Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-01T13:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Conrado Queiroz Carvalho.pdf: 1495892 bytes, checksum: 4554af9eec8d39ab44f681710b62ea38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T13:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Conrado Queiroz Carvalho.pdf: 1495892 bytes, checksum: 4554af9eec8d39ab44f681710b62ea38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Bacterial canker, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola, has been responsible for significant economic losses on the grapevine crop in Brazilian states of Pernambuco and Bahia, located in the São Francisco river Valley. This work evaluated the effect of thermotherapy on cuttings of cultivars Isabel and Red Globe on the viability of plantlets and eradication of X. campestris pv. viticola, and the effect of combination of biological control agents (BCA) and thermotherapy on the pathogen eradication and disease severity reduction. The cuttings were treated at 50, 52 and 54°C during 30, 45 and 60 min, planted, and after 45 days the plantlets were analyzed for growth. The eradication of X. campestris pv. viticola was evaluated at 50 to 52°C and 45, 50 and 60 min by quantifying bacterial populations on cuttings before planting and epidemiological components of bacterial canker, 120 days after planting. Only the temperature of 54°C, mainly during 45 and 60 minutes, affected negatively leaf number, plant height, and length and volume of root system. The bacterial population was reduced in cuttings of both cultivars. No binomial temperature/time was able to eradicate X. campestris pv. viticola, but at 50 and 52°C during 45 to 60 min, canker symptoms on the branches were reduced from 65.5 to 95.9%. To evaluate the combined effect of BCA and thermotherapy, 23 BCA were sprayed on the leaves of 'Red Globe' and 24 h later the pathogen was inoculated. After 40 days, the incubation period and disease severity were evaluated. It was also determined the antibacterial activity of BCA to the pathogen, by testing for antibiotic production, detection of volatile substances, proteases and ammonia. Although not able to eradicate the pathogen, bacterial strains LCB 6, LCB 30, LCB 33, UNEB 27 and RAB 9 (108 CFU/mL), and yeast strains L7, L8 and LF (107 cel/mL) reduced bacterial canker, exhibiting at least one type of antibacterial activity. Two BCA (LCB 6 – Bacillus subtilis and LF - Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were combined with thermotherapy (50 and 52°C for 45, 50 and 60 min). The cuttings were subjected to thermotherapy, followed by immersion during two hours in the suspension of LCB 6 and LF, and the plantlets were sprayed weekly, through 15 weeks. The plantlets were evaluated 120 days after planting. No combination was able to eradicate X. campestris pv. viticola, but some of them reduced the disease severity on leaves and branches. The best results were obtained by combined use of LCB 6 –Bacillus subtilis and thermotherapy at 52°C during 45 min, which is recommended for the integrated management of bacterial canker of grapevine. / O cancro bacteriano, causado por Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola, tem sido responsável por significativos prejuízos econômicos na cultura da videira no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco, estados de Pernambuco e Bahia, Brasil. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da termoterapia em bacelos de videira das cultivares Isabel e Red Globe na viabilidade de mudas e na erradicação de X. campestris pv. viticola, e também a combinação de agentes de controle biológico (ACB) e termoterapia na erradicação do patógeno e na redução da severidade da doença. Os bacelos foram tratados a 50, 52 e 54°C nos tempos de 30, 45 e 60 min, plantados, e o crescimento das mudas avaliado após 45 dias. A erradicação de X. campestris pv. viticola foi determinada nas temperaturas 50 e 52°C e tempos de 45, 50 e 60 min, quantificando-se a população bacteriana nos bacelos antes do plantio e componentes epidemiológicos do cancro bacteriano, 120 dias após o plantio. Apenas a temperatura de 54°C, principalmente durante 45 e 60 min, interferiu negativamente no número de folhas, altura da planta, comprimento e volume do sistema radicular. A população bacteriana foi reduzida nos bacelos de ambas cultivares. Nenhum binômio temperatura/tempo foi capaz de erradicar X. campestris pv. viticola, mas os sintomas de cancros nos ramos foram reduzidos de 65,5 a 95,9% nos tratamentos a 50 e 52°C durante 45 e 60 min. No estudo do efeito combinado de biocontrole e termoterapia, 23 isolados de ACB foram pulverizados nas folhas de ‘Red Globe’, com inoculação do patógeno após 24 h. Após 40 dias, o período de incubação e a severidade da doença foram avaliados. Foi determinada a atividade antibacteriana dos ACB ao patógeno, detectando-se a produção de antibióticos, substâncias voláteis, proteases e amônia. Apesar de não serem capazes de erradicar o patógeno, cinco isolados de bactérias LCB 6, LCB 30, LCB 33, UNEB 27 e RAB 9 (108 UFC/mL), e três isolados de leveduras L7, L8 e LF (107 cel/mL) se destacaram na redução do cancro bacteriano, exibindo pelo menos um tipo de atividade antibacteriana. Dois isolados de ACB (LCB 6 – Bacillus subtilis e LF – Saccharomyces cerevisiae) foram combinados à termoterapia (50 e 52°C for 45, 50 e 60 min). Os bacelos submetidos aos tratamentos termoterápicos, foram imersos posteriormente, durante 2 h, na suspensão de LCB 6 e LF e as mudas foram pulverizadas semanalmente, por 15 semanas. As plântulas foram avaliadas 120 dias após o plantio. Nenhuma combinação foi capaz de erradicar X. campestris pv. viticola, mas reduções na severidade da doença nas folhas e ramos foram observadas, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com o uso combinado do isolado da bactéria LCB 6 – Bacillus subtilis e termoterapia de 52°C durante 45 min, o qual é indicado para o manejo do cancro bacteriano.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-24T15:08:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Myrzania de Lira Guerra.pdf: 1530658 bytes, checksum: 73ad27186e300f4bbcd6fd5b19977dd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T15:08:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Myrzania de Lira Guerra.pdf: 1530658 bytes, checksum: 73ad27186e300f4bbcd6fd5b19977dd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-24 / Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola (Xcv) is the causal agent of grapevine bacterial canker. In the Submédio do Vale São Francisco in the northeast of Brazil, bacterial canker is one of the most important grapevine diseases, responsible for severe damage and representing a serious risk to Brazilian viticulture and wine production. The aims of this study were to: a) evaluate the ability of seven Xcv strains to adhere and form biofilms in vitro and to determine the influence of the culture medium and surfaces on biofilm formation, besides to study the biofilm architecture and swarming motility; and b) optimize a method of protein extraction for proteomic analysis of the Xcv, comparing the efficiency of four methods, based on the twodimensional gel electrophoresis profile (2D-PAGE). All the strains adhered to the wells of the polystyrene microtiter plate and formed biofilms in all liquid culture medium (nutrient brothdextrose- yeast extract, yeast extract-dextrose-calcium carbonate, KADO 523 and Luria-Bertani), though to different degrees (weak, moderate and strong). In glass tubes, only Xcv229 and Xcv158 strains formed biofilms. We identified Xcv229 as a strong biofilmproducing strain. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS) only Xcv229 showed an initial matrix of biofilm structure after 24 h of growth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of strains Xcv229 and Xcv158 grown for 36 h on microtiter plates revealed typical biofilm architectures. Strain Xcv158 displayed a higher swarming motility than Xcv229, showing that in this case, biofilm formation is not motility-dependent. This is the first report of biofilm production by the bacterial plant pathogen Xcv. Trizol®, Phenol, Centrifugation and Lysis methods were tested and through quantitative and qualitative analysis, the most suitable method to obtain high-quality protein was selected. All methods enabled the extraction of a significant amount of proteins; nevertheless, the centrifugation method allowed obtaining the highest concentration of solubilized proteins. However, the analysis of the 2D-PAGE gel images revealed a larger number of spots in the lysis method when compared to the others. Taking into consideration the quality of the results and the practical advantages of the lysis method, this is recommended as the best option for total protein extraction of Xcv for proteomic studies. / Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola (Xcv) é o agente causal do cancro bacteriano da videira. No Submédio do Vale São Francisco, no nordeste do Brasil, o cancro bacteriano é uma das doenças mais importantes dessa cultura, sendo responsável por grandes prejuízos, o que representa um sério risco para a viticultura brasileira. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: a) avaliar a capacidade de sete isolados de Xcv para aderir e formar biofilmes in vitro e determinar a influência do meio de cultura e das superfícies na formação de biofilme, além de investigar a arquitetura do biofilme e motilidade swarming; e b) otimizar um protocolo para extração de proteínas para análise da proteômica de Xcv, comparando a eficiência de quatro métodos com base no perfil de eletroforese em gel bidimensional (2D-PAGE). Todos os isolados aderiram aos poços da placa de microtitulação de poliestireno e formaram biofilmes nos meios de cultura líquidos testados (caldo nutriente-dextrose-extrato de levedura, extrato de levedura-dextrose-carbonato de cálcio, KADO 523 e Luria-Bertani), em níveis fraco, moderado e forte. Em tubos de vidro, apenas os isolados Xcv229 e Xcv158 formaram biofilmes. Xcv229 foi considerado um forte produtor de biofilme. Na microscopia confocal a laser (MCL) apenas em Xcv229 visualizou-se a matriz inicial da estrutura do biofilme, após 24 h de crescimento. As imagens da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) de Xcv229 e Xcv158 crescidos durante 36 h em placas de microtitulação revelaram arquiteturas típicas de biofilme. O isolado Xcv158 apresentou uma maior motilidade swarming do que Xcv229, mostrando que, neste caso, a formação de biofilme é independente da motilidade. Este é o primeiro relato de produção de biofilme bacteriano pela fitobactéria Xcv. Os métodos Trizol®, fenol, centrifugação e lise foram analizados quantitativa e qualitativamente, para selecionar o mais adequado na obtenção de proteína de alta qualidade. Todos permitiram a extração de uma quantidade significativa de proteínas, no entanto, o método de centrifugação resultou numa maior concentração de proteínas solubilizadas. A análise das imagens do gel 2D-PAGE revelou um maior número de spots no método de lise, quando comparado com os outros. Levando-se em consideração a qualidade dos resultados e as vantagens práticas do método de lise, este é recomendado como a melhor opção para extração de proteínas totais de Xcv para estudos de proteômica.

Fitoplasmas são procariotos sem parede celular, pertencentes à classe dos Mollicutes, que habitam os vasos de floema e causam doenças de relevância econômica em uma ampla gama de espécies vegetais. A videira (Vitis sp) é a terceira fruteira mais cultivada no mundo e apresenta elevada importância econômica no Brasil. Aspectos fitossanitários se constituem em fatores limitantes da produção, com destaque para as doenças causadas por fitoplasmas, denominadas de amarelos. Essas doenças estão amplamente disseminadas nos continentes europeu e americano, ocorrendo em tradicionais países produtores. Plantas exibindo sintomas característicos da doença têm sido também observadas em cultivos comerciais localizados em algumas áreas do território brasileiro. Visando investigar este tipo de doença, plantas sintomáticas foram amostradas em parreirais comerciais dos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná e mantidas em casa de vegetação. O presente estudo visou demonstrar a associação entre fitoplasmas e os amarelos, identificar e analisar filogeneticamente os fitoplasmas detectados, demonstrar sua transmissão para plantas sadias e determinar o melhor estádio fenológico da planta para amostragem de tecidos, para confirmação da diagnose. Para isto, durante 45 meses, amostras foram coletadas de plantas doentes envasadas sendo usado o método de PCR, análise de RFLP, sequenciamento das bases nucleotídicas e enxertia de tecidos entre plantas de videira. Os produtos amplificados em PCR evidenciaram a presença de fitoplasmas em todas as plantas portadoras de amarelos. Estes fitoplasmas foram identificados como representantes dos grupos 16SrI-B e 16SrIII, os quais ocorreram em infecções simples ou mistas. Os fitoplasmas apareceram em todas as fases de desenvolvimento da planta, porém com maior freqüência nas amostras coletadas no estádio fenológico correspondente à brotação de ramos e aparecimento de folhas novas. Esta fase se mostrou a mais indicada para as amostragens, visando à detecção de fitoplasmas para fins de diagnose. A transmissão dos fitoplasmas por enxertia foi alta, demonstrando que estes são os agentes causais da doença e que inspeções devem ser adotadas como medida de controle para evitar sua disseminação via material de propagação vegetativa. / Phytoplasmas are wall-less prokaryotes, phloem-limited plant pathogens, belonging to Mollicute class. They are agents of diseases that cause serious damage to a diversity of cultivated especies. Grapevine (Vitis sp) is the third most cultivated fruit crop in the world and it has high economical impact in Brazil. Phytossanitary aspects are important production constraint factors, especially regarding diseases caused by phytoplasmas, which are generally known as grapevine yellows. These diseases are widely spread throughout main producer countries, located in Europe and North America. Plants exhibiting typical symptoms of the disease have also been observed in crops located in some areas of Brazilian territory. In order to investigate this kind of malady, symptomatic plants were sampled from commercial vineyards located in the States of São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil and kept in greenhouse conditions. The present study aimed to: demonstrate the association between phytoplasmas and yellows; identify and analyse phylogenetically the detected phytoplasmas; demonstrate their transmission to healthy plants and determinate optimal phenologycal stage for phytoplasma detection to diagnosis confirmation. Samples were collected from diseased plotted plants grown during 45 months. PCR method, RFLP analyses, sequencing of nucleotide bases from 16S rRNA, and grafting technique were used in this study. Amplified genomic fragments revealed the presence of phytoplasmas in all plants with symptoms of yellows. Those phytoplasmas were identified as representatives of the groups 16SrI-B and 16SrIII, occurring in simple and mixed infections. Phytoplasmas were detected in all phenological stages evaluated, but they occurred with high frequences in material collected during budburst. These stage may be considered as the most indicated for sampling to confirm diagnosis based on symptomatology. Phytoplasmas transmission by grafting of healthy scion grafts onto infected rootstocks was high, demonstrating that they are the disease agents and inspection is a control practice that must be adopted to prevent their dissemination through propagative material.

Ce travail porte sur la mise au point et l’étude d’un nouveau système de culture in vitro permettant une production efficace de dérivés de t-resvératrol. Pour cela, des lignées de racines transformées de Vitis vinifera L. ont été établies, stabilisées et criblées. Le faible taux de croissance a été amélioré par criblage de différents milieux de cultures et différentes concentrations en saccharose, montrant une préférence pour le milieu ½ SH avec 2% (p/v) de saccharose. Les cinétiques de croissance et de production de stilbènes ont ensuite été évaluées dans ces conditions. Nous avons mis en évidence une production basale de stilbènes par les racines, bien que celles-ci soient aussi fortement inductibles par des traitements d’élicitation par du méthyl jasmonate et des cyclodextrines. Dans ces conditions, les racines transformées de vigne ont montré une forte capacité de production et d’excrétion de différents stilbènes. Un profilage phytochimique des racines et de leur milieu de culture a été réalisé par CPC-RMN et LC-MS pour illustrer cette diversité. En parallèle des études sur un modèle simplifié, les cultures de cellules en suspension ont été réalisées pour rechercher des transporteurs candidats pour l’excrétion active du t-resvératrol vers son lieu d’action. Une approche de protéomique globale de la membrane plasmique par iTRAQ a permis de cibler des candidats de type ABC transporteurs, qui ont ensuite été caractérisés par des approches d’étude de l’expression de leurs transcrits. Ensemble, ces résultats soutiennent l’intérêt de cet outil pour l’étude du métabolisme ainsi que pour la bioproduction de stilbènes. / This work aims at the setting up and the study of a new in vitro culture for a cost-effective production of highly pure resveratrol derivatives. To answer that need, hairy root lines of Vitis vinifera L. were established, stabilized and screened. Their low growth rate was improved by testing various culture media and different sucrose concentrations. The best growth rate was obtained with ½ SH medium with 2% (w/v) sucrose. The growth and stilbene production kinetics were assessed in these conditions. A constitutive production of stilbenes was observed in roots, though they showed a strong response to eliciting treatments such as methyl jasmonate and cyclodextrines. In these conditions, the hairy roots yielded high stilbene production in terms of concentrations as well as diversity. The diversity of the stilbenes obtained has been described by biochemical profiling of both root and their culture medium extracts using CPC-NMR and LC-MS. Together with the study of hairy roots, we used cell suspensions cultures as a simplified model to study the excretion of t-resveratrol. Candidate transporters have been screened for using a global plasma membrane proteomic approach based of iTRAQ. ABC G transporters were pointed out as promising candidates and were further characterized by studying their gene expression. Together, these results support the interest of grapevine hairy root cultures for the study of stilbenes metabolism and their bioproduction.

La Flavescence Dorée (FD) est une maladie épidémique infectant les vignes européennes causée par un phytoplasme (pFD) qui est transmis de vigne à vigne par l’insecte vecteur Scaphoideus titanus. Aucun cépage actuellement cultivé n’est totalement résistant, mais des différences de sensibilité existent. En France, les méthodes de lutte réglementaires se concentrent sur la plantation de pieds certifiés sains, l’arrachage des plants contaminés et des traitements insecticides contre le vecteur dans les zones touchées par la FD. En plus du coût économique de ces moyens de lutte, l’usage des produits phytosanitaires impacte l’environnement et la santé humaine. Une meilleure compréhension des relations entre les différents acteurs du pathosystème vigne-pFD-S. titanus est donc essentielle pour pouvoir appliquer d’autres stratégies de lutte. Dans ce contexte, les principaux objectifs de ma thèse étaient (1) d’identifier et de caractériser au niveau fonctionnel des gènes codant des protéases de surface, les FtsH, potentiellement impliquées dans la virulence du pFD, (2) de caractériser la multiplication et la diffusion du pFD dans la vigne en s’affranchissant des interactions vigne-S. titanus, (3) d’initier la caractérisation du déterminisme génétique de la résistance par analyse d’un pool de descendants issus du croisement entre un cépage sensible (CF) et un cépage peu sensible (Mag) et (4) d’identifier des différences de dérégulations géniques entre le cépage très sensible CS et le cépage peu sensible M par comparaison des transcriptomes. Les résultats indiquent que (1) huit gènes FtsH sont codés par le pFD et s’expriment de manière différentielle selon l’hôte, (2) les différences de sensibilité à la FD chez la vigne sont dues au moins en partie aux interactions vigne-pFD, (3) une ségrégation des caractères « infection des plantes » et « multiplication du pFD » dans cette descendance est obtenue et (4) le M active des voies métaboliques différentes par rapport au CS lors de l’infection. A terme, la compréhension puis l’exploitation des différences de sensibilités des cépages pourront contribuer à l’élaboration de pistes alternatives à la lutte actuelle contre la FD dans le cadre d’une réduction des intrants. / Flavescence Dorée (FD) is a severe epidemic disease of grapevine caused by a wall-less bacteria, a phytoplasma (pFD), transmitted by the insect vector Scaphoideus titanus. There is no resistant variety, but differences in susceptibility between Vitis exist. In France, the actual control consists in insecticide treatments against the vector, up-rooting of diseased plants and sanitary control of plants. It has high economic and environmental impacts. A better understanding of the pathosystem FDp-grapevine-S. titanus is essential to develop alternative measures. In this context, the main objectives of my thesis were (1) to identify and characterize the expression of genes encoding surface proteases, FtsH, potentially involved in the virulence of the pFD, (2) to characterize the FDp multiplication and diffusion in Vitis without taking into account grapevine-S. titanus interactions, (3) to initiate the characterization of genetic determinism by phenotyping a pool of progeny from the cross between the susceptible variety CF and the poorly susceptible variety Mag and, (4) to identify differences in gene expression between the very susceptible variety CS and the poorly susceptible variety M by transcriptomes comparison. Results indicate that (1) eight FtsH genes are encoded by the FDp and are differentially expressed between plant and insect hosts, (2) differences in FD susceptibility in Vitis are caused, at least in part, by Vitis-FDp interactions, (3) a segregation of the characters "plant infection" and "pFD multiplication" is obtained in the progeny and, (4) M activates different metabolic pathways than CS to respond to FDp infection. Such knowledge can contribute to the development of alternative methods for limiting phytosanitary inputs.

Parmi les métabolites secondaires impliqués dans la qualité du raisin et du vin, les tanins condensés ou proanthocyanidines (PAs) jouent un rôle majeur, en particulier dans l'astringence et la stabilité de la couleur du vin. Ces molécules sont également impliquées dans la défense des plantes contre des stress biotiques et abiotiques. En outre, les effets bénéfiques des PAs pour la santé humaine sont bien documentés. Les PAs de la vigne ont la particularité d’être estérifiées avec de l’acide gallique. Une réaction d’acylation appelée galloylation est responsable de cette modification. Les études montrent que la galloylation influence les propriétés œnologiques et pharmacologiques des PAs. Dans la baie de raisin, les PAs sont synthétisés dans les premiers stades de développement, principalement dans les pellicules et les pépins. Un nombre relativement faible d'étapes enzymatiques sont nécessaires pour la biosynthèse de la structure de base de ces métabolites et les gènes correspondants sont aujourd'hui largement connus chez les plantes modèles, y compris chez la vigne. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les étapes finales, y compris la galloylation, ne sont encore que partiellement connus. Des résultats antérieurs obtenus après la recherche de QTL influençant la composition du raisin, et en particulier le taux de galloylation des PAs, et des études transcriptomiques après surexpression de facteurs de transcription régulant la biosynthèse de la voie des PAs, ont permis l'identification de gènes potentiellement impliqués dans ces étapes. Des gènes de shikimate déshydrogénase (SDH) ont été identifiés. Ces gènes interviendraient en amont, pour la biosynthèse de l'acide gallique. Trois glucosyltransférases ainsi identifiées et déjà caractérisées au laboratoire sont impliquées dans la biosynthèse de l'ester de glucose de l'acide gallique (β-glucogalline), qui servirait d'intermédiaire pour la galloylation des PAs. Ces méthodes de criblage ont également permis d’identifier 2 acyltransférases de type sérine carboxypeptidase, nommées glucose acyltransférases (GATs) qui seraient capables de catalyser la dernière étape de galloylation: le transfert de l'acide gallique depuis la β-glucogalline sur les PAs. Le premier objectif de cette thèse a été de déterminer la fonction des SDHs codées par les gènes de vigne. Certaines SDHs recombinantes produites de façon hétérologue chez E.coli ont la capacité à produire de l'acide gallique in vitro. Leur niveau d’expression au cours du développement et dans différents tissus de la baie a également été établi. Les résultats obtenus in vitro sont étayés par le profil métabolique (acide gallique, β-glucogalline et PAs) de hairy-roots de vigne transformées avec un gène de SDH. Le second objectif de cette thèse a été de valider la fonction des GATs par expression transitoire dans des feuilles de tabac et des tests enzymatiques in vitro. La transformation transitoire de feuilles de vigne avec les GATs a permis de moduler la concentration d’esters phénoliques et nomment des flavan-3-ols galloylés in planta. L’étude de ces gènes a été étendue aux plantes vasculaires par des analyses phylogénétiques et a permis d’identifier des motifs peptidiques potentiellement impliqués dans les mécanismes étudiés et reflétant la sub-fonctionnalisation de certains gènes. Ce travail a fourni des informations sur les bases génétiques et les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la biosynthèse de l'acide gallique et son transfert en deux étapes sur les flavan-3-ols (galloylation). De nouvelles hypothèses sur l'intervention de différents transporteurs et la nature des molécules transportées pourront être formulées. / Among the secondary metabolites involved in grape berry and wine quality, condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins (PAs) play a major role, especially in astringency and color stability of wine. These molecules are also involved in plant defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of PAs to human health are well documented. In grapevine, PAs have the distinctive feature of being esterified with gallic acid. An acylation reaction called galloylation is responsible for this modification. Studies show that the galloylation influences oenological and pharmacological properties of PAs. In the grape berry, PAs are synthesized in the early stages of development, mainly in skin and seeds. A relatively small number of enzymatic steps are required for the biosynthesis of the basic structure of these metabolites and the corresponding genes are now widely known in model plants, including in grapevine. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the final steps, including galloylation, are only partially known. Earlier results obtained after the search of QTL influencing the composition of the grape berry, especially the galloylation ratio of PAs, and transcriptomic studies after overexpression of transcription factors that regulate PAs biosynthesis pathway, have allowed the identification of genes potentially involved in these steps. Shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes were identified. These genes would intervene upstream, for the biosynthesis of gallic acid. Three identified glucosyltransferases, already characterized in the laboratory, are involved in the biosynthesis of glucose ester of gallic acid (β-glucogalline), which could serve as an intermediary for PAs galloylation. These screening methods have also helped to identify 2 serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases, called glucose acyltransferases (GATs) which are capable of catalyzing the last step of galloylation: the transfer of gallic acid from β-glucogalline to PAs. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the function of the SDHs encoded by grapevine genes. Recombinant SDHs, produced heterologously in E. coli, have the capacity to generate gallic acid in vitro. Their level of expression during development and in different tissues of the berry was also established. In vitro results are supported by the metabolic profile (gallic acid, β-glucogallin and PAs) of grapevine hairy -roots transformed with a SDH gene. The second objective of this thesis was to validate the function of the GATs by transient expression in tobacco leaves and in vitro enzyme assays. The transient transformation of grapevine leaves with GATs allowed to modulate the concentration of phenolic esters and notably galloylated flavan-3-ols in planta. The study of these genes was extended to vascular plants by phylogenetic analyses which allowed to identify peptide motifs potentially involved in the studied mechanisms and reflecting the sub-functionalization of certain genes. This work has provided informations on the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of gallic acid and its two-step transfer on flavan-3-ols (galloylation). New hypotheses on the intervention of different carriers and nature of transported molecules can be proposed.

Cette étude visait à établir un protocole de cryoconservation pour des apex de vigne et à tester l'efficacité de la cryoconservation pour éliminer des virus de la vigne sélectionnés. Des cultures in vitro de génotypes sains de huit cultivars croates autochtones de vigne, Plavac mali, Maraština, Pošip, Debit, Grk, Lasina, Plavina et Vugava et de génotypes infectés de Plavac mali ont été établies. Les différences de survie, de reprise et des paramètres de croissance observés se sont avérées spécifique des génotypes. Les cultivars infectés se sont montrés moins réactifs que les cultivars sains. Un protocole de cryoconservation basé sur la vitrification avec PVS2 a été établi. Les modifications de la préculture avec le saccharose et l'utilisation de solutions alternatives de cryoconservation n'ont pas amélioré la reprise. A l'opposé, l'état physiologique du matériel végétal a joué un rôle essentiel pour la cryoconservation. Des bourgeons en croissance active prélevés sur des microboutures mononodales ont montré une reprise plus élevée que des bourgeons prélevés directement sur les vitroplants. La position des bourgeons sur la tige des plantes-mères in vitro a affecté la reprise après cryoconservation. L'addition de benzylaminopurine au milieu de culture des microboutures a eu un effet positif sur la reprise après immersion dans l'azote liquide, alors qu'aucun effet positif n'a été observé sur la reprise avec la zéatine riboside ou la proline. Le protocole de cryoconservation établi a permis d'obtenir environ 50% de reprise avec le cultivar Portan et avec trois des quatre cultivars internationaux utilisés. Par contre, aucune reprise ou une reprise très faible a été observée avec les cultivars croates testés. En se basant sur les tests ELISA réalisés, le virus GFLV a été éliminé de 82,4% des apex non cryoconservés et de 77,8% des apex cryoconservés chez le cultivar Chardonnay et le GLRaV-3 a été éliminé de 100% des apex non cryoconservés et cryoconservés chez le cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Ces résultats sont à relier à nos études d'immunolocalisation, qui ont montré que le GFLV était présent dans le dôme apical et les tissus méristématiques chez le cultivar Pinot Noir and que le GLRaV-3 était présent dans les tubes criblés chez le cultivar Merlot. La stabilité génétique des plantes régénérées à partir des apex cryoconservés a été étudiée en utilisant les marqueurs AFLP. Avec les huit combinaisons d'amorces utilisées sur les 43 plantes testées, aucun polymorphisme n'a été observé après la préculture au saccharose, le traitement avec la solution de loading et la solution de PVS2 diluée de moitié. Par contre, des fragments polymorphes ont été observés sur des explants non cryoconservés et cryoconservés traités avec la solution PVS2, dont le nombre augmentait avec l'augmentation de la durée d'exposition à la solution PVS2. / This study aimed at establishing a cryopreservation protocol for grapevine shoot tips and at testing the efficiency of cryopreservation in eliminating selected grapevine viruses. In vitro cultures of healthy genotypes of eight Croatian autochthonous grapevine cultivars Plavac mali, Maraština, Pošip, Debit, Grk, Lasina, Plavina and Vugava and of virus-infected genotypes of Plavac mali were successfully established. Differences in survival, regrowth and growth parameters were genotype-specific. Infected cultivars were less reactive compared to healthy ones. A PVS2-based cryopreservation protocol was successfully established. Modifications in sucrose preculture conditions and use of PVS2-derived alternative vitrification solutions did not improve growth recovery. By contrast, the physiological state of the plant material played a critical role in cryopreservation. Actively growing buds sampled from single-node microcuttings displayed higher regrowth compared to buds sampled directly on in vitro plantlets. The position of buds on the stem of in vitro mother-plants affected regrowth after cryopreservation. The addition benzylaminopurine in the shooting medium had a positive effect on regrowth after liquid nitrogen exposure, while no such positive effect was observed with zeatine riboside or proline. The cryopreservation protocol established led to approximately 50% recovery with cultivar Portan and three of the four international cultivars tested. By contrast, no or very low recovery was noted with the Croatian cultivars tested. Based on ELISA tests, the GFLV virus was eliminated from 82.4% of non-cryopreserved samples and from 77.78% of cryopreserved samples in cultivar Chardonnay and the GLRaV-3 virus was eliminated from 100% of both non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved samples in cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. These results may be related with our immunolocalisation studies, which showed that GFLV was found in the apical dome and meristematic tissues in cultivar Pinot Noir and GLRaV-3 in sieve elements of cultivar Merlot. Genetic stability of plants regenerated from cryopreserved shoot tips was studied using AFLP markers. With the eight AFLP primer combinations employed on the 43 plants tested, no polymorphism was observed after sucrose preculture, treatment with the loading solution and half-strengthPVS2. However, polymorphic fragments were observed in non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved samples treated with PVS2 solution, the number of which increased with increasing durations of exposure to PVS2 solution.

Master´s thesis deal with optimum proposal reset vineyard economy in viticultural area Strachotin. The task is utiliziation of landscape potential CHKO Palava and hydro-electric plant Nove Mlyny with promotion development agricultural tourism in the area. Theoretic part of thesis includes analyses inquiries and progression areas, production problems and vine processing. Practical part includes set of questionable drawings, used technology and material for security of correct performance function construction.

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