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Taiwan is a small island and there are more than 90% of the ex/import trade of the country is dominated by the shipping transportation. The shipping transportation is very important to the existence and development of the country. Taiwan and China being an official member of WTO since from the year 2002, the coastal shipping transportation between Taiwan and China is still very busy and even if more frequent than before. The direct navigation between Taiwan and China ports is still strict prohibited by the Taiwan government. All the ships must be direct sailing for the third port such as Hong Kong, Ishigaki Jima, Busan for only port clearance purpose after sailed from China or Taiwan ports, vice versa. The exact effect of the mini three links between China and Taiwan is quite limited, when the major three links will come true is still unclear under the political issue across the Taiwan Strait so far. Taiwan shipping industry is encountering some challenges or obstacles in the current circumstance regarding how to penetrate or break through the existing barriers to be successfully survived in the market or develop their business connection in China those are either coming from Taiwan government or China administration being installed to the Taiwan shipping forwarders. Shipping industry is including the ship owners¡Bshipping agents¡Bfreight forwarders (NVOCC). This study will explore the result of the Taiwan shipping industry can better utilize the company¡¦s core competence to smooth run the business in Taiwan and develop its connection in mainland China. Will use Hansen Group as an individual case by using the company¡¦s strategy of its several different stream business divisions to ¡§think global, act locally¡¨, standing in Taiwan¡Bgo to China and take the world.

Considering the effectiveness of the WTO and global governance in general as insufficient to overcome growing problems in governing a globalizing world, I pursue four objectives. By shedding light on the changes in the environment of the WTO and their implications for the working of the WTO, I first want to underpin the case for structural reforms. My second, and central, aim is to recommend a more effective structure for the WTO. Thirdly, I draw general lessons for global governance from the example of the WTO. And finally, I assess the adequacy of my innovative research design. The research design is characterized by a broad analytical framework that traces how regional integration among nation states and legalization of international institutions affect bargaining and enforcement of international agreements; additionally, it considers trends that affect the WTO. The interdisciplinary theoretical framework combines insights from the fields of international relations, international law, and international economics, and builds upon rationalist and constructivist perspectives.

Univ., Diss.--Saarbrücken, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 247 - 261.

Univ., Diss.--München, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. [389] - 400.

Handelshochsch., Diss.--Leipzig, 2005.

Berlin, Humboldt-Univ.--Zugl. Diss., 2005. / Literaturverz. S. [423] - 458. Zusammenfassungen in engl. u. franz. Sprache.

Encore une fois, il semble que la question des subventions agricoles ait refait surface comme l'élément clé du présent cycle de négociations commerciales multilatérales à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Pourtant, le cycle d'Uruguay, qui s'est achevé en 1994, avait tenté de rétablir l'agriculture comme un secteur «normal» de négociations à l'OMC. Or, il semble que plutôt que d'en faire un secteur comme les autres en ce qui a trait aux subventions, le cycle d'Uruguay ait surtout contribué à établir un régime de disciplines pour l'agriculture qui se distingue à plusieurs égards du régime général établi par l'Accord sur les subventions et les mesures compensatoires (SMC). Une analyse des disciplines en place lors du système GATT (1947-1994) démontre que ce double régime n'avait pas formellement été mis en place avant la conclusion, en 1994, de l'Accord SMC et de l'Accord sur l'agriculture. En fait, malgré quelques distinctions qui sont apparues graduellement, ce clivage ne s'est véritablement effectué qu'à partir du cycle d'Uruguay. Tant sur le plan des subventions à l'exportation que du soutien interne, il apparaît que le système actuel impose des règles beaucoup moins contraignantes pour les subventions de produits agricoles que pour tout autre produit. Cette situation s'explique, en partie, par le haut degré de sensibilité politique de l'agriculture, de même que par certaines particularités économiques intrinsèques à cette industrie. L'avenir de ce double régime demeure encore incertain. Il semble cependant qu'aucun changement en profondeur ne peut être anticipé pour le présent cycle de Doha. / Once again, it seems that the issue of agricultural subsidies has emerged has the key concern of the current round of WTO multilateral trade negotiations - even as the Uruguay Round, which was completed in 1994, had tried to bring agriculture back into a "normal" negotiating sector at the WTO. Rather, it seems that instead of making it a sector like any other concerning subsidies, the Uruguay Round has above al1 contributed to establish a regime of disciplines for agriculture that distinguished itself in many respect from the general regime established by the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM). An examination of disciplines in place during the GATT system (1947-1994) shows that this double regime was not formally instituted before the conclusion, in 1994, of the SCM Agreement and of the Agreement on Agriculture. In fact, despite a few distinctions that evolved gradual1y, this division only real1y established itself from the Uruguay Round onwards. With regard to export subsidies as wel1 as to domestic support, it appears that the current system subjects subsidies in the field of agriculture to rules are substantially less restricting than subsidies in other fields. This situation can be explained in part by the high degree of political sensitivity in agriculture, as wel1 as by some of the intrinsic economic characteristics of this sector. The future of this double regime remains uncertain. However, it seems that no major change can be expected during the current Doha Round. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M) option recherche"

Subsidijos yra vienas iš sudėtingiausių ir daugiausia ginčų sukeliančių tarptautinės teisės klausimų. Viena vertus, vyriausybės teikia subsidijas siekdamos visiškai teisėtų nacionalinės ekonominės ir socialinės politikos tikslų. Tačiau, kita vertus, subsidijos gali sukelti nenumatytus tarptautinės prekybos iškraipymus. Dėl jų neigiamo poveikio subsidijos yra sudėtingo tarptautinės ir viršvalstybinės teisės normų rinkinio, kuriuo siekiama atskirti ir reguliuoti „nesąžiningas“ subsidijas, subjektas. Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjama apsaugos nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio prekybos partnerių interesams problematika, ieškant atsakymų į klausimus, kodėl apsauga yra būtent tokia, ir ar subsidijų (ir joms atsverti taikomų kompensacinių muitų) naudojimą reglamentuojančios taisyklės yra pakankamos. / Subsidies are one of the most complicated and contentious questions in international law. On the one hand, subsidies are used by governments to serve fully legitimate objectives of national economic and social policy. On the other hand, however, subsidies may create unintended distortions in international trade. Due to adverse effects subsidies are the subject to an intricate set of legal rules of international and supra-national law, which attempts to distinguish and regulate „unfair“ subsidies. This master‘s thesis examines the issue of protection from adverse effects on the interests of trading partners, attempting to answer the questions, why this is the case and whether the disciplines governing the use of subsidies – and countervailing duties to offset them – is complete.