Este estudio tiene como objetivo principal el determinar la vigencia de 148 mayismos entre monolingües en español en la ciudad de Cancún, Quintana Roo, México. Después de haber recolectado la información por medio de cuestionarios presentados a 40 informantes, el análisis estadí­stico indica los siguientes resultados generales: 42 palabras resultaron estar vigentes, de las cuales únicamente 27 son empleadas en el habla por más del 50% de los encuestados. Entre los factores sociolingüísticos considerados para este trabajo (sexo, edad y nivel económico) se observa que las mujeres, las personas mayores de 46 años y las personas del nivel bajo tienen el mayor conocimiento de los indigenismos. En cuanto a la clasificación de las palabras según grupos léxicos, es el grupo relativo a personajes sobrenaturales el que muestra mayor vigencia. Asimismo, se perciben cambios en el significado de algunos mayismos. Por último, se establece una nómina final de mayismos a partir de los resultados.

The purpose of this thesis is to study whether target-like articulation of the Spanish tap [ɾ] and trill [r] is achieved by second language learners who have lived in a Spanish-speaking environment for an extensive period of time. The subjects of this study were students at Brigham Young University (BYU) who had spent 18 months to two years in a Spanish-speaking country. Most of the subjects had little to no previous Spanish instruction, but rather learned the language primarily through their contact with native speakers while abroad. In addition to whether or not subjects achieved target-like pronunciation of these two Spanish sounds, this study sought to observe whether or not certain linguistic factors (e.g., neighboring sounds, syllable stress, etc.) and extra-linguistic factors (e.g., previous Spanish instruction, instructors who were native speakers of Spanish, articulation in formal or informal speech, etc.) had influence on their articulation. The results of this study reveal that the subjects were generally successful in articulating the Spanish rhotic sounds. The majority of the subjects pronounced the rhotics in a target-like manner over 80% of the time. Furthermore, while previous studies have claimed that the transfer of the American English approximant [ɹ] is the most common error when acquiring the Spanish tap and trill, the current study suggests that the most common error of L2 speakers who have lived abroad is developmental: the production of the tap [ɾ] in place of the trill /r/. Lastly, it reveals, through the results of a variable rule analysis, that the two most significant factors in accurate tap and trill articulation are its phonetic context and whether or not the participants had received adequate Spanish instruction prior to having lived abroad.

abarcan mucho más que la cuentística, pero este estudio se concentrará en esto último. El objetivo de este trabajo, es investigar la búsqueda de identidad y el aspecto emocional de los personajes femeninos en tres cuentos de la autora, a saber: “Cómo triunfar en la vida”, “Vidas privadas” y “Una vez por semana”, todos pertenecientes a su libro Cómo triunfar en la vida (1998). El propósito es mostrar la importancia del aspecto emocional y su impacto en la búsqueda de identidad de las protagonistas. Para ello, me enfocaré en estos dos temas, los cuales son el motor que afectan e incitan, en cierto modo, a estas mujeres de diferentes estratos sociales, a cometer delitos. La Chuchi y las otras protagonistas de los cuentos, cuyos nombres no se mencionan, son mujeres que salen de la marginación, rompen con los prejuicios y limitaciones sociales, a pesar de sus miedos, van en búsqueda de su identidad. Es decir, tratan de encontrarse a sí mismas, exteriorizar sus ideas y deseos y presentarlos a la sociedad. Más allá de los métodos que utilizan para lograr sus cometidos, son mujeres que salen del molde construido por la sociedad patriarcal. Se lanzan a la aventura y enfrentan peligros, desafiando al poder masculino y desobedeciendo la ley impuesta por el hombre, con el objeto de descubrir y construir su individualidad como seres humanos, capaces de ayudar al enriquecimiento de la sociedad a la cual pertenecen. Los tres personajes femeninos en los cuentos de Angélica Gorodischer, son mujeres de diferentes estratos sociales, pero las tres están unidas por el mismo deseo de triunfar en la vida e irónicamente, las tres usan el mismo instrumento para lograrlo: el delito. La inteligencia, sus emociones y sus deseos de ser legítimas, son herramientas que tienen en común y que utilizan para salir del anonimato.

The purpose of this work is to show how the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa developed a pedagogical strategy based on his main heteronymous trilogy, which is made up of Ricardo Reis, Álvaro de Campos and Alberto Caeiro, in order to defend and establish the foundations for a Portuguese pagan School of thinking. The pedagogical approach used by Pessoa will be shown to be evolutionary, which starts with Reis, goes through Campos and ends up with Caeiro, who is considered the master of this School. The evolutionary aspect of this pedagogical strategy will be demonstrated to be related to the level of acceptance of Christianism and dualism for all three heteronyms. In addition, each heteronym will be identified as a different type of pedagogue and scrutinized in order to identify his main characteristics and role in Pessoa's main objective. A structural model will be proposed to explain the main differences among these three heteronyms regarding the main subject of this work, where a contrast between dualism and monism will be drawn to explain each heteronym's form of paganism, and the main characteristics of their poetry will be found to be related to this model. As a conclusion, we suggest a change in the traditional order in which the poetry of these three heteronyms is studied and presented in anthologies from the order most commonly used (Caeiro – Reis – Campos) to the evolutionary sequence demonstrated here (Reis – Campos – Caeiro), which takes in account the pedagogical purpose of Pessoa's poetry, in order to establish a sequence of study and reading that might achieve in a more efficient way a full appreciation of the work of this genius of poetry.

La noción del infinito en un punto se entrevé en innumerables textos de Jorge Luis Borges. En ellos está el espectro del Aleph y sus variantes apócrifas, engendros homólogos que, en mayor o menor grado, abarcan el laberinto de la eternidad. Las revelaciones del Aleph, sin embargo, conllevan un fin irrefutable: el olvido, la muerte; dos caras del fin del mundo. El Aleph borgeano, además, se asoma de alguna u otra manera por algún resquicio de la literatura moderna. El presente trabajo se centra en dos ejemplos de escritores recientes: Jaime Collyer y Rodrigo Fresán. En la narrativa de ambos encontramos manifestaciones de Alephs apócrifos, parciales, imperfectos; Alephs espurios que, al igual que su referente borgeano, vislumbran un destino insoslayable: el fin del mundo, el olvido absoluto. Un fin que, sin embargo, no representa el final de todo lo que existe, sino el inicio de un nuevo ciclo. En el presente estudio —que abarca diversos textos de Borges, mayormente “El Aleph” y “La escritura del dios”; “Ángel dormido” y “Golpe a golpe” de Collyer; y El fondo del cielo de Fresán— el Aleph se manifiesta íntimamente vinculado al acto de recordar. El tiempo y el espacio que surcan el Aleph aluden al abstracto tejido espacio-temporal de la memoria, que conforma un tumulto simultáneo de tiempos heteróclitos y coexistentes en espacios inmateriales. De manera que las revelaciones del Aleph y de los múltiples Alephs apócrifos funcionan como la memoria que abarca el infinito, pero que presagia un fin inevitable, ya que todo recuerdo cede indefectiblemente al desgaste del olvido. Tal es la naturaleza de la revelación del fin del mundo en el Aleph: manifestar la supremacía absoluta de aquella muerte que es el olvido. El olvido que, sin embargo, acaso es la vedada y silenciosa puerta hacia una revelación superior.

This study seeks to analyze the circular nature of violence and its relation to hope and rebellion in two of Manuel Zapata Olivella's earliest and most important novels: La Calle 10 and Chambacú, corral de negros. These works explore the themes of institutional violence and racial and cultural marginalization within the context of early twentieth century Colombian society. They also present the themes of hope and rebellion in varying ways. By presenting the topic of violence I explore important similarities and differences between the protagonists of the novels and demonstrate how the novels are interconnected thematically and historically.

The study analyzed activities of Spanish Level 1 textbooks used in high school to determine the extent to which they incorporate some of the most respected theories of communicative language learning, in particular the theories of Krashen, Swain, Long and Nunan. Five well known Spanish books were chosen: Realidades, Exprésate, Así­ se dice, Avancemos, and Aventura. For each book, Chapter 2 and Chapter 5 were chosen to be evaluated by two raters. The activities in these chapters were analyzed according to four criteria derived from the abovementioned theories. Results suggest that textbooks may not be in alignment with major theories of how language is acquired. The majority of the activities may fall under the category of meaningless drills, which it is claimed do not contribute to acquisition of a second language.

Intentionality, in its various forms, connects the subject with objects as they appear within the subject's view of the world. Poets, like artists, create with their bodies and perceive the world with their senses and with their souls. Subjects allow objects to reveal themselves, to manifest themselves having identities according to the contexts in which they appear. This system is called intentionality—a phenomenological concept in which appearances have ontological meanings. Phenomenology, as explained by Maurice Merleau-Ponty, provides a theoretical framework within which Pedro Salinas's poetry may be understood and interpreted. Pedro Salinas forms part of Spain's Generation of 1927 and produces collections of poetry about the intentionality of the beloved during a love affair. La voz a ti debida, Razon de Amor, and Largo Lamento form a type of trilogy under the suggestion of his friend Jorge Guillén. Salinas resides in America during and after the Spanish Civil War and composes poems which later appear in Largo Lamento posthumously. "La memoria en las manos" exemplifies how the subject intends the stone and his hands while remembering an experience with the beloved. The poetic self in the poem probes the identities of objects in order to comprehend the essence of the beloved and of himself.Pedro Salinas practices intense observations in real life when he travels. While teaching in various schools across the country, he attends conferences showcasing his literary criticism, poetry, and playwriting. He corresponds prolifically with his wife Margarita Bonmatí­ . Through his correspondence with his wife, we see how despite distances and space, he thinks of her constantly. He relates a theory of tourism that coincides with Merleau-Ponty's "brute expression." On one occasion, he travels to Los Angeles, California to attend a literary conference. Along the way he travels through Missouri, Colorado, and Utah visiting various landscapes, national parks, and cities. He chronicles his impressions in letters to his wife. The letters Salinas writes and the appearances he contemplates show his focus and soul are not only his wife, but also Katherine Whitmore, his lover. Margarita and Katherine form a conflation that Salinas perceives in his surroundings.

The writings of Carolina Maria de Jesus, specifically Quarto de despejo, Casa de alvenaria, Diario de Bitita, and poetry selections from her collection Minha antologia are oft times excluded from "canonical" literature. Many critics both in the press and in academic circles refuse to recognize her writings and story as works of merit, focusing primarily on surface issues without addressing the content of her works. The reason for this is complex, spanning the issues of race, education, socio-economic status, and gender. Contrary to the arguments of many critics over the past sixty years, Carolina's writings are valuable in a political, social, historical, and literary sense. She wrote of her fight against hunger, poverty, and prejudice, and spoke out against the practices of politicians and members of the middle and upper classes towards the poor. Her works contain experiences from a member of Brazil's marginalized population during the mid-twentieth century, something that had never before been published.

Silvia Molina utiliza muy frecuentemente la historicidad para que los personajes de sus novelas se reencuentren. Sin embargo, este trabajo se concentra principalmente en la identidad y las relaciones en la novela En silencio, la lluvia (2008). La autora también se basa en la cultura, primero para darla a conocer a sus lectores y, segundo, para que la protagonista realice una introspección n. El propósito de este estudio es demostrar cómo los personajes femeninos buscan su autoidentidad. Principalmente se demostrará que las relaciones forman una parte integral para que la protagonista busque su autoidentidad. Finalmente, se determinará si la protagonista tiene un encuentro definitivo o no. En esta tesis se ha demostrado el proceso de búsqueda de autoidentidad de la protagonista según los pasos de Carol Christ. Principalmente se analiza el despertar femenino y el entendimiento. También se estudian las relaciones, tanto amorosas como amistosas, como parte de la introspección. Además, se clasifican los tres principales personajes femeninos dentro de las ordenaciones primera, segunda o tercera mujer según la teoría de Gilles Lipovetsky. La teoría sobre la tercera mujer se utiliza para determinar el cambio de la protagonista de segunda a tercera mujer dentro de su búsqueda.