Preface: Traditionally, assembly plant establishment in foreign countries has been a way for corporations to avoid high import duties and/or gain access to free-trade zones. With World Trade Organization (WTO) membership rising, and consequently import duties falling, the role of the assembly plant is changing. Purpose Statement: This thesis concentrates on companies that contemplate on, or have ambitions of establishing industrial assembly facilities in the country of Saudi Arabia. The main purpose is to present the disadvantages and advantages associated with assembly plant establishment, as well as to discuss and give recommendations regarding suitable assembly plant goals (long-term) in Saudi Arabia. Research Process: Background information from Scania CV AB and literary sources have provided the foundation for this research’s empirical results, which have been based on interviews, observations and articles obtained in Saudi Arabia, as well as from Scania, Arabic news sources and the Internet. Results: For corporations that can lower their overall costs in Saudi Arabia, the country offers basic assembly prerequisites. For corporations looking for long-term production, the potentiality is limited to a few major industrial areas - namely oil-, gas-, mineral-, plastics-, and chemical related industries.

As we know, China is the biggest developing country with a high speed at its economy development. More and more foreign businesspersons have joined in the promising and attractive Chinese market in order to catch some profitable opportunities to do businesses. However, a lot of issues need to be paid attention to in the business operation. Thus, there are some issues to be presented in this thesis regarding what are the effective ways to do business with China? Understanding the China's culture is an important and essential issue for foreign businesspersons. China's entry the WTO opened its door to more foreign investors who have be granted many preferential policies. Meanwhile, it is also a great challenge for the development of China. And Sino-EU business relationship aslo will be presented in this research to explain how it will take effect on the business doing between the two sides. This research has been approached through the methods of theoretical studies and interviews. It is quite essential for businesspersons to catch the opportunities to do business in the competitive Chinese market and be familiar with the advantageous factors in order to do business effectively in China.

This thesis investigates whether more open trade policymaking processes that include non-governmental entities, by virtue of the divergence of interests represented, lead to a stronger, more legitimate and qualitatively enhanced international trade system. The European Union stands out among major trading powers for its significant and dramatic response to new demands for access and participation. The thesis examines whether improvements in the political opportunity structure for ‘progressive’ Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) result in more legitimate external trade policymaking in the European Union (EU). Legitimacy is assessed along two lines: the way policy is made (procedural legitimacy) and the projected outcomes of policy (substantive legitimacy). The role of NGOs is evaluated in two important cases in the context of World Trade Organization negotiations since 2000. The first concerns the formulation of the formal European Communities’ (EC) position on trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) and access to medicines. The second concerns the EC’s requests for water services liberalization in the context of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 2000 negotiations. Through a critical evaluation of the role of NGOs in these cases, the thesis argues that there is clear potential for NGOs to represent citizens’ demands, constitute a basic form of popular representation and hold decision-makers accountable to a broader public. However, they cannot determine policy outcomes in this arena. This thesis challenges a theoretical perspective on public policymaking called Cosmopolitanism. Grounded in democratic and normative theory, it conceives of Global Civil Society, and NGOs in particular, as major conduits for democracy and social justice in global and/or regional governance. The thesis builds upon the insights of Constructivism to advance an alternative account of the significance of NGOs in the EU’s external trade policymaking process. In particular, it argues that epistemes, the deepest level of the ideational world, dominate the external trade policymaking process. NGOs succeed only when their attempts to achieve more democratic, just, equitable and fair external trade policies in the EU conform broadly to the dominant legal/liberal episteme. When they seek to overrule that episteme, they fail, regardless of their formal involvement in the external trade policymaking process.

This thesis investigates whether more open trade policymaking processes that include non-governmental entities, by virtue of the divergence of interests represented, lead to a stronger, more legitimate and qualitatively enhanced international trade system. The European Union stands out among major trading powers for its significant and dramatic response to new demands for access and participation. The thesis examines whether improvements in the political opportunity structure for ‘progressive’ Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) result in more legitimate external trade policymaking in the European Union (EU). Legitimacy is assessed along two lines: the way policy is made (procedural legitimacy) and the projected outcomes of policy (substantive legitimacy). The role of NGOs is evaluated in two important cases in the context of World Trade Organization negotiations since 2000. The first concerns the formulation of the formal European Communities’ (EC) position on trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) and access to medicines. The second concerns the EC’s requests for water services liberalization in the context of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 2000 negotiations. Through a critical evaluation of the role of NGOs in these cases, the thesis argues that there is clear potential for NGOs to represent citizens’ demands, constitute a basic form of popular representation and hold decision-makers accountable to a broader public. However, they cannot determine policy outcomes in this arena. This thesis challenges a theoretical perspective on public policymaking called Cosmopolitanism. Grounded in democratic and normative theory, it conceives of Global Civil Society, and NGOs in particular, as major conduits for democracy and social justice in global and/or regional governance. The thesis builds upon the insights of Constructivism to advance an alternative account of the significance of NGOs in the EU’s external trade policymaking process. In particular, it argues that epistemes, the deepest level of the ideational world, dominate the external trade policymaking process. NGOs succeed only when their attempts to achieve more democratic, just, equitable and fair external trade policies in the EU conform broadly to the dominant legal/liberal episteme. When they seek to overrule that episteme, they fail, regardless of their formal involvement in the external trade policymaking process.

Wheat trade accounts for one third of world grain trade and is expected to double by 2050.The KRU (Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine) countries account for approximately a quarter of the world wheat exports and are collectively considered one of the key wheat exporting regions. Ukraine became a member of the WTO only in 2008. Russia became an official member of the WTO in 2012. Kazakhstan is expected to follow Russia and reach an accession deal with WTO members shortly. As a result of WTO accession, all three countries will be entitled to “most favoured nation” (MNF tariffs), and hence, gain improved access to a number of important markets that have been largely inaccessible due to very high tariffs that could be charged on imports from non-member countries. World wheat trade liberalization, reflecting the move to the MFN tariff as a result of accession, was simulated using the global simulation model (GSIM). The KRU region’s increased market accessibility as a result of successful accession to the WTO has the potential to foster important re-alignments in world wheat trade flows, prices and changes in welfare among major wheat trading countries. Simulation results suggest that increased access to markets leads to more trade between KRU countries and previously restricted markets. KRU countries trade more with now freer markets such as Turkey, the EU and China. Major traditional wheat exporters such as Australia, Canada, the EU, and the US do not seem to be negatively impacted to any important degree. Their relative market access conditions, however, erode in Turkish, Middle Eastern, and African markets with their trade flows being diverted and broadly distributed among other countries and regions at reduced prices. Trade liberalization is not uniform across regions and therefore leads to different net welfare changes across countries. However, those welfare changes appear to be modest.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and especially during the last decade, a multitude of changes and reforms affecting the business environment of the Russian Federation were observable. This thesis discusses already existing findings and theories dealing with business-impacting changes in the Russian market and investigates their impact on companies operating in the medical technical sector. Moreover, it is examined to what extent networks serve as a mediator between recent and upcoming business-impacting changes and medical device companies. For this purpose, an explanatory multiple case study is conducted which comprises two cases of medical technical companies as well as two institutions which are very familiar with the Russian market. The empirical analysis is based on a framework which summarizes in literature identified business-impacting changes. These are the membership of the WTO, the increasing overall wealth of the Russian population, different political programs to fight corruption and to decrease the extent of bureaucracy as well as various kinds of health care reforms which are launched to deal with the poor health care outcomes of the Russian Federation. Contrary to findings in literature, it is found that the WTO membership as well as the launch of different political programs has no notable impact on companies operating in the medical technical sector. Different health care reforms and an increasing overall wealth of the Russian population, on the other hand, have positive impacts on the demand for medical device products. Moreover, access to well-established networks in the Russian market is a possibility for medical device producers to evaluate the actual effect of business-impacting changes and to initiate corresponding activities. It was found that a clear distinction between different kinds of networks, such as business and social networks, cannot be clearly made for the case of the Russian market.

After joining WTO (World Trade Organization) in 2001, the China government started to adjust its laws, regulations and the limitation of foreign direct invest. As the result, it helps the economic to grow and the foreign direct invest ratio to increase, and finally derive the demand of air cargo delivery. This research focuses on the foreign direct invest on air cargo in China, such as investigate the development of air cargo industry after the globalization in China, discuss the development of transnational air cargo industry in China, and find out how did the foreign air cargo companies enter China and figure out how did they invest. According to the research result, the international trade industry is liberlization than before, especially the distribution service industry, after China joined WTO. In addition, when the foreign direct invest is increasing, the demand of air cargo delivery is also increasing. However, the local air cargo companies could not meet the demand; therefore, the transnational air cargo companies invest the air cargo industry in China. In fact, the transnational air cargo companies and local industry had cooperated with each other by joint venture and win the market share. On the other hand, in order to meet the globalization, the local air cargo companies should cooperate with foreign companies in some ways, such as joint venture or strategic alliance, and than create mutual benefit.

This article aims to explore the influence of Mainland China's inter-governmental relations to the logistics in the Yangtze River Delta region. In short, research results can be summed up and related to Yangtze River Delta regions relationship between inter-structural governmental factors, to allow readers to understand the status of the logistics industry and policy development in the Yangtze River Delta and it¡¦s obstacles. Through governmental inter-system structure, relating to the Yangtze River Delta region's logistics industry environment review, analysis between local government in Yangtze River Delta, and the existence of competitive behavior, different difficulties, as well as logistics management system of the Government; on the other hand, Central Government policies on logistics development in Yangtze River Delta region and the role it plays, furthermore what means of intervention is necessary. Finally we can conclude that, Under the influence of inter-institutional structure, logistics reforms in the management of the local government and functions of the Central Government policies have been meet with difficulty; on the other hand, tax reform in logistics by means of Central Government macro-control, yet still compressed direct access to tax revenue of the local governments financial capacity, resulting in local governments to rely more on other non-tax revenues, indirect effects of layouts and the operation of the logistics industry chain. Due to these structural factors that affect local government in Yangtze River Delta areas causes a dilemma in choosing to compete or cooperate; reflecting to the effectiveness of the reform policies of the Central Government.

Abstract AI (Avian Influenza) it is originally a kind of epidemic disease infecting among the poultry, once the poultry are infected with the Avian Influenza, will cause high death rate and even the poultry do not die and recover may cause productivity drop : laying hens decrease egg production, breeders reduce hatchery, broilers have poor weight gain, therefore increase the farmers producing cost. And in order to prevent Avian Influenza farmers have to avoid infecting and use the right vaccines. But the Taiwan environment is open disinfectant can do not much . The directly effective method is to use the vaccines.But Taiwan no one produces the vaccines at present, the government has not allowed vaccines to import yet either. Even government allow to import but there are too many serum types of the Avian Influenza, and the types do not have cross protect , let farmers have no effective method to prevent the Avian Influenza. once the avian got infection the farmer losses much. The Avian Influenza happens for many years in the poultry, with the time and mutation of the virus, the Avian Influenza become to high pathogenic Avian Influenza (High pathogen Avian Influenza, is abbreviated as HPAI) and infect to the human being . The poultry industry is very important in the animal husbandry of Taiwan, occupy the important position in agricultural production. NowTaiwan farmers not only have to face the internal Avian Influenza infection problem but also to face the step that opens with the internationalization of accession to the WTO. The animal husbandry of Taiwan has produced and faced the serious impact. Though high pathogenic Avian Influenza did not happen in Taiwan yet, but some parts of the world release the case of infecting successively, some cases even cause death. World Health Organization (WHO, World Health Origanization) monitor and control tightly, and prophesy Avian Influenza will lead to the fact that prevails greatly. This research studies the past events in the animal livestock and finds the effect and change of the market. Also use SWOT to know present animal livestock situation.And then to know the changes of high pathogenic Avian Influenza happened in Taiwan (HPAI, High Pathogen Avian Influenza), Finally gives some recommend and strategy to G company. Key words: AI (Avian Influenza), HPAI, High Pathogen Avian Influenza, WTO, Animal production, Strategy

A Study on the Development and the Analysis of Competitive Advantages of Semiconductor Industries across Taiwan Straits Abstract Semiconductor Industry, as frequently referred to as ¡§sangyo no kome¡¨ or ¡§the rice of industries¡¨, plays a critical role in providing most value-added components to all sorts of digital electronic products, and thus, is also the ideal and priority industry to many countries. Taiwan has achieved an important position in the wave of disintegration in global semiconductor industry after its development for tens of years. And it will continue to be substantial to Taiwan¡¦s economic growth and nation¡¦s competitiveness in the foreseeable future. Lately, two noteworthy incidents brought about our attention to the issue of their impacts on the pace of continuous evolution of Taiwan¡¦s semiconductor industry; the former being the WTO accession of both Taiwan and China, and the latter China¡¦s endeavor fostering its semiconductor industry. This paper first studies the characteristics and status quo of global semiconductor industry, as well as that in Taiwan and China. It then explores the impact of WTO accession and three related international agreements on the semiconductor industries on both shores of Taiwan Straits. This study continues to analyze the difference in the intensity of industry competitiveness between Taiwan¡¦s semiconductor industry and that of China, making use of five kinds of analysis models. The author found that the combinational use of Value-Chain Analysis and Diamond Analysis (plus the concept of Clusters) is most suitable and complete for this purpose; the former can be used to judge the relative competitiveness between two industries (with properly defined indices), and the later can be complementarily used to understand the sources of competitiveness, and competitive position, of an industry at certain location. This article also predicts the changes in terms of industry competitiveness, and the scenario of connections and interaction, between Taiwan¡¦s semiconductor industry and that of China in the 5-year future. Within every analysis attempt, suggestions are also made as references to authorities and industry leaders for policy making and strategy formulation.