<p>The respondents can be classified into 3 groups as follows,</p><p>users 47%, non users 37%, non awareness customers 16%.</p><p>We found that the group of users perceived more positive</p><p>toward Bualuang ibanking than the group of non users in four</p><p>aspects, relatively advantage, complexity, compability and</p><p>observability, while, trialability was not perceived as a</p><p>significant attribute facilitating the use of Bualuang ibanking.</p><p>However, in some circumstances, such as, time processing,</p><p>mental effort, frustrating, privacy and security, the attitude</p><p>toward these circumstances is positive but not divergent</p><p>between these two groups. For the non awareness customers,</p><p>there are 58% of them preferred adopting this technology in</p><p>the future and the most frequently selective duration that they</p><p>will adopt this technology is within one month.</p>

The respondents can be classified into 3 groups as follows, users 47%, non users 37%, non awareness customers 16%. We found that the group of users perceived more positive toward Bualuang ibanking than the group of non users in four aspects, relatively advantage, complexity, compability and observability, while, trialability was not perceived as a significant attribute facilitating the use of Bualuang ibanking. However, in some circumstances, such as, time processing, mental effort, frustrating, privacy and security, the attitude toward these circumstances is positive but not divergent between these two groups. For the non awareness customers, there are 58% of them preferred adopting this technology in the future and the most frequently selective duration that they will adopt this technology is within one month.

It is argued in this thesis that the stigmatization of menstruation and the atypical product features of the menstrual cup constitute a unique marketing challenge for vendors of the menstrual cup. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate these issues and the ways in which Scandinavian vendors approach them. Further, the possible effects of this approach on the rate of adoption of the menstrual cup are analyzed. In order to do so, interviews with four Scandinavian vendors of the menstrual cup were conducted. The main findings are that the stigmatization of menstruation is the most influential factor in the marketing of the menstrual cup as it hinders the spreading of knowledge about menstruation and the menstrual cup. It is found that the vendors take an educational approach in order to spread information, which in turn enables learning. Information is spread primarily through word-of-mouth.

Cob is an earth based building technique that may be an alternative for the construction of new homes in developing countries. Earth based constructions techniques commonly used in the past, like adobe and wattle-and-daub, have increasingly been replaced by buildings using more processed materials commercially available such as bricks or concrete blocks. The cost of such commercial materials is often unreachable for a large part of the population in developing countries. Cob buildings could be an appropriate option in rural areas, where human labor is a less restricted resource compared to monetary capital, and most of the materials needed are locally available. The cob technique is based on a mixture of clay, sand, straw and water that enables the builder to combine different materials and to create a variety of shapes. A recently constructed cob building in Matagalpa, Nicaragua, was studied using screening LCA methodology applied to the construction phase, as well as by applying a diffusion of innovation framework (specifically the five perceived attributes of an innovation). Results regarding fossil CO2 emissions due to material production and material transportation were contrasted to an equivalent concrete block building. The highest contribution to CO2 emissions from the cob building was generated by paints and solvents, and bricks and tiles (cooked earth); whereas in the concrete building it was due to the concrete bricks and iron. According to this case study, cob building technique seems to have the potential to be an affordable option for rural housing in Nicaragua, and at the same time accountable for rather limited emissions of fossil CO2 emissions in its construction phase. At present, some obstacles to the use of cob technique are lack of examples for people to see and experience, and a general limited knowledge on how to work with cob technique. / Cob är en byggteknik med jord som främsta material som kan vara ett alternativ vid byggande av nya bostäder i utvecklingsländer. Några jordkonstruktionstekniker, som adobe och ”bajareque”, var vanligare förr, men har ersatts av byggande med förädlade material som tegel eller betongblock. Kostnaden för dessa material är oftast hög och blir oöverkomlig för en stor del av befolkningen. Cob hus skulle kunna vara ett alternativ på landsbygden, där arbetskraft är en mer tillgänglig resurs än kapital, och de flesta av de material som behövs finns lokalt. Cob tekniken är en blandning av lera, sand, halm och vatten som även kan kombineras med andra material för att skapa olika former. Byggnationsfasen för ett nyligen konstruerat cob hus i Matagalpa, Nicaragua, studerades med en screenande LCA. Valda delar av Rogers teori ”diffusion of innovation” användes (främst de fem attributen för innovationsspridning). Resultaten avseende CO2-utsläpp från produktion och transport av material jämfördes med ett hus i liknande storlek, byggt i betongblock. Det största bidraget till utsläpp av CO2 från cob huset genererades av färger och lösningsmedel, tegel och kakel (bränd jord), medan det i betongblockshuset berodde på betongblock och järn. Enligt denna fallstudie verkar cob byggteknik att ha potential att vara ett prisvärt alternativ för bostäder på landsbygden i Nicaragua, och resulterar i relativt små CO2-utsläpp under byggskedet. Några av de hinder för spridningen av cob tekniken som föreligger för närvarande är brist på exempel för människor att se och uppleva, samt dålig allmän kunskap om hur man arbetar med denna teknik. / Cob es una técnica de construcción en tierra que puede ser una alternativa para la construcción de nuevas viviendas en los países en vía de desarrollo. Algunas de las técnicas de construcciones en tierra como el adobe y el bahareque fueron comunes en el pasado, sin embargo han sido sustituidas por construcciones con materiales procesados como ladrillos o bloques de concreto. El costo de estos materiales suele ser alto volviéndose inasequibles para una gran parte de la población. Las construcciones en cob podrían ser una opción adecuada en las zonas rurales, donde la mano de obra es un recurso abundante a bajo costo, y la mayoría de los materiales necesarios están disponibles a nivel local. La técnica del cob se basa en una mezcla de arcilla, arena, paja y agua que puede ser combinada con otros materiales para crear una gran variedad de formas. La fase de construcción de una casa en cob en Matagalpa, Nicaragua; fue estudiada por medio de un LCA preliminar. Igualmente se utilizó el marco de difusión de la innovación propuesto por Rogers para evaluar los cinco atributos que hacen que esta técnica pueda o no ser difundida en Matagalpa. Los resultados en relación con las emisiones de CO2 por la producción de material y del transporte de material se contrastaron con una casa de dimensiones similares construida en bloque de concreto. La mayor contribución a las emisiones de CO2 de la casa de cob fue generada por las pinturas y solventes, y ladrillos y tejas (tierra cocida), mientras que en la casa de bloque de concreto las emisiones se debieron a los bloques de concreto y al hierro. De acuerdo con este caso de estudio, la técnica de construcción cob parece tener el potencial de ser una opción asequible para la vivienda rural en Nicaragua, generando emisiones de CO2 más bajas que las construcciones de bloque de concreto durante la fase de construcción. En la actualidad, algunos de los obstáculos para la difusión de la técnica del cob son la falta de ejemplos para que las personas puedan ver y experimentar, y un escaso conocimiento general sobre cómo trabajar con esta técnica.

Research suggests that the construction industry plays a crucial role in the fight against climate change and global warming. In 2010, the building sector answered for 30% of the global CO2 emissions and 32% of the total energy use. By adopting life-cycle assessments (LCA), the construction companies have a chance to improve indicators for economic, social and environmental sustainability. The Swedish government is in the process of making climate declarations of buildings, through LCA, a requirement to steer the industry towards more sustainable development.This study aims to show what barriers there are for wide adoption of LCA in the Swedish construction sector today and how these barriers are related to the rate of adoption. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate if there are differences in barriers between big and small actors in the industry. The study is guided by the theory “Diffusion of Innovations” by Everett Rodgers. The main method for data collection has been semi-structured interviews with people in the Swedish construction industry.The main barriers identified were lack of demand and lack of regulation. The study shows that the relative advantage of LCA is not perceived as high enough for it to be widely adopted without an increase in demand. It is also shown that high demand on a wide front is unlikely to happen without regulation. Furthermore, this study shows that the barriers are the same for actors of different sizes. The difference is the ability to deal with the barriers. Much of that ability can be ascribed to how much resources are available within the company. / Forskning tyder på att byggbranschen spelar en avgörande roll i kampen mot klimatförändringar och global uppvärmning. Byggnadsbranschen svarade 2010 för 30% av de globala koldioxidutsläppen och 32% av den totala energianvändningen. Genom att anta livscykelanalyser (LCA) har byggföretagen möjlighet att förbättra indikatorerna för ekonomisk, social och miljömässig hållbarhet. Den svenska regeringen håller på att göra klimatdeklarationer av byggnader, genom LCA, till ett krav för att styra industrin mot en mer hållbar utveckling.Denna studie syftar till att visa vilka hinder det finns för bred implementering av LCA i den svenska byggbranschen idag, och hur dessa hinder är relaterade till upptagandet. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka om det finns skillnader i hinder mellan stora och små aktörer i branschen. Studien guidas av teorin "Diffusion of Innovations" av Everett Rodgers. Huvudmetoden för datainsamling har varit semi-strukturerade intervjuer med utvalda personer i den svenska byggbranschen.De viktigaste hindren som identifierades är brist på efterfrågan och brist på reglering. Studien visar att den relativa fördelen av LCA inte uppfattas som tillräckligt hög för att den ska vidtas allmänt utan att efterfrågan ökar. Det visas också att hög efterfrågan på en bred front sannolikt inte kommer att ske utan reglering. Vidare visar denna studie att hindren är desamma för aktörer av olika storlekar. Skillnaden är förmågan att hantera barriärerna. Mycket av den förmågan kan hänföras till hur mycket resurser som finns inom företaget.

E-payment paradigm in the context of fighting corruption and increasing transparency at the public-sector authority’s level is becoming more important than ever especially for Eastern Europe. The present research will address how an electronic payment system is affecting the diffusion of innovation among online public services, settling the challenges at the government level, providing solutions for diminishing the money laundering in the country and all other associated problems. Diffusion of innovations theory had been investigated by many scholars in different industries and countries. The research implication is to generate general knowledge by fulfilling the literature gap related to electronic payment systems in the public sector and diffusion of innovations. The research aim is to provide (1) an extensive literature review to gain familiarity principally on the diffusion of innovation theory, secondary on government electronic payment systems and cashless societies; (2) collect, explore and analyze empirical evidence related to the perceived attributes of diffusion of innovations theory and the rate of adoption of e-payment system designed for public services from the perspective of consumers, public service providers, and payment operators; (3) answer the research questions by the aid of the diffusion of innovation theory, and measure the rates of adoption of public e-payment systems by using an case study approach, the researchers analyzed the case of Moldova and the Governmental Payment Gateway MPay, one of the initiatives launched by the Public Institution e-Government Center.  The interpretivism research paradigm was adopted for the research, and an exploratory case study methodology is implemented to gain insights, familiarity with the subject, and acquire more knowledge in the concepts and theoretical frameworks that are related to the research problem and question.

我國保險業自2004年導入要保人數位簽章以來，不僅在推動上面臨困難，網路業務也未能順利拓展，然政府業務及金融交易已成功導入電子憑證的各項應用，未來，如何兼顧保險電子商務及數位簽章的應用發展，將是保險業的重大挑戰。本研究的主要目的在於探討保險業對要保人數位簽章的態度與傾向，以創新採用速率的主要影響因素作為理論分析基礎，探討風險資安因素對數位簽章的採用影響，以及金融保險憑證與政府相關憑證的採用傾向。本研究採郵寄問卷調查方式蒐集保險業對數位簽章的看法，總計回收有效問卷為46份。研究結果如次： 一、 產險業與壽險業皆不會因為風險資安因素而採用數位簽章。 二、 產險業配合政府政策而採用憑證的意願偏低，壽險業配合政府政策而採用憑證的意願較高。 三、 產險業傾向不採用網路保險憑證，但傾向採用網路銀行憑證、網路下單憑證及政府相關憑證。 四、 不論是網路保險憑證、網路銀行憑證、網路下單憑證及政府相關憑證，壽險業皆傾向採用。 我國保險業如擬繼續推展要保人數位簽章，本研究建議： 一、 訂定未取得要保書正本簽名或未採用數位簽章所應遵循的規範，包括傳真簽名及其他身分確認機制，以創造有利於網路業務發展的環境。 二、 擴大要保人數位簽章的應用範圍，包括開放保險業銷售中風險的保險商品，以及授權保險業存取政府資料庫管控核保風險等，以利保險業提供差異化的網路投保服務。 三、 原則上，以政府相關憑證為主，金融憑證為輔的方式推動保險業採用數位簽章，如有推動上的困難，則改以保險憑證為主，金融憑證為輔的方式替代，並開放保險憑證及金融憑證可經由異業結盟互為使用。 四、 基於維持保險電子商務市場秩序考量，保險經代人經營電子商務宜納入保險業管理規範，以建立公平的市場競爭環境，俾利保險業經營網路投保業務，消費者享有更多保費折扣優惠。 關鍵字：數位簽章、創新感知屬性、網路投保、保險電子商務 / Since the insurers employed insured digital signatures in 2004, they have not only faced difficulties in promotion but also expanded online businesses hardly. However, the government businesses and the financial transactions have fulfilled various applications of digital certificates successfully. In the future, how to well develop the applications of e-insurance and digital signatures at the same time will become a significant challenge for the insurance industries. The major goal of this study is to delve into the insurers’ postures and bents toward the implementation of insured digital signatures. The analysis theory is based on primary factors of affecting the rate of adoption of an innovation. It supports to explore the influence of operational risks and information securities upon the use of digital signatures, and the tendencies of the use of financial digital certificates and government-related digital certificates. To collect the required data provided by insurers, this study used mail questionnaire method, totaling the valid questionnaire of the recovery as 46s. The findings are listed as follows: 1. Both the P&C insurers and the life insurers do not adopt insured digital signatures due to operational risks and information securities. 2. Regarding the compliance of the government policies, the P&C insurers incline not to adopt digital certificates. However, the life insurers incline to adopt digital certificates. 3. The P&C insurers incline not to adopt insurance digital certificates, but incline to adopt banking digital certificates, stock-dealing digital certificates and government-related digital certificates. 4. No matter what kind of digital certificates are, including insurance digital certificates, banking digital certificates, stock-dealing digital certificates and government-related digital certificates, the life insurers incline to adopt any of them. If the insurance industries would like to continue to advance the development of insured digital signatures, the propositions are listed as follows: 1. In order to create a beneficial environment for the development of online businesses, this study suggests developing directions for the signatures by fax and the other signer authentication mechanism. 2. In order to let the insurers offer differential online insurance services, this study proposes permitting the insurers to sell middle-risk insurance products and access government databases for underwriting risk management. 3. In principle, it is preferable that the insurers employ government-related digital certificates and financial digital certificates. If hardly, the insurers employ insurance digital certificates and financial digital certificates instead. Moreover, both digital certificates have reciprocal usage for each other by means of strategic alliance from different financial businesses. 4. Based on the consideration of keeping e-insurance market order, this study propounds that the e-insurance of brokers and agents are incorporated into directions for the e-insurance of insurers in order to establish a fair market competition environment. It is helpful to insurers’ online businesses and consumers’ preferential premiums. Keywords: Digital Signatures, Rate of Adoption of an Innovation, Online Insurance, e-Insurance