Esta tese, organizada em três partes, objetiva recuperar o Ensaio de Semântica de Michel Bréal evidenciando a importância de suas idéias para a Lingüística Moderna, para a Semântica e para a Pragmática, e a aplicabilidade da sua teoria na descrição da Língua Portuguesa, em sua modalidade escrita. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, apresenta-se o teor do ensaio, conforme a terceira edição publicada em 1904. Para tanto, parte-se de uma interpretação que relaciona as propostas brealinas àquelas elaboradas pelas disciplinas lingüísticas mais vulgarizadas no Brasil, de modo a comprovar a atualidade e a importância das propostas do ES. Em seguida, a reflexão volta-se para as questões do significado, a fim de demonstrar como semanticistas e pragmatistas têm entendido e interpretado as propostas do fundador da semântica. Esta análise, apresentada na segunda parte da tese, evidencia, de um lado, a importância de suas idéias para os estudos da significação e, de outro, a ausência de trabalhos nos quais haja aplicação prática de seus postulados. Ilustrando como suas propostas podem contribuir para a descrição de determinados fenômenos semânticos da Língua Portuguesa, na terceira parte da tese, sua teoria é empregada na análise de dois textos jornalísticos: um escrito em português brasileiro e outro em português europeu. / This thesis tries to revive Michel Bréal´s Essay of Semantics supporting the importance of it´s ideas for Modern Linguistics in general, and, specially, for Semantics and Pragmatics and the applicability of Bréal\'s postulates to language description. Due to that, contributions for semantics sciences and it´s applicability for written Portuguese language description are shown. The thesis is organized in three parts. In the first, the content of the third edition of the essay (1904) is connected to best known branches of Modern Linguistics in Brazil, connections that serves as evidence for the importance of Bréal`s ideas. In the second part - which deals especifically whit semantic´s issues - there is a critical view of semantician´s and pragmatician´s reviews of the essay. This part reveals the relevance of Breal´s postulates for Semantics (Pragmatics included), but, on the other hand, points out that his ideias have hardly been applied. In the last part, as evidence that to apply his theories is not only possible but desirable, they are used in the analysis of two journalistic papers: one in Brazilian Portuguese and other in European Portuguese.

Este trabalho consiste na investigação da terminologia gramatical árabe, visando à padronização em língua portuguesa. Tendo em vista a grande quantidade dos fenômenos linguísticos, a análise restringiu-se às denominações da classe verbal. Dez termos principais e dezesseis termos secundários foram investigados em três corpora constituídos de gramáticas árabe-árabes; gramáticas árabes elaboradas por arabistas e de obras de referência cujo tema é a terminologia gramatical árabe. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é propor uma padronização em português da terminologia morfossintática do verbo árabe que seja aparente aos leitores especializados brasileiros, a priori, e aos pesquisadores lusófonos cujo objeto de estudo seja a língua árabe. Elabora-se ainda um glossário terminológico Árabe-Português/ Português-Árabe. / This work consists of an investigation of Arabic grammatical terminology, aiming at the standardization in Portuguese language. In view of the great amount of linguistic phenomena, the analysis was restricted to the verbal class names. Ten principal terms and sixteen secondary terms were investigated in three corpora constituted by Arabic-Arabic Grammars; Arabic Grammar elaborated by Arabists and other reference works on Arabic Grammatical Terms. The main aim of this search is to suggest standardization in Portuguese of the morphosynthatic terminology of the Arabic verb which can be understandable to Brazilian skilled readers, at first, to Lusophone searchers whose study objective is Arabic language. It is elaborated a Terminological Glossary Arabic-Portuguese/ Portuguese-Arabic.

Individuals who speak more than one language have been found to enjoy a number of benefits not directly associated with the use of the languages themselves. One of these benefits is that bilingual individuals appear to develop symptoms of dementia 4-5 years later than comparable individuals who speak just one language. Studies on this topic, however, do not consistently account for factors including if the individual learned their second language as a child or later in life, or their language proficiency. In an attempt to more carefully examine these variables, this study looks at structural and resting-state functional MRI scans of the default mode network, English and Spanish (where applicable) proficiency, language background, and demographics of young healthy adults who fall into one of three groups: early bilinguals, late bilinguals, and monolinguals. Of the three groups, late bilinguals were found to have a small but statistically significantly higher level of connectivity compared with early bilinguals in the region of the medial prefrontal cortex; patterns found examining number of languages and language proficiency in relation to functional connectivity and research group also supported this finding. These results indicate studying a language after adolescence could provide neuroprotective benefits of a nature that could potentially help delay symptoms of dementia. Age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, English language proficiency, and Spanish language use did not result in statistically significant findings, the latter of which challenges using frequency of language use to define bilingualism.

This thesis examines the dichotomy of locura/cordura in Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quijote de la Mancha (1605/1615), specifically the nature of the madness of the titular character. Two different aspects of the Quijote are discussed: (1) the dual nature of the personality of Don Quijote/Alonso Quijano as being "sanely insane," that is, that although Don Quijote exhibits symptoms unmistakably indicative of madness, he maintains his sanity underneath this mad façade; the dedicatory sonnets that precede Part 1, the epitaphs that follow the end of Part 1, and the two poems that serve as an epilogue to Part 2 are examined in length in order to show that Don Quijote, and not "Alonso Quijano el Bueno," is the true protagonist of the Quijote; and (2) the roles that the various encantadores play in the Quijote and how they interact with Don Quijote are discussed in order to further explore this dichotomy of locura/cordura.

This study investigated language attitudes toward Valencian Catalan and Castilian among university affiliates in Castellón de la Plana, Spain. One hundred informants completed an online survey regarding attitudes toward and uses of Valencian and Castilian in various situations. The results were first analyzed globally, then again based on the independent variables of age, sex, and mother tongue. The findings suggest that overall, informants held positive attitudes toward Valencian and Castilian and believed that it was important that the local language be preserved and passed down to the next generation. University-aged participants, those whose first language was either Valencian or both Valencian and Castilian, and females tended to hold slightly more positive attitudes toward Valencian than other groups.

This thesis examines the punk genre's evolution into commercial mainstream music in Spain and Mexico. It looks at how this evolution altered both the aesthetic and gesture of the genre. This evolution can be seen by examining four bands that followed similar musical and commercial trajectories. In Spain, Kaka de Luxe and Radio Futura; in Mexico, Size and Ritmo Peligroso. Since punk music's gesture is both visceral and political, various methods of suppressing or containing the punk gesture arise. For both Spain and Mexico, containing the punk gesture was a matter of government censorship in the early years of punk. By the late 1980s, neoliberalism, global tastes, and capitalist interests controlled the punk gesture more than governmental crackdown. The thesis concludes that while the punk gesture was contained for both political and economic reasons during the 1980s, the resurgence of the punk gesture in the 1990s is evidence of the genre's resilience in a capitalist and hegemonic environment.

Este projeto de tese analisa como o método do ciclo de counterbalance, articulado por Lyster (2007), pode influenciar no aumento da precisão da língua dos alunos nos programas de imersão. O objetivo do projeto foi descobrir como tal modelo de lições e atividades pode vir a afetar a precisão dos alunos no uso da língua portuguesa, focando principalmente na concordância nominal e verbal. O projeto foi implementado para duas turmas de imersão de português da 4a série em um programa de imersão no estado de Utah. As descobertas revelam diferenças significativamente relevantes entre a avaliação previa e final no desempenho dos alunos e trazem implicações pedagógicas em relação ao método aplicado, embora, na ausência de um grupo de controle, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela.

Es natural que la lengua materna de un bilingüe cambie. Sin embargo, si un individuo vive en un contexto donde se habla su segunda lengua como lengua mayoritaria, si usa constantemente su segunda lengua y si el uso de su lengua materna ha disminuido, es muy probable que se vea afectado por la atrición de las habilidades lingüísticas. Esta investigación se concentra en el estudio de la atrición léxica del español como lengua materna. Los participantes son mexicanos adultos con educación universitaria entre los 25 y los 35 años de edad, los participantes del grupo experimental (n=10) inmigraron a los Estados Unidos después de los 17 años de edad, y han vivido en este país entre 5 y 16 años. Los participantes del grupo de control (n=10) residen en México y nunca han vivido en un país de habla inglesa. Tres medidas se obtuvieron y analizaron estadísticamente para determinar si el grupo experimental está siendo afectado por la atrición de la lengua: en las medidas de diversidad y la sofisticación léxica los resultados de la investigación revelaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos. Estos resultados resultan similares a los de Keijzer (2017), Schmid y Dusseldrop (2011); y Yilmaz y Schmid (2012). No hubo diferencia en la prueba de fluidez verbal. Los resultados no revelaron significancia de la edad, el tiempo de arribo y el sexo en la media de los resultados, y de la misma manera no se encontró una correlación de los resultados de las pruebas léxicas con el uso del idioma, debido quizá al tamaño de la muestra.

This project is a transcription and translation of a letter from the Japonica Sinica 85 collection of the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu. It was written by an unidentified Jesuit who recounts three years of history (1655-1657) of the Tonkin kingdom (in present-day Vietnam), replacing the annual letters from those years that had been lost at sea. The account includes descriptions of their wars with Cochinchina, the succession of the kingship, and the funeral and burial of the Lê-Triṇh lord, Triṇh Tráng.

This thesis documents the action research study done to investigate the perceived challenges and benefits of a project-based language learning (PBLL) approach in a high school Spanish classroom. The research involved four high school Spanish 3 classes taught by the same teacher. Two classes formed an experimental group and were taught one thematic unit using a PBLL approach, while the other two classes formed the control group and were taught by the same approach that had been used the rest of the year. Two of the objectives of the study were to see how the PBLL approach affected the achievement and writing performance of the experimental group and how the students liked it in comparison to the teaching approach that had been used in the other units during the school year. The third objective was to identify effective steps in setting up project-based language learning in a high school classroom and its possible obstacles. The results from this study found that a PBLL approach possibly affected achievement in grammar in vocabulary from the pre-test to the post-test, but that the writing performance was unaffected. In this thesis, steps to setting up a PBLL unit are documented as well as possible obstacles. The thesis concludes with suggestions for overcoming these obstacles and for further research and collaboration in setting up PBLL units.