Современные технологии позволяют значительно снизить количество многих вредных веществ, выделяющихся при работе ТЭС. Но это не относится к выбросам углекислого газа (СО2), а ведь именно выбросы этого газа являются причиной «парникового эффекта», который, в свою очередь, приводит к различным климатическим изменениям и глобальному потеплению. Поэтому в данном исследовании применяется метод повторного использования поступившего газа в турбину. / Modern technologies can significantly reduce the amount of many harmful substances released during the operation of thermal power plants. But this does not apply to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and it is the emissions of this gas that cause the "greenhouse effect", which, in turn, leads to various climate changes and global warming. Therefore, in this study, the method of reusing the incoming gas into the turbine is used.

No description available.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal do carbono no solo produzindo um mapa, sobre esse tema para toda a área da Estação Experimental de Mogi Mirim (EE Mogi Mirim), juntamente com a análise dos fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa (CO2, N2O e CH4) e a relação desses dois fenômenos com as variáveis do solo nos diferentes usos da terra. Para se alcançar objetivo proposto com relação aos estoques de carbono e avaliação das variáveis do solo foi feita a coleta e o prepara das amostras nas profundidades de 00 até 30 cm, foi feito o georreferenciamento e determinação dos teores de carbono, densidade do solo, calculo dos estoques de carbono e determinação da cor do solo. Por sua vez para o estudo e entendimento dos fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE), comparou-se um talhão considerado sem perturbação (Talhão 41) e a partir desse talhão avaliou-se comparativamente em uma seqüência com ambientes com histórico de uso da terra representativo da área com manejos. Os fluxos dos gases CO2, N2O e CH4 foram medidos utilizando-se câmaras estáticas. Nos resultados obtidos foi aplicada a estatística descritiva clássica e geoestatistica para avaliar a freqüência e distribuição dos dados. Resultados relativos as variáveis do solo mostram que praticamente a grande maioria tende a diminuir com a profundidade (Ca, soma das bases, CTC, acidez potencial e carbono). Por sua vez o pH é sempre muito alto nas 3 camadas e a saturação por bases e o magnésio são muito baixos e permanecem inalterados em todas as profundidades. A variabilidade espacial dos estoques de carbono possui características isotrópicas. Especificamente na profundidade 00 - 10 cm, o modelo teórico que melhor se ajustou foi o exponencial, na profundidade 10 - 20 cm foi o esférico e na profundidade 20 - 30 cm foi o exponencial. Os estoque de C na profundidade 00 10 cm, tiveram como média 22.8 ton C/ ha-1, sendo o maior valor de 42.9 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 10.3 ton C/há-1. Na profundidade 10 - 20cm, a média do estoque de carbono foi de 14.9 ton C/há-1, sendo o maior valor de 31.5 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 6.99 ton C/há-1. Na profundidade 20 -30 cm, a média do estoque de carbono foi de 11.45 ton C/há-1, sendo o maior valor de 25.28 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 6.3 ton C/há-1. Os resultados das análises dos fluxos do gás carbônico, como um todo mostra que a respiração do solo variou entre 75.3 e 164.4mgC m-2 h-1. Relativo aos fluxos de N2O os valores médios para as emissões variaram entre 8,85 e 51,94 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1, enquanto que a absorção variou, entre -1,32 e - 4,59 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1. Os resultados dos fluxos do gás metano médio ficaram entre 4,63 e 31,51 mgC m-2 h-1, enquanto que os valores de oxidação média ficaram entre -5,41 e -22,79 mgC m-2 h-1 / The aim here is to evaluate the spacial and transient variability of carbon in soil, producing a map about this subject for all the area of the Experimental Station of Mogi Mirim (Estação Experimental de Mogi Mirim EE Mogi Mirim), with the emissions analyzes of greenhouse gases effect (CO2, N2O e CH4), and the relation between these phenomenon with the soil variables in different uses of the land. In order to reach the proposed objective related to the carbon storages, and the variable evaluation of the soil, a sample collect and preparation were made at a depth from 00 to 30cm. It was also made the georeferencial and the carbon levels determination, density of soil, the estimate of carbon storages, and the determination of soil color. The study and understanding of the greenhouse gas emissions (GGF), a área considered without disturbing, and from it a comparative evaluation in a sequence of environments with historical land use representative of the management area. The CO2, N2O and CH4 gas emissions were measured by using static chambers. In the results obtained, it was applied the classic statistic description and geostatistics to evaluate the frequency and the distribution of data. Results related to the soil variables show that the major trend to decrease, according to the depth (Ca, sum of bases, CTC, potential acidity, and carbon). On the contrary, the pH is always very high in 3 layers, and the saturation for bases and the magnesium are very low, maintaining unchangeable in all depths. The variability of the carbon storages have isotropic characteristics. Specifically in depth 00 - 10cm, the theorical model that better adjusted was the exponential; in depth 10 - 20cm, it was the spherical, and in depth 20 - 30cm it was the exponential. The carbon storage in depth 00-10cm had as na average 22.8ton C / ha-1, being the highest value of 42.9 ton C/ha-1, and the lowest value of 10.3 ton C/ha-1. In depth 10 - 20 cm, the average of carbon storage was 14.9 ton C/ha-1, being the highest value of 31.5 ton C/ha-1, and the lower value of 6.99 ton C/ha-1. In depths of 20 - 30cm, the average of carbon storage was of 11.45 ton C/há-1, being the highest value of 25.28 ton C/ha-1, and the lowest of 6.3 ton C/ha-1 The analyze results of carbon gás emissions as a whole, shows that the soil breath varied between 75.3 e 164.4 . mgC m-2 h-1 . Regard to N2O emissions, the average values to emissions varied between 8.85 and 51.94 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1, while the absorption varied, between -1.32 e - 4.59 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1. The results of average methane gas were between 4.63 e 31.51 mgC m-2 h-1, while the average oxidation values were between -5.41 e -22.79 mgC m-2 h-1

O presente trabalho consistiu na produção de uma síntese sobre os principais aspectos do ciclo biogeoquímico do carbono, envolvendo aspectos recentes do efeito estufa na atmosfera, sendo também contextualizadas as políticas públicas e seus mecanismos sócio-econômicos; inserida num contexto atual, das mudanças climáticas, intimamente relacionadas à Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima, Protocolo de Kyoto e Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo. Os ecossistemas terrestres prestam enorme contribuição de serviços ambientais ao homem na forma de oferta de água, alimentos e insumos gerais. Estes ganhos são sustentáveis na medida em que haja um equilíbrio estável entre a entrada e saída de certas variáveis. Ainda não se entende satisfatoriamente a funcionalidade dos ecossistemas naturais e sua plena interação com o clima, nas escalas local, regional e global; portanto, é uma responsabilidade social antecipar o entendimento dessa relação, antes que tudo se transforme. Não se sabe ao certo todas as conseqüências do aumento excessivo na temperatura terrestre, mas são esperadas alterações profundas em diversos ecossistemas, por exemplo: descongelamento das calotas polares e o conseqüente alagamento de regiões costeiras, alterações de intensidade e freqüência de chuvas, e alteração do metabolismo vegetal. São também previstas conseqüências na mudança das zonas climáticas e agrícolas e o desaparecimento de espécies sensíveis a esta mudança de temperatura. Procurando atingir o objetivo final da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima, em Kyoto – Japão, foi proposto o Protocolo de Kyoto, no sentido de possibilitar alcançar a estabilização das concentrações de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, num nível que não interfira perigosamente no sistema climático. Estabelece metas e prazos para controlar num primeiro esforço os principais gases de efeito estufa. Foram estabelecidos três mecanismos para auxiliar os países desenvolvidos no cumprimento de suas metas de redução ou limitação de emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Um desses mecanismos foi definido como Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo - MDL, sua implementação interessa particularmente aos países em desenvolvimento, pois permitirá a transferência de recursos e tecnologias para a redução de emissões. Neste contexto, exigi-se da classe cientifica respostas mais precisas e rápidas do entendimento de todos os processos envolvidos. O acompanhamento de projetos é importante, gerando informações para análises técnicas, científicas, sociais, ambientais e econômicas, que serão demandadas nas futuras negociações relativas à mitigação da mudança do clima. / The present work intends to present a synthesis of the information which is distributed in several areas. It approaches the main aspects of the global carbon cycle, including the recent greenhouse effect in the atmosphere, also including the political argumentation and the socioeconomic mechanisms associated. The work also brings a critical revision of the framework related to the United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean Development Mechanism. The terrestrial ecosystems provide enormous contribution of environmental services to the human beings in terms of water, foods, and general inputs supplies. The sustainability of this provision relies on the maintenance of the input/output equity of matter and energy throughout time. There is still no clear understanding of the natural ecosystems functioning and their interactions with climate in a broad perspective, from local to regional and global scales. Therefore it is a social responsibility to anticipate the understanding of this relation, before everything changes. The effects on the ecosystems of the temperature increase in the Earth surface are not fully understood, but strong changes are expected and some are already being measured in several ecosystems, for instance: mountain glaciers and the ice cap in the North Pole are declining, with foreseeable consequences of increasing sea level and flooding of coastal areas; changes in the cycle and intensity of rain events; changes in plant metabolism and distribution of agricultural species, interfering in food production and safety. The Kyoto Protocol was proposed aiming to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change, building the legal and political background for the Nations to lessen and stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The Protocol established mechanisms for reduction and mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions including developed and developing countries. In terms of economical and technological gains, the Clean Development Mechanism – CDM, was one of the proposed mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which is particularly interesting to the developing countries. This mechanism allows resources and technologies transference for the reduction of GHG emissions in developing countries. In this context, the scientific community is an important component to bring more precise and fast answers to the understanding of all of the processes related to the actual influence of the Human kind in the planet.

As ações decorrentes das atividades econômicas e industriais têm provocado alterações na biosfera, resultando na quase duplicação da concentração de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) na atmosfera durante o período de 1750 a 1998. A alteração da concentração dos GEE poderá desencadear um aumento da temperatura média no planeta entre 1,4 e 5,8°C nos próximos cem anos (IPCC, 2001a). Para tratar do problema do efeito estufa e suas possíveis conseqüências sobre a humanidade foi estabelecida em 1992, durante a Rio 92, a Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas. A Conferência das Partes realizada em Quioto em 1997 destaca-se como uma das mais importantes, uma vez que durante sua realização foi estabelecido um acordo onde se encontram definidas metas de redução da emissão de GEE para os países do ANEXO B (países do ANEXO I com compromissos de redução das emissões de GEE), além de critérios e diretrizes para a utilização dos mecanismos de mercado. Este acordo ficou conhecido como Protocolo de Quioto e estabelece que os países industrializados devem reduzir suas emissões em 5,2% abaixo dos níveis observados em 1990 entre 2008-2012 (primeiro período de compromisso). O Protocolo criou o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). A idéia do MDL consiste em que cada tonelada de CO2 deixada de ser emitida, ou retirada da atmosfera por um país em desenvolvimento, poderá ser negociada no mercado mundial através de Certificados de Emissões Reduzidas (CER). Esta tese teve como objetivo geral caracterizar o "mercado de carbono", em especial a participação do Brasil através do MDL. Para tanto foi feita uma análise de como este mercado está sendo formado e como deverá ser sua evolução até a possível formação de mercados futuros. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) Determinar o tamanho do mercado global e a participação do Brasil (através do MDL) em diversos cenários; e, 2) Analisar se os CER gerados em projetos de MDL, em especial por projetos de seqüestro de carbono, poderiam se tornar uma "commodity ambiental" ou não. Ficou claro que o mercado de carbono já é uma realidade, porém encontra-se em um estágio inicial de sua formação. Para estimar o tamanho do mercado utilizou-se o Modelo CERT (Carbon Emission Reduction Trade). Nos cenários de referência do Modelo a maior participação brasileira no mercado de CER foi de apenas 3,4% (Cenário 7), através da venda de 14,4 milhões de toneladas de carbono, gerando um receita de US$ 237 milhões ao custo de US$ 106,3 milhões. O lucro de todos os projetos de MDL no Brasil foi de US$ 130,7 milhões. Nos cenários alternativos a maior participação foi de 17,8% (Cenário Alternativo 7), através da venda de 32,1 milhões de toneladas de carbono, gerando um receita de US$ 525,6 milhões ao custo de US$ 198 milhões. O lucro de todos os projetos de MDL no Brasil neste caso foi de US$ 327,6 milhões. / The economic and industrial anthropogenic activities are increasing the Green House Gas (GHG) atmospheric concentration. These gases can increase the atmosphere temperature in 1.4 to 5.8°C in the next hundred years (IPCC, 2001a). To solve this problem was created in 1992 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Conference of the Parties held at Kyoto in 1997 was one of the most important, since it created an international agreement about the GHG emission reductions to the ANNEX B countries. This agreement is called the Kyoto Protocol and it determine that the industrialized countries should decrease the GHG emissions in 5,2% below the 1990 levels between 2008-2012 (first period commitment). The Protocol also created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The idea of the CDM is that each tone of CO2 that is reduced or sequestered from the atmosphere by a developing country can be negotiated through Certified Emission Reduction (CER).This thesis had the main objective of understand the "carbon market", in special the Brazilian participation through the CDM. The specific objectives was: 1) Determine the size of the global market and the Brazilian participation (through the CDM) in different scenarios; and, 2) To analyze if the CER created by forest projects can be a environmental commodity. It was clear that the carbon market exists but is in an initial phase. To estimate the size of the market the CERT (Carbon Emission Reduction Trade) Model was used. In the reference scenarios the best Brazilian participation, through the CER, was only 3.4% (Scenario 7), selling 14.4 millions tons of carbon, with a revenue of US$ 237 millions and costs of US$ 106.3 millions. The profits of all CDM projects in Brazil was US$ 130,7 millions. In the alternative scenarios the best Brazilian participation was 17.8% (Alternative Scenario 7), selling 32.1 millions tons of carbon, with a revenue of US$ 525.6 millions and costs of US$ 198 millions. In this case the profits of all CDM projects in Brazil was US$ 327.6 millions.

Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases which have strong impacts on the environment and its amount in the atmosphere is far beyond to be ignored. Carbon dioxide levels are projected to be reduced by sequestering it directly to the underground. High amounts of carbon dioxide can be safely stored in underground media for very long time periods. Storage in depleted gas reservoirs provides an option for sequestering carbon dioxide. In 2002, production of Kuzey Marmara gas reservoir has been stopped due to gas storage plans. Carbon dioxide sequestration in Kuzey Marmara field has been considered in this study as an alternative to the gas storage projects. Reservoir porosity and permeability maps were prepared with the help of Surfer software demo version. These maps were merged with the available Kuzey Marmara production information to create an input file for CMG-GEM simulator and a three dimensional model of the reservoir was created. History match of the field model was made according to the 1998-2002 production data to verify the similarity between the model and actual reservoir. Kuzey Marmara field is regarded as a candidate for future gas storage projects. The reservoir still contains producible natural gas. Four different scenarios were prepared by considering this fact with variations in the regional field properties and implemented into previously built simulation model. These scenarios primarily focus on sequestering carbon dioxide while producing as much as natural gas possible. After analyzing the results from the scenarios it is realized that / CO2 injection can be applied to increase natural gas recovery of Kuzey Marmara field but sequestering high rate CO2 emissions is found out to be inappropriate.

Τρεις περιοχές της Δυτικής Ελλάδας, στις οποίες είχαν καταγραφεί διαφυγές ρευστών από τον πυθμένα της θάλασσας μελετήθηκαν στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής, το υποθαλάσσιο πεδίο κρατήρων διαφυγής ρευστών στον Πατραϊκό κόλπο, το υποθαλάσσιο πεδίο κρατήρων διαφυγής στον Όρμο του Ελαιώνα στο Δυτικό Κορινθιακό κόλπο και οι διαφυγές ρευστών στον κόλπο του Κατακόλου. Η διατριβή βασίζεται στη μελέτη θαλάσσιων γεωφυσικών δεδομένων, στη μελέτη των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων της υδάτινης στήλης, στη χημική και ισοτοπική ανάλυση των ρευστών, στη μελέτη των δεδομένων που προέκυψαν από την πρώτη παγκόσμια καταγραφή μακράς περιόδου διαφυγών ρευστών από τον πυθμένα, στη μελέτη των διαφυγών στην παράκτια ζώνη πλησίον των υποθαλάσσιων θέσεων και τέλος στην οπτική παρατήρηση των θέσεων διαφυγών ρευστών. Το πεδίο κρατήρων διαφυγής ρευστών του Πατραϊκού κόλπου σχηματίζεται σε Ολοκαινικές ιλυούχες αποθέσεις που υπέρκεινται Πλειστοκαινικών ιζημάτων, και ελέγχεται από ρηξιγενείς δομές. Το πεδίο κρατήρων διαφυγής ρευστών του Πατραϊκού κόλπου παρουσιάζει μία σχεδόν συνεχή μικροδραστηριότητα η οποία διακόπτεται από παροξυσμικά γεγονότα μεγάλων διαφυγών ρευστών που σχετίζονται με μεγάλους σεισμούς. Το καθεστώς ενεργοποίησης ελέγχεται από το μέγεθος, το επίκεντρο και το είδος του σεισμού. Τα ρευστά που διαφεύγουν είναι αέριοι υδρογονάνθρακες (μεθάνιο μικροβιακής προέλευσης) με ή χωρίς νερό των πόρων των ιζημάτων. Στην παράκτια ζώνη της Πάτρας, πλησίον του πεδίου εντοπίζονται τρεις περιοχές με έντονες διαφυγές αερίων από το έδαφος. Συνολικά η παράκτια ζώνη της Πάτρας, τόσο το χερσαίο όσο και το θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον της, προσφέρει τουλάχιστον 4.7tn μεθανίου ετησίως στην ατμόσφαιρα, με τη μέγιστη προσφορά μεθανίου να μπορεί να φτάσει τους 19 τόννους ετησίως, ενώ μετά από ένα ισχυρό σεισμικό γεγονός εκτιμήθηκε ότι διαφεύγουν 500 κιλά περίπου μεθανίου από το θαλάσσιο πυθμένα σε διάστημα 16 ημερών. Στην περιοχή του Όρμου του Ελαιώνα οι κρατήρες διαφυγής ρευστών σχηματίζονται σε Ολοκαινικές ιλύες και ο πυθμένας των κρατήρων φτάνει στην διεπιφάνεια Ολοκαίνου/Πλειστοκαίνου, με κύριο μηχανισμό σχηματισμού την εκφόρτιση του γλυκού νερού. Οι βενθικές βιοκοινωνίες που εντοπίστηκαν στο εσωτερικό των κρατήρων διαφυγής ρευστών οδηγεί στο συμπέρασμα ότι το υπόγειο νερό, εμπλουτισμένο με θρεπτικά συστατικά και διαλυμένο οξυγόνο δημιουργεί ένα εξαιρετικό οικότοπο για την ανάπτυξη βενθικών οργανισμών. Στην περιοχή του Κατακόλου εντοπίστηκαν και καταγράφηκαν πολύ μεγάλες διαφυγές ρευστών σε τρεις περιοχές, στον Λιμένα Κατακόλου, στη θέση «Φάρος» Κατακόλου και νότια του Λιμένα. Οι έντονες διαφυγές ρευστών, κυρίως θερμογενούς μεθανίου με σημαντικές ποσότητες υδροθείου, φαίνεται να συνδέονται με τις ενεργές διαπυρικές δομές στην περιοχή, που επηρεάζουν τις υπερκείμενες ακολουθίες σχηματίζοντας κανονικά ρήγματα, τα οποία συγκροτούν μία ιδανική δίοδο μετανάστευσης των αερίων από τους Μεσοζωικούς ταμιευτήρες υδρογονανθράκων προς την επιφάνεια. Στην υποθαλάσσια περιοχή του Λιμένα Κατακόλου εκτιμήθηκε ότι η ποσότητα μεθανίου που διαφεύγει από το θαλάσσιο πυθμένα είναι της τάξεως των 1260-1500 τόννων το χρόνο. επικινδυνότητα τόσο για τον άνθρωπο, όσο και τις κατασκευές στην περιοχή του Λιμένα. H υψηλή συγκέντρωση μεθανίου στην ατμόσφαιρα μπορεί να προκαλέσει έκρηξη ή πυρκαγιά, ενώ οι υποθαλάσσιες διαφυγές και η παρουσία αερίων υδρογονανθράκων στα επιφανειακά ιζήματα μπορούν να προκαλέσουν εκρήξεις κατά τη διάρκεια γεωτρήσεων ή να καταστρέψουν θαλάσσιες κατασκευές. Το υδρόθειο είναι το πιο επικίνδυνο και τοξικό γεωρευστό και μπορεί να προκαλέσει σημαντικές ιατρικές βλάβες στον άνθρωπο στις συγκεντρώσεις που μετρήθηκε στην περιοχή του λιμένα. / Three areas in Western Greece studied, where seabed fluid flow have been reported. The dissertation is based on the study of marine geophysical data, on physicochemical parameters of seawater, on chemical and isotopic analysis of fluids, on the study of the data collected during the first long-term monitoring of seabed fluid flow ever done and on the study of the fluid flow on the surroundings inshore areas. The Patras Gulf pockmark field is formed on Holocene muds which overlies Pleistocene coarser sediments and is controlled by normal faults. The Patras Gulf pockmark field is characterized by ‘normal’ micro-activity which is interrupting by high activity periods after strong earthquakes. The fluids that flows from the pockmarks is mainly methane of microbial origin with/or without porewater. An estimation of the total methane that flows from the pockmark field and the surrounding inshore area of the field shows that the methane that leaks to the atmosphere is about 4.7-19 tn/year. After strong earthquakes, when the pockmark field is activated, the estimation of the methane that leaks from the seabed is about 500kgr for a period of 16 days. The Eleonas Bay pockmark field is formed on Holocene muds whereas the base of the pockmarks reaches the Holocene/Pleistocene boundary. The main mechanism for the formation of these pockmarks is the groundwater discharge. Benthic macrofauna that observed on the base of the pockmarks shows that the groundwater which is enriched in nutrients and dissolved oxygen is creating an excellent environment for the growth of benthic fauna. In the area of Katakolo have been observed three areas of enhanced fluid flow offshore and onshore. The studies of these areas have shown that the seeps are caused by thermogenic methane that had accumulated in Mesozoic limestone and had migrated upward through faults, or zones of weakness, induced by salt diapirism. An estimation of the methane that flows from the offshore part of the Katakolo Harbour area have shown that the methane that reaches the atmosphere is about 1260-1500 tn/year. Methane seeps in potentially explosive amounts at the area of the Harbour, and hydrogen sulfide is over the levels necessary to induce toxicological diseases and lethal effects.

The thesis deals with carbon footprint of households in South Bohemia, namely greenhouse gas emissions associated with the ordinary activities of each of us. The main objective of this thesis is to calculate the carbon footprint of households in the South Bohemia Region. The partial aim is then to assess which of the monitored components has the largest share of the total carbon footprint. These components are heating, electricity, cars, public transport, flying and food. Another partial objective is to compare the results in sociodemographic groups, which are residence, gender, education, age and income per person. The theoretical part explains the concepts such as global warming, sustainable development, ecological footprint, carbon footprint, and three already realized research on carbon footprint. The practical part describes the data acquisition, GILDED project, which was the inspiration for this thesis and method for calculating the carbon footprint. The main part consists of evaluating the calculated results, not overall carbon footprint, but also comparisons within categories of residence, gender, education, age, and income per person. The thesis finishes with the summary, which summarizes the most important results.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-17T17:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Lorena.pdf: 625242 bytes, checksum: 6b30f4e3144b0cf5357e4c62816e9a17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:43:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Lorena.pdf: 625242 bytes, checksum: 6b30f4e3144b0cf5357e4c62816e9a17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:43:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Lorena.pdf: 625242 bytes, checksum: 6b30f4e3144b0cf5357e4c62816e9a17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Presente dissertação trata das unidades de cumprimento estabelecidas pelo Protocolo de Quioto especialmente das Reduções Certificadas de Emissão (RCEs). Primeiramente, faz uma análise do aquecimento global e do efeito estufa distinguindo as duas expressões. Em seguida, descreve o papel do Painel Intergovernamental de Mudança Climática (IPCC) em assuntos relacionados à mudança do clima e avalia a relevância da Convenção-Quadro sobre Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC) para o desenvolvimento do direito ambiental internacional. Ademais traça um panorama do Protocolo de Quioto primeiro protocolo ambiental legalmente vinculante, fruto da CQNUMC examinando suas possíveis conseqüências para o mundo e em particular para o Brasil. Elenca os créditos de carbono ou créditos de emissão e detalha as etapas para a suas obtenções destacando as condições a serem satisfeitas em cada uma delas. A hipótese que permeou a dissertação foi a de que os créditos de carbono se refletirem reduções de emissões de GEEs reais ajudarão na mitigação da mudança climática. O trabalho ainda traz à baila a polêmica acerca da natureza jurídica das RCEs consideradas por muitos economistas uma nova commodity no âmbito do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) único mecanismo de flexibilização que permite a participação dos países em desenvolvimento com vistas à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Para conferir segurança ao mercado de carbono no Brasil está em tramitação o Projeto de Lei nº 3.552/2004 dispondo sobre a organização e regulação do mercado de carbono na Bolsa de Valores do Rio de Janeiro através da geração de Redução Certificada de Emissão. Por fim o trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso acerca do Projeto Vega Bahia que implicou a obtenção de créditos de carbono pelo Brasil. Esse projeto corresponde a reduções de emissão antropogênicas de metano (CH4) um Gás de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que não teria lugar na ausência da atividade de projeto de MDL entre janeiro e dezembro de 2004. / Salvador

In this diploma thesis about the trading of permits CO2 to focus on the issue of release of carbon dioxide in a European context and its control through a system of tradable CO2 - EU ETS. I focus on the first two trading period of the EU ETS, in terms of allocated permits, price trends, and number of permits traded in the two periods in selected EU countries and the Czech Republic. The aim is to determine how appears a system of tradable CO2 permits in selected EU countries and the Czech Republic in the context of fulfillment obligations to reduce CO2 emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. The work compare the situation in the Czech Republic with selected EU countries in selected indicators of specific emissions trading and CO2. The work seeks to determine to what extent the ETS helps in improving the situation of individual countries in absolute production of CO2. The first chapter introduces the issue of climate change. It explains what are greenhouse gases, greenhouse effect and how this effect works. It acquaints readers with one greenhouse gas and that is carbon dioxide. Then the work explains how climate change takes place and there is also described climate history of the Earth, which is necessary to closer understanding of the issue. Then follows the description of international organizations, which deal with climate protection and have international influence. The second chapter focuses on ways to solution climate change. The bigger attention is devoted to the trading with carbon dioxide, than the work explaines the functioning of the European ETS, its development and global influence on the production and reduction of CO2. Than is the chapter devoted to notes and obligations that are promised in the Kyoto Protocol and closer specified the position of the Czech Republic in this Convention. In the third chapter compares the work selected countries of the European Union, which are the largest issuers of the Union's carbon dioxide. If it is possible to compare states in terms of their commitments and reduce CO2 implementation of these commitments. It appears that a large part of the EU Member States fulfill their obligations only partially, and some states it does not meet at all. For some selected countries we can see even an absolute increase in these emissions. Production of CO2 emissions is expressed in the comparison of selected countries in various indicators such as a production of CO2 per GDP or per inhabitant or per hectare of forest. It seems that not all states have aligned their emissions, which are important for sustainable development in that states. The last part compares selected countries in terms of allocated permits in the first and second ETS trading period and describes the evolution of both periods. Finally we performed a detailed analysis of price trends of permits especially in the first ETS period.