes with the best characteristics for fresh fruit market. The QTL analyses showed 54 QTLs associated with quality of cashew apple. The characteristic redness presented the lowest number of QTL (two), while apple weight demonstrated the highest number (seven). These QTLs explained 3.15 to 21.33 % of the total phenotypic variance. The results strongly support the presence of true QTLs. These QTLs are in the process of validation to be used in the marker assisted selection in cashew breeding programs.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Plodovi jabuke su tokom čitave godine prisutni u ishrani beba, dece i odraslih ljudi zbog čega je kvalitet i zdravstevena bezbednost ovih namirnica od izuzetnog značaja. Veliki broj fitopatogenih gljiva su prouzrokovači bolesti jabuka međutim, među značajnim prouzrokovačima bolesti jabuka u skladi&scaron;tima spominju se gljive iz rodova Alternaria i Fusarium. Smatra se da su zdravstveno bezbedni plodovi jabuke pre svega zdravi plodovi, bez prisustva fitopatogenih gljiva i bez ostataka fungicida. Sve veća briga oko primene sintetičkih fungicida zbog njihove toksičnosti, razvoja rezistentnosti patogena na fungicide i &scaron;tetnih efekata na životnu sredinu i zdravlje ljudi, doveli su do potrebe za pronalaženjem alternative hemijskoj za&scaron;titi, a jedno od mogućih se ogleda upravo u primeni biotehnolo&scaron;kim postupkom proizvedenih agenasa. Budući da su visoki tro&scaron;kovi biotehnolo&scaron;ke proizvodnje osnovna prepreka za &scaron;iru primenu ovih agenasa, optimizacija uslova izvođenja biosinteze predstavlja najvažniji korak ka njenom prevazilaženju. Stoga je kao cilj istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije definisana optimizacija biosinteze antagonista skladi&scaron;nih patogena jabuke primenom Streptomyces hygroscopicus na nivou laboratorijskog bioreaktora u pogledu odabira izvora ugljenika i azota i količina izvora ugljenika, azota i fosfora u hranljivoj podlozi za biosintezu željenih antagonističkih agenasa, kao i parametara biosinteze sa posebnim osvrtom na intenzitet primenjene aeracije i me&scaron;anja. Analizom dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da se podloga za kultivaciju S. hygroscopicus koja je sadržala glicerol i pored već prisutnog azota u podlozi nije sadržala dodatni izvor azota, pokazala kao najpogodnija za produkciju željenih antagonističkih agenasa efikasnih protiv izolata vrsta A. alternata i F. avenaceum. Rezultati optimizacije sastava hranljive podloge ukazuju da se primenom definisanih optimalnih vrednosti ispitivanih faktora, koje su: sadržaj glicerola od 20 g/l, sadržaj (NH₄)₂SO₄ od 0,25 g/l i sadržaj K₂HPO₄ od 1,41 g/l u podlozi za biosintezu antagonista skladi&scaron;nih patogena jabuke primenom S. hygroscopicus, na osnovu definisanih matematičkih modela predviđaju sledeće vrednosti parametara toka i parametara uspe&scaron;nosti biosinteze antagonista skladi&scaron;nih patogena jabuke: rezidualni glicerol od 5,3418 g/l; rezidualni azot od 0,193 g/l; rezidualni fosfati od 0,8601 g/l; prečnik zone inhibicije rasta micelije izolata A. alternata KA10 od 28,22 mm; prečnik zone inhibicije rasta micelije izolata A. alternata T1Jg3 od 36,86 mm; prečnik zone inhibicije rasta micelije izolata F. avenaceum KA12 od 25,54 mm i prečnik zone inhibicije rasta micelije izolata F. avenaceum KA13 od 26,78 mm. Rezultati dobijeni ispitivanjem uticaja različitog intenziteta aeracije i brzine me&scaron;anja na biosintezu antagonista skladi&scaron;nih patogena jabuke primenom S. hygroscopicus u laboratorijskom bioreaktoru standardnih geometrijskih odnosa ukupne zapremine 3 l ukazuju da se primenom definisanih optimalnih vrednosti ispitivanih faktora, brzine me&scaron;anja od 100 o/min, intenziteta aeracije od 1,2 l/l/min i pri trajanju kultivacije od 96 h na osnovu definisanih matematičkih modela predviđaju sledeće vrednosti parametara toka i parametara uspe&scaron;nosti biosinteze antagonista skladi&scaron;nih patogena jabuke: rezidualni glicerol od 8,2645 g/l; rezidualni azot od 0,1723 g/l; rezidualni fosfati od 0,5167 g/l; suva materija 1,5023 g/l; prečnik zone inhibicije rasta micelije izolata A. alternata KA10 od 62,62 mm; prečnik zone inhibicije rasta micelije izolata A. alternata T1Jg3 od 61,09 mm; prečnik zone inhibicije rasta micelije izolata F. avenaceum KA12 od 45,55 mm i prečnik zone inhibicije rasta micelije izolata F. avenaceum KA13 od 43,02 mm. Validnost dobijenih rezultata potvrđena je izvođenjem biosinteze antagonista skladi&scaron;nih patogena jabuke na podlozi optimalnog sastava i primenom optimalnih procesnih parametara u laboratorijskom bioreaktoru standardnih geometrijskih odnosa ukupne zapremine 7l, a efikasnost produkovanih antagonističkih agenasa efikasnih na izolate A. alternata (KA10 i T1Jg3) i F. avenaceum (KA12 i KA13) potvrđena je i u in planta ogledima. Ostavreni rezultati optimizacije biosinteze antagonista skladi&scaron;nih patogena jabuke primenom Streptomyces hygroscopicus na nivou laboratorijskog bioreaktora predstavljaju osnovu za dalje uvećanje razmera do industrijskih, &scaron;to je ključni korak ka potencijalnoj industrijalizaciji predloženog proizvodnog postupka.</p> / <p>Apple fruits are available on the market all year round and their safety is of great importance for the consumers. Unfortunately, many phytopathogenic fungi can cause apple diseases but fungi from the genera Alternaria and Fusarium are listed among important storage pathogens of apple fruits. It is considered that health-safe apple fruits are primarily healthy fruits, without the presence of phytopathogenic fungi and without the remains of fungicides. Excessive use of pesticides in modern agriculture, including those used for control of fungal phytopathogens, has led to several problems related to pollution, environmental degradation and emergence of resistant strains. Biological<br />control of plant pathogens by means of microorganisms is considered as an attractive alternative to chemical-based treatments, with minimal impact on the environment. The main lack of biotechnology production of the antifungal agents are the high costs, so the optimization of the biosynthesis conditions is the most important step towards its overcoming. Therefore, the aim of this research is to optimize the medium composition and process conditions (agitation and aeration rate) of the antagonists of storage apple pathogens biosinthesis by Streptomyces hygroscopicus in laboratory-scale bioreactor. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the S. hygroscopicus cultivation medium containing glycerol as a carbon source, with no additional nitrogen source, proved to be the most suitable for the production of the A. alternate and F. avenaceum antagonistic agents. The results of the optimization of medium for biosynthesis of the antagonists of storage apple pathogens using S. hygroscopicus indicated the following optimal values of the examined factors: the content of glycerol of 20 g/l, (NH₄)₂SO₄ of 0.25 g/l and K₂HPO₄ of 1.41 g/l. By applying the defined optimal values and using the appropriate mathematical models, the following responses are predicted: residual glycerol of 5.3418 g/l; residual nitrogen of 0.193 g/l; residual phosphates of 0.8601 g/l; inhibition zone diameters of A. alternata KA10 of 28.22 mm; inhibition zone diameters of A. alternata T1Jg3 of 36.86 mm; inhibition zone diameters of F. avenaceum KA12 of 25.54 mm and inhibition zone diameters of F. avenaceum KA13 of 26.78 mm. Examining the effect of different agitation and aeration rate on the biosynthesis of antagonists of storage apple pathogens using S. hygroscopicus in a laboratory-scale bioreactor with total volume of 3 l, the following optimal values of the investigated factors are obtained: the agitation rate of 100 rpm, the aeration of 1.2 l/l/min and 96-hour as optimal time of cultivation. Bringing together the appropriate mathematical models and defined optimal values, the following responses are predicted: residual glycerol of 8.2645 g/l; residual nitrogen of 0.1723 g/l; residual phosphates of 0.5167 g/l; biomass content of 1.5023 g/l; inhibition zone diameters of A. alternata KA10 of 62.62 mm; inhibition zone diameters of A. alternata T1Jg3 of 61.09 mm; inhibition zone diameters of F. avenaceum KA12 of 45.55 mm and inhibition zone diameters of F. avenaceum KA13 of 43.02 mm. The validity of the results was confirmed by performing the biosynthesis of the antagonists of storage apple pathogens in the medium with optimal composition and the optimal process parameters in a laboratory-scale bioreactor with the total volume of 7l. The efficacy of produced antagonistic agents effective against A. alternata (KA10 and T1Jg3) and F. avenaceum (KA12 and KA13) isolates was confirmed in vitro and in planta. The results obtained within this research represents the basis for the further enlargement of the scale, which is a key step towards the potential industrialization of the proposed production process.</p>

Direct sun drying is one of the oldest methods of food preservation. A drying method that utilizes solar energy while minimizing negative aspects of sun drying is a solar dryer. However, research about the quality characteristics of fruits and vegetables dried using a solar dryer compared to a traditional dryer is lacking. To measure this, apple, tomato and carrot slices, and grape halves and whole peas were prepared and dried using either a solar or FA dehydrator (FA), Consumer liking was measured using two sensory panels that asked panelists 9-point hedonic questions between like products. Quality differences were analyzed using a TA.XT2 texture analyzer. Color was measured using a Hunterlab colorimeter. There were no significant differences in consumer liking (p<0.05) between drying methods for any fruits and vegetables with regards to overall acceptability. Grapes, tomatoes and carrots all had significant differences in consumer liking with regards to appearance, which correlates well with observed differences in a* values. Consumers liked the aroma of solar-dried peas significantly more. The texture of FA grapes was liked significantly more than their solar counterparts, which likely contributed to consumers significantly ranking the FA grapes higher than their solar counterparts when asked to rank which one they prefer.

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a relatively new method applied to food quality assessment. EIS allows relatively inexpensive assessment, is fast, easy to operate and non-invasive. It has been adopted for investigation of fundamental electrical properties of plant tissues. Although the applications of EIS for food quality determination have been reported previously, the analytical relationships between electrical impedance properties and quality criteria have not yet been fully developed. Further exploration is thus important in acquiring more data on electrical impedance characteristics of fruits and vegetables and researching new approaches for determination of their quality. This dissertation aims to investigate the electrical impedance properties of fruits and vegetables, and explore the relationship between impedance and quality criteria. In particular, the present dissertation outlines experimental research conducted on relationships between impedance properties and fruit tastes as well as the impedance changes observed during ripening process. Impedance measurement to monitor moisture content changes in the progress of drying is also included in this research. In summary, the impedance properties have merits in fruits and vegetables quality assessment. The current used subjective visual inspection and assessment could be replaced by the EIS based approach as it is a more precise measurement of food quality. Further study is required to give this method practical value.

Errata and addenda attached. Bibliography: leaves 195-211. This thesis is concerned with the biology of Eriosoma lanigerum (WAA) and its parasitoid (Aphelinus mali), the impact of the pest on the crop and the effects of pesticides used routinely in South Australian orchards on both woolly apple aphid and the parasitic wasp. The study identifies current management practices of apple growers in South Australia. Aspects of the biology of WAA and A.mali are examined. Work is also done on the toxicity against WAA and A.mali of insecticides used in the control of codling moth and phytophagous mites. The effects of WAA infestation on the growth of young trees are investigated. The seasonal activity of WAA on mature trees is determined over a two season period.

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">The domesticated apple (<i><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">Malus </font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">x </font><i><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">domestica </font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">Borkh.), belonging to the </font><i><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT">Malus </font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">genus of the Rosaceae family, is one of the edible pomaceous fruits. Since it is one of the important commercial fruit crops worldwide, the quality of the fruit is crucial to breeders and farmers as it ultimately determines acceptance of a cultivar for consumption. Fruit quality is also a critical determinant factor that is used to estimate the potential of apples to have a long shelf life. The introduction of marker-assisted selection (MAS) has allowed hastening of traditional breeding and selection of high-quality apple cultivars. The availability of genetic linkage maps, constructed by positioning molecular markers throughout the apple genome, enables the detection and analysis of major genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to the quality traits of a given genotype.&nbsp / herefore, the primary aim of this study was to construct a genetic linkage map of the &lsquo / Golden Delicious&rsquo / x &lsquo / Dietrich&rsquo / population for the identification of QTLs associated with fruit quality traits and then to examine the apple fruit pulp proteome with a specific focus on fruit firmness. In this regard, genomic DNA was extracted from leaves of the &lsquo / Golden Delicious&rsquo / x Dietrich&rsquo / population and used in megaplex PCR reactions. The PCR products were analysed prior to scoring of alleles. Polymorphic markers were then used to construct genetic linkage maps. The genetic linkage maps constructed in this study comprise of 167 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers, 33 of these were newly developed markers. The 17 linkage groups of apple were constructed and aligned to existing apple genetic maps. The maps span 1,437.8 cM and 1,491.5 cM for &lsquo / Golden Delicious&rsquo / and &lsquo / Dietrich&rsquo / , respectively.</font></i></i></i></p>

Le livre électronique est une technologie au succès commercial très récent, mais qui promet de modifier considérablement l'industrie du livre en Amérique du Nord. Cette dernière connaît de nombreuses difficultés : stagnation ou baisse des ventes, baisse du taux de lecture, vieillissement des lecteurs assidus, augmentation du nombre de substituts, baisse constante des prix des livres, inefficience du circuit de distribution avec un nombre important d'invendus et précarité financière des éditeurs. Sans oublier que c'est une industrie polluante et responsable de la déforestation. Les livres électroniques, quant à eux, sont abordables, ils sont interactifs, s'adressent à un public plus jeune et leurs utilisateurs lisent de trois à quatre fois plus d'ouvrages qu'auparavant. La chaîne de valeur des livres numériques est plus efficiente, plus économique et beaucoup plus écologique. Sans oublier que le livre numérique est économiquement plus rentable que le livre imprimé pour les éditeurs. Il est certain que la nouvelle chaîne de distribution obligera certains acteurs traditionnels, tel que les imprimeurs et les distributeurs, à revoir leur rôles s'ils souhaitent survivre. Surtout que le livre numérique représentera une part importante de l'industrie du livre en Amérique du Nord. En ce qui concerne la nouvelle dynamique concurrentielle, Amazon possède le système stratégique qui livre les produits ayant le meilleur ratio qualité/prix aux lecteurs, et sa stratégie de création et domination de marché lui permet d'avoir la part de marché la plus importante. Mais à long terme l'entreprise fera face à Apple Inc., dont le système stratégique est parfaitement configuré pour livrer aux consommateurs une convergence des divertissements multimédia. Avec la segmentation du marché du livre électronique, l'objectif ne sera dès lors plus d'offrir le meilleur lecteur numérique mais de répondre aux différents bénéfices recherchés par les consommateurs, et Apple est l'entreprise qui est la mieux positionné pour aborder l'avenir. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : livre électronique, livre numérique, système stratégique, modèle d'affaires, Kindle, iPad.

Revised; Originally Published: 2000 / 7 pp. / The mid elevations (3,500 to 6,000 feet) in Arizona can be ideal for growing tree fruit. Site selection can make a pronounced effect on how well fruit will grow and produce. The warmer the site the greater the chance of success. Areas where cold air settles are a poor choice for tree fruit production. Variety selection is very important for good fruit production.February and March are the best months to plant bare root trees, although they can be planted anytime during the dormant season. Try to plant 30 days before bud break. Containerized plants are best planted in late September through early October. The open center pruning system allows for more sunlight to reach all the branches of the tree. Whereas the central leader is used with those trees that are less vigorous. Training trees when young is an important step in ensuring a strong scaffold system when bearing. Fruit thinning helps to control fruit size and consistent bearing. Proper fertilization, irrigation, and pest control will promote healthy productive trees.

Sikorskytė A. Auginimo technologijų įtaka 'Elise' obuolių kokybei: Ekologijos specialybės agroekologijos specializacijos magistro darbas / Vadovė V. Rutkovienė; LŽŪU. – K., 2007 – 54 p.: 16 pav., 15 lentelių, 2 priedai. Bibliogr.: 63 pav. SANTRAUKA Magistratūros studijų baigiamajame darbe tiriama auginimo technologijų įtaka Elise obuolių kokybei. Darbo objektas – Malus genties augalo vienos Elise veislės vaisiai, brandinami obelų, kurios auga Kauno kolegijos Kraštotvarkos fakulteto mokomajame – pomologiniame sode (Mastaičiai, Kauno r.). Minėtos veislės obelys auginamos ekologinėmis ir įprastinėmis sąlygomis. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti auginimo technologijų įtaką Elise obuolių kokybei. Darbo metodai – eksperimentinis, atlikti elektrocheminiai ir cheminiai kokybės tyrimai, mokslinės literatūros ir tyrimo duomenų analizė. Darbo rezultatai. Įprastinėmis ir ekologinėmis sąlygomis augintų obuolių kokybė vertinta pagal elektrocheminius, fizinius ir cheminius parametrus. Nustatyta, kad gausesnį derlių subrandino įprastinėmis sąlygomis augančios obelys. Nustatyti koreliaciniai ryšiai tarp elektrocheminių ir fizinių parametrų: stiprūs atvirkštiniai ryšiai yra tarp vaisiaus skersmens (r =-0,88), masės (r =-0,77) ir elektrinio laidžio; atvirkštiniai koreliaciniai ryšiai tarp vaisiaus skersmens ir P vertės (r = -0,85) bei vidutinio stiprumo atvirkštiniai koreliaciniai ryšiai tarp vaisiaus masės ir P vertės (r = -0,67). Esminiai skirtumai nustatyti tarp cheminės sudėties (bendrojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Sikorskytė A. Growing technologies influence on quality of apple ‘Elise’: the final work of Master’s Degree Studies of Agro ecology specialisation of Ecology speciality/ Supervisor V. Rutkovienė; LŽŪU. – K., 2007 – 54 pages: 16 pictures, 15 tables, 2 annexes, 63 literature sources. SUMMARY The final work of Master Degree Studies is based on the research of influence of growing technologies on quality of apple variety Elise. The object of the final work – As an object of the research fruits of one variety Elise of genus Malus plants were selected. Following plants are growing in the educational – phomological garden of Landscape faculty of college of Kaunas (Mastaičiai, Kaunas district). Apple trees of variety Elise are grown under organic and conventional conditions. The aim of the final work – to evaluate the influence of growing technologies on the quality of apple fruits Elise. Methods of the final work – experimental; electrochemical and chemical research of quality has been made; the analysis of science literature and data of research. Result of the final work. The quality of organic farming and conventionally grown apple fruits has been evaluated according to electrochemical, physical and chemical characteristics. Judging by the results obtained the yield from conventional apple trees has been bigger then those grown by the organic farming. The correlation between electrochemical and physical results has been obtained as follows: strong converse relations are among... [to full text]