O objeto deste estudo são instituições com projetos dirigidos a jovens, compreendidas como aquelas que concretizam em forma e conteúdo a política, por sua vez tomada como resposta ao conflito entre necessidades de grupos sociais e entre diferentes projetos de hegemonia. Tomou-se juventude como categoria social, que não se encerra no âmbito individual, construída a partir das contradições inerentes à organização e ao funcionamento do modo de produção. Para delineamento do estudo, foi considerado jovem aquele entre 15 e 24 anos. Partiu-se do pressuposto, pautado em revisão bibliográfica, de que as experiências institucionais estariam focalizadas em jovens considerados problemáticos pelas condições de reprodução social ou por seu comportamento desviante e as ações pulverizadas em diferentes entidades de atendimento, para responder a situações/grupos de risco, distante da finalidade de responder necessidades das juventudes. Os objetivos foram descrever as instituições com projetos e ações voltados a jovens do município de Santo André; analisar as características dos projetos e ações desenvolvidas por essas instituições; analisar como os projetos e as ações desenvolvidos por elas se articulam entre si, e com o projeto público municipal. O estudo foi realizado no município paulista de Santo André, onde ressalta-se o acúmulo de atuação resultante de três gestões petistas consecutivas. Onze instituições aceitaram participar da entrevista, instrumento usado para a coleta de dados. Os projetos destinam-se a jovens com precárias condições de reprodução social, selecionados por agrupamento de riscos, com ações que respondem a critérios pré-estabelecidos para se adequarem a algum repasse direto ou indireto de verbas. A juventude como etapa problemática é a abordagem em que se pautavam projetos e ações de dez instituições e apenas em uma a concepção adotada era a do jovem como ator estratégico do desenvolvimento. Paradoxalmente, os projetos oferecem espaços de socialização e acesso a renda que possibilita ao jovem uma certa realização pessoal. Entretanto, a finalidade institucional primordial é afastar jovens do ócio e do desemprego, entendidos como causas de desvios comportamentais, violência e pobreza. As ações mais relatadas são aulas e palestras, para transmissão de técnicas operacionais básicas e de comportamentos para concorrer a colocações no mercado de trabalho. Os resultados evidenciaram ainda que as instituições têm caráter privado. Os projetos institucionais não se articulam e não são monitorados pelo poder público local. A precariedade e a constante ameaça de cortes no orçamento são as marcas profundas desses projetos, que refletem os encaminhamentos das políticas públicas. / The focus of this study is institutions that have projects aimed towards young people, and specifically those that put public policies into operation. Such policies are implemented as responses to the conflict between the needs of social groups and between different civilizing projects. Youth was taken to be a social category that was not closed at individual level, and this was constructed from the contradictions inherent to the organization and functioning of the means of production. To delineate the study, young people were taken to be between 15 and 24 years of age. The initial presupposition, backed by a review of the literature, was that institutional experiences would be focused on young people who were considered problematic (because of the conditions of social reproduction or because of their deviant behavior) and that the disseminated actions at different care-providing entities, for responding to situations and groups at risk, would be far from the purpose of responding to the needs of such young people. The objectives were to describe the institutions that had projects and actions aimed towards young people in the municipality of Santo André; to analyze the characteristics of the projects and the actions developed by these institutions; and to analyze how the projects and actions thus developed interlinked with each other and with the municipal public project. The study was conducted in the municipality of Santo André, state of São Paulo, where it is highlighted that the cumulative actions are the result from three consecutive administrations in the hands of the Workers Party. Eleven institutions agreed to participate in interviews, which were the data gathering instrument. The projects were aimed towards young people with precarious conditions of social reproduction, who were selected through risk grouping, with actions that responded to preestablished eligibility criteria for direct or indirect fund allocation. Youth as a problematic stage was the approach governing the projects and actions of ten institutions, while only one institution took the concept of young people as strategic players for development. The projects provided spaces for socialization and access to income that enabled the young people to achieve a certain degree of self-fulfillment. However, the basic institutional objective was to lead young people away from idleness and unemployment, which were understood to be the causes of behavioral deviation, violence and poverty. The actions most often reported were classes and talks, in order to pass over basic operational and behavioral techniques for competing for placements within the job market. The results also showed that the institutions have private nature. The institutional projects did not interlink and were not monitored by the local public authorities. Precariousness and the constant threat of budgetary cuts deeply marked these projects, which reflected the directions of public policies.

Orientador: Marcelo Weishaupt Proni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hecker_PaulSimon_M.pdf: 1293269 bytes, checksum: 4f23219993c480fb7365b8622774ccd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Economia informal é um conceito proposto pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho para estudar situações ocupacionais que combinam condições de trabalho precárias e remuneração baixa, o que geralmente contribui para a reprodução de desigualdades sociais e da pobreza. No Brasil, a informalidade é um problema crônico que abrange quase 50% da força de trabalho. As causas primárias dessa informalidade se encontram nas características do mercado de trabalho brasileiro, marcado por uma oferta estruturalmente excedente de mão-de-obra, que resulta em uma enorme parcela da força de trabalho submetida a uma inserção ocupacional muito vulnerável e sem acesso a um trabalho digno e proteção social. Partindo das formulações teóricas de Claus Offe e Gosta Esping-Andersen, pode-se afirmar que a informalidade do trabalho no Brasil decorre da insuficiência de políticas públicas capazes de superar a herança deixada pelo modelo de desenvolvimento excludente e de corrigir as distorções produzidas pelo funcionamento do mercado de trabalho. Três grandes linhas de ação política podem ser destacadas como requisitos para fornecer mais e melhores empregos e promover a inclusão social: (i) as políticas macroeconômicas, a política industrial e a política de desenvolvimento regional, que balizam a trajetória de crescimento econômico; (ii) a definição do arranjo institucional que regulamenta e fiscaliza o funcionamento do mercado de trabalho e as relações de emprego; e (iii) as políticas sociais que delimitam o acesso à proteção social e aos serviços sociais, reduzindo a dependência dos trabalhadores pobres em relação ao mercado de trabalho. A maioria daqueles que trabalham informalmente hoje em dia estão excluídos desses esquemas de proteção. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo examinar os efeitos mais visíveis das políticas econômicas, das políticas laborais e das políticas sociais do Governo Lula sobre a economia informal. O primeiro capítulo apresenta o referencial teórico que dá suporte ao estudo. O segundo capítulo esclarece como a informalidade se tornou um problema crônico no Brasil e procura dimensionar suas principais facetas no mercado de trabalho. O terceiro capítulo apresenta indicadores da evolução recente da economia brasileira e menciona as diretrizes das políticas macroeconômicas adotadas. O quarto capítulo focaliza as políticas de mercado de trabalho e as políticas sociais para a constituição da economia informal. Ao final, fica demonstrado que o crescimento econômico substantivo, a regulação mais eficiente do mercado de trabalho e o compromisso com políticas sociais dirigidas para os segmentos mais pobres da população reduziram a informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro ao longo da década passada. Será concluído que crescimento econômico é uma condição necessária para a melhora do problema social da informalidade, mas sem mudanças na direção das políticas sociais e laborais, não é uma condição suficiente / Abstract: Informal economy is a concept proposed by the International Labour Organisation to study occupational situations that combine conditions of precarious work and low remuneration, what generally contributes to the reproduction of social inequalities and poverty. In Brazil, informality is a chronic problem that affects nearly 50% of the workforce. The primary causes of this informality are found in the characteristics of the Brazilian labour market, marked by a structural supply surplus of labour, which results in an enormous part of the workforce being submitted to a very vulnerable occupational insertion without access to decent work and social protection Departing from theoretical perspectives of Claus Offe and Gosta Esping-Andersen, it is affirmed that the informality of work in Brazil results from the insufficiency of public policies that are not able to overcome the heritage of the excluding development model and to correct the distortions produced by the labour market. Three great lines of political action can be emphasized as requirements for the provision of better employment and to improve social inclusion: (i) macroeconomic policies, industrial policies and the regional development policies that mark the trajectory of economic growth; (ii) the definition of the institutional arrangements that regulate and control the functioning of the labour market and the labour relations; and (iii) social policies that restrict the access to social protection and services, reducing the dependency of poor workers from the labour market. The majority of those who work informally today are excluded from these protections schemes. The present work will examine the most visible effects on the informal economy of economic policies and of the social and labour policies during the Lula-Government (2002-2010). The first chapter introduces the theoretical references that are used in the study. The second chapter shows how informality turned into a chronic problem in Brazil and tries to outline its principal labour market facets. The third chapter presents indicators of the recent evolution of the Brazilian economy and mentions the guidelines of the adopted macroeconomic policies. The fourth chapter focuses on the labour market and social policies and their role for the constitution of the informal economy. Finally it will be shown, how substantial economic growth, more effective regulation of the labour market and a commitment with social policies directed towards the poorest segments of the population reduced informality in the Brazilian labour market over the last decade. This will lead to the conclusion, that economic growth is a necessary condition for the improvement of the social problem informality, but without changes in the direction of social and labour policies, it is not a sufficient condition / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

M.A. (Sociology) / Over the past few decades, South African institutions have responded to a prevailing human rights discourse and pressures from the state and labour unions to put a range of key policies in place. Amongst these, family-friendly policies have gained acceptance and prominence. This study explores and analyses the use of family-friendly policies in a major South African bank and establishes reasons why bank staff do and do not make use of such policies, as well as the ways in which the available policies cater for their particular needs. The research probes the experiences of both male and female employees within this South African bank, the challenges that they face and the agency that they display in balancing their work and family lives by making use of the family-friendly policies within the institution. In-depth qualitative interviews and a documentary study of existing policy are the main methods of the study. The sample was comprised of 18 participants with children of 12 years and younger, two childless participants and one union representative. The final analysis reveals that, in general, the participants were reasonably content with the policies that the bank provides and viewed them as adequate. However, they were of the view that more benefits should be forthcoming and that there should be greater consistency in the application of policies. They also raised the inability of staff to discuss personal issues affecting their work efforts with management. Weber suggested that employees in large-scale bureaucracies accept the legal authority of the institution – its rules, functions and hierarchies. The bank as a bureaucracy does indeed frame employees’ social action; however, in present-day South Africa, policy, unlike being what Weber envisaged, is humanising and enabling, rather than constraining, and bank employees are able to exercise their autonomy to make policy work in their favour.

The pension system is an important part of social policy and public budget. Negative demographic development put pressure on the financial sustainability of the pension system therefore political establishment are forced to implement reform measures. The aim of the thesis will be to analyze the pension system of the Czech Republic between 2010 and 2016 and on the basis of this analysis to propose measures for its improvements. In the theoretical part the thesis will examine the social policy and issues of pension systems. At the same time it will pay attention to the international institutions and their proposals. In the practical part the thesis will be focused on demographic development which is a fundamental factor of the long-term stability of the pension system. It will analyze the changes in the pension system in the period under review. The conclusion of the thesis will show the possible ways to improve the stability of the pension system.

[pt] Considerada uma das áreas de maior empregabilidade para o assistente social, a saúde ao longo dos anos tem reservado um espaço de inúmeras produções acadêmicas na área. Essas produções trouxeram para a discussão do Serviço Social na saúde as atividades desenvolvidas pelos profissionais, o trabalho, a multidisciplinaridade e a integralidade das ações que, cotidianamente, podem promover ao usuário do serviço de saúde a possibilidade de acesso a outros direitos sociais. A área da saúde no Brasil passou por marcos de movimentos sociais, como o da Reforma Sanitária e a construção do Sistema Único de Saúde, que hoje se tornou um dos maiores exemplos da idealização e concretização de sistema de saúde pública. Um sistema que garante o acesso universal e acolhe os usuários sob a perspectiva de um conceito ampliado de saúde que compreende o bem estar físico, psicológico e social e interliga a saúde do sujeito a condicionantes como o trabalho, educação, assistência, saneamento básico e lazer, ou seja, outros direitos e benefícios sociais que complementam o atendimento integral ao usuário. Mas este SUS e toda a sua proposta de cuidado em saúde também foi diretamente atingido pelos reflexos de políticas de corte neoliberal e sofreu com as transformações que levaram ao sucateamento dos equipamentos e serviços, bem como da força de trabalho atuante nas unidades de saúde, dentre elas o assistente social. A discussão proposta nesta dissertação tem como objetivo abordar, através de uma análise crítica e construtiva da política de saúde e do espaço institucional da saúde, o trabalho desenvolvido por assistentes sociais de uma unidade de saúde pública de um hospital universitário do Rio de Janeiro, numa equipe multiprofissional. / [en] Considered one of the areas of bigger empregability for the social assistant, the health throughout the years has reserved a space of innumerable academic productions in the area. These productions had brought for the quarrel of the Social Service in the health the activities developed for the professionals, the work, the multidisciplinarity and the completeness of the actions that, daily, can promote to the user of the service of health the possibility of access to other social rights. The area of the health in Brazil passed for landmarks of social movements, as of the Sanitary Reformation and the construction of the Only System of Health that today became one of the biggest examples of the conception and concretion of system of public health. A system that guarantees the universal access and receives the users under the perspective of an extended concept of health that understands the welfare physicist, psychological and social and establish connection the health of subject to they establish conditions as the work, education, assistance, basic sanitation and leisure, that is, other social rights and benefits that complement the integral attendance to the user. But this SUS and all its proposal of care in health also directly was reached by the consequences of politics of neoliberal cut and suffered with the transformations that had taken to the trashing of the equipment and services, as well as of the force of operating work in the units of health, amongst them the social assistant. The quarrel proposal in this research has as objective to approach, through a critical and constructive analysis of the politics of health and the proper space of the institution of the health, the work developed for social assistants of a unit of public health of a university hospital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, inside of the multiprofessional team.

The thesis focuses on subsystems of social politics, specifically pension system and family politics. The core of the thesis is a comparison of these two areas of social system in Czech and Slovak republic. The theoretical part focuses on the development of social politics after the collapse of Czechoslovakia, describes types of pension systems and forms of family politics. The practical part describes the differences between the systems. Apart from the comparison of the functioning of the pension structure, the thesis also compares the countries from the demographical point of view and types of family support. The thesis tries to answer whether there are any cons in Slovak system, Czech system can take an inspiration from. Conclusion of this thesis should reveal whether are there any possible implications of the Slovak system into the Czech one.

This diploma thesis deals with the social policies of the European Union and with poverty. Social policies are divided into five social models, based on basic typologies. Individual social models are characterized separately and the claims are supported by appropriate economic indicators. The practical part builds on these theoretical foundations and examines the dependence of variables and social models. Based on the indicators of poverty, the social situation of the individual states of the European Union is defined. Dependencies were created using indicators of poverty and economic variables. A generalized linear model was designed to determine the dependence of the social situation in the EU based on selected factors.

Human society is dependent on women who ensure their sustainability in the role of mothers. At the same time women participate in the economic prosperity of the family and society. The combination of these two roles puts them at a disadvantage in the labour market. This thesis aims at analyzing the current situation of women from the point of view of motherhood and position on the labour market. The theoretical part deals with two primary areas including social policy and the labour market. Social policy gives information about family policy and state support to mothers in comparison with other countries. The practical part, which is based on methodology, is dedicated to the analysis of the current situation of women and is divided according to the origin of the data. The secondary data were obtained from the public statistical database and the primary one through the questionnaire survey. The outcome of the work reveals significant factors influencing the age at which women have their first child, the dependence between parental leave income, the length of parental leave, and other answers to the research questions.

As with other forms of green crime, timber trafficking is frequently overlooked by traditional criminology. This research is an exploratory investigation into the problem of timber trafficking in Vietnam, which aims to obtain a detailed understanding of the typology of, victimisation from, and key factors driving this crime. To achieve this aim, 41 semi-structured interviews with seven different cohorts (environmental police, investigative police, forest protection officers, commune authorities, forest-based inhabitants, timber traders, and green NGO staff) were conducted. Over one hundred pages of official documents (criminal case records, operational reports, and conference papers), and more than two hundred relevant newspapers were collected and analysed to enhance and triangulate the primary data. This research reveals a multifaceted typology of timber trafficking in Vietnam, comprising five different components: harvesting, transporting, trading, supporting, and processing. Each of these components is further constituted by distinctive, parallel forms of illicit operation. There are, for example, three parallel forms of illegal timber harvesting, termed small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale (SSITH, MSITH and LSITH). While having certain overlaps, in general SSITH, MSITH and LSITH are fundamentally distinctive not only in terms of the volumes of illicit timber they produce and the methods of illegally felling trees they employ, as typically identified in the previous studies, but more importantly in terms of the harvesters‘ attributes, their motivations, and the sophistication and security implications of the criminal operations. It is thus argued that the typology of illegal timber harvesting in this research challenges the typical classification in the existing literature, and offers an alternative way of understanding more comprehensively the dynamic of illegal logging. Regarding the victimisation from timber trafficking, due to the employment of a broad conceptual framework of human security, it is revealed that timber trafficking has substantial harmful impacts on all seven elements of human security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political. These impacts are closely interconnected, but vary between different groups of victims. These findings culminate in the proposal that there are three main typical characteristics of green victimisation: suffering hierarchy, victim-offender overlap, and multidimensionality. Additionally, the employment of a human security paradigm in this research leads to another proposal that it is highly achievable and productive to integrate perspectives from the field of security studies into the discipline of green criminology, for the purpose of systematically examining green victimisation. Finally, this research offers five solutions to control timber trafficking in the context of Vietnam, by refining the current policy framework of forest governance and improving the efficiency of law enforcement.

The diploma work deals with the view of Prof. Dr. Albín Bráf on social politics. Albín Bráf, who wrote many works that treat social politics, was a distinguished Czech economist and politician living on the break of the 19th and 20th century. The aim of the work is to find out what were Bráf's theoretical opinions about social politics and whether he asserted any governmental intervention in this area. The work is divided into two chapters. The first one contains the biography of Bráf. The second chapter describes his view of social politics and is further subdivided into particular sections that deal with issues that Bráf was concerned with (e. g. the insurance of workers, the legislation for the protection of workers, the problematics of wages and alms). This work draws from the Bráf's works concerned with social politics chiefly and uses the method of analysis of original sources and the comparation of Bráf's view with actual Czech conception and understanding of social politics .