The major thrust of refugee protection worldwide is directed towards providing assistance to refugees in emergency situations. In South Africa, a large number of refugees have moved beyond this initial emergency phase such that the extended nature of their refugee status has left them in a state of continuous vulnerability. Their prolonged exile has led to violations of various rights recognised by international law and South Africa’s own constitutional and refugee law. Faced with restricted access to rights, refugees in South Africa live in poverty, are frustrated, and do not realise their full potential, to say nothing about the overt and brutal attacks they constantly face as victims of xenophobia. Their continued status as refugees deprives them of opportunities and subjects them to constant fear of harassment and exploitation. Even though neither the UNHCR nor the South African government has classified refugees living in South Africa as being in a protracted situation, many refugees have been in South Africa for five years or longer, with no durable solution in sight. This thesis highlights the plight of refugees in protracted refugee situation in South Africa and recommends suitable solutions to the problems this situation raises.

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Refugee camps, mostly located in the Global South, host millions of human beings and mirror the overburden and incapacity of humanitarian response. If these places were once supposedly created to aggregate asylum-seekers temporarily, now they have become the norm for prolonged stays where future generations grow.This thesis explores the viability of the UNHCR’s durable solutions for Rohingya Refugees- local integration, resettlement, and repatriation. Moreover, it questions the role of non-state actors when it comes to decision-making in refugee governance. The analysis is conducted through a critical interpretive synthesis. The selected literature was scrutinized and linked to theoretical concepts such as human security, securitization of migration, legal pluralism, and complex interdependence.In summary, the literature analyzed shares a unanimity that, although conditions in the camps are unsustainable for permanent stays, efforts to build better futures for refugees are not being explored enough. This is mainly due to a reluctance of States to accept refugees on behalf of their integrity and security, in the sense that refugees are perceived as threats to their sovereignty. In this sense, potential efforts by non-state actors to provide a sustainable future for refugees fall behind: in a scenario where national security prevails, keeping refugees in the camp seems to be the safest choice.

The refugee crisis has escalated significantly in Europe, becoming one of the main destinations for refugees. Sweden is one of the largest European recipients for asylum applications and was taking in the largest number of refugees in Europe in 2015 in terms of per capita; at 15 refugees per 1,000 inhabitants. With this large flow of refugees into Sweden, a large number of needs arise among the refugees along with a number of challenges concerning integration. These needs and challenges could potentially become attractive business ideas and Sweden should, theoretically, be seeing a significant increase in entrepreneurial activity with a focus on these issues. However, the phenomenon that is observed is that this does not appear to be the case with this crisis. Entrepreneurial activity does not appear to have increased significantly in relation to the refugee crisis in Sweden. Why is that? What are the underlying barriers that hinder individuals from engaging in the entrepreneurial process during the refugee crisis in Sweden? This study finds that the three main barriers after having collected 52 responses are 1) no time/ other priorities, 2) capital requirements and 3) lack of information. Furthermore, many of the barriers that were identified have to do with the individuals’ reluctance to enter the entrepreneurial process. A total of 21 respondents identified such a barrier - that is 40.4% of the responses collected. If the majority of individuals in Sweden are unwilling or reluctant to present innovative ideas, then the difficulty that arises is finding an efficient solution that reaches a large part of the population.

At the GPSC Student Showcase 2011, received 2nd place Graduate in the category of Public Health

According to the immigration service forecasts Sweden faces large refugee influxes in the coming years. This means that educators in the kindergarten, preschool and school, will meat children from the war torn countries. In this study, the purpose is to find out the educators different conceptions of war-affected refugee children, because my theory is that their beliefs influence their actions. I wanted to get answers to their beliefs about the difficulties or challengers that children and educators may be faced with. Furthermore, I wanted to know what educators envisioned about their own role’s importance to the war affected refugee children and their perceptions of the Swedish culture, environment, language and school. All children have the right to go to school and usually begin refugee children in preparatory classes, but when one is six years you start directly in preschool. Internationalization requires people for them to see the values of diversity and raising awareness around a common cultural heritage. Performances means to understand the world and to embrace the world in different ways. The view of other people is deeply rooted within us and is influenced by the traditions we carry with us from teaching and education. In my study, I used qualitative interviews in the meeting with the four educators. In the study there is a research study which deals with relevant literature for my study. Educator’s perceptions showed that communications problems, not having a common language, don’t have a knowledge of what the kids have been through, cultural differences, which requires mutual understanding it was seen as a major difficulty. Their knowledge and ideas based on experience, there was no training how to actively work with war affected refugee children. In summery, I can’t make any conclusions about my theory that beliefs affect their behaviours, but about the need for a little extra commitment about these children, such as to convey security in different ways were considered important as the performances was that there are children who have had a hard time. Their beliefs about war-affected refugee children reflects the need for more knowledge in the form of further education.

Prior studies of immigrants to the United States show significant weight gain after 10 years of US residence. Pediatric refugees are a vulnerable population whose post-immigration weight trajectory has not been studied. We examined the longitudinal weight trajectory of 1067 pediatric refugees seen in a single university based refugee health program between the dates of September 3, 2012 and September 3, 2014 to determine how quickly significant weight gain occurs post-arrival. The most recent BMI was abstracted from the electronic health record and charts reviewed to obtain serial BMI measurements in 3 year increments after the date of US arrival. The mean arrival BMI percentile for all refugees was 47th percentile. This increased significantly to the 63rd percentile within 3 years of US arrival (p < 0.01). This rapid increase was largely attributable to African and South and Southeast Asian refugees. The overall prevalence of age and sex adjusted obesity rose from 7.4 % at arrival to 18.3 % within 9 years of US immigration exceeding the pediatric US national obesity prevalence of 16.9 %. Pediatric refugees are at increased risk of rapid weight gain after US immigration. Targeted interventions focused on prevention of weight gain in specific populations are warranted.

Denna studie lägger fokus på lärares lärande under en hastig förändring i skolan. Antalet flyktingbarn har ökat under år 2014-2016 vilket givit konsekvenser även i skolorna (Diagrammet bilaga 4; Migrationsverket, 2014; Migrationsverket, 2015; Migrationsverket, 2016a; Migrationsverket, 2016b). Det har blivit högre tryck på skolorna och lärarna där de fått fler elever men även nyinkomna flyktingar. Därför är det intressant att studera lärares hantering av ökat antal nyinkomna flyktingar och ifall de utvecklas yrkesmässigt. Forskningsfrågorna som används är: "Vilka utmaningar ställs lärarna inför på grund av den ökade strömningen av ensamkommande flyktingbarn? Vilka kompetenser har de utvecklat? ". I studien används det teorier om lärande, förändring och kompetens. Lärande eftersom det handlar om lärares lärande, förändring då det skett en förändring och kompetens för att det handlar om lärarnas kompetens och dess utveckling. Sedan relateras studien till fem studier som handlar om olika slag av lärares upplevelser av arbete med flyktingar. Detta är en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där 7 lärare intervjuades. Resultatet har analyserats fram genom en tematisk analys, där det utförts en innehållsanalys. Denna studie är baserad på användningen av den abduktiva forskningsmetoden eftersom jag anser att det behövs både den induktiva och deduktiva forsknings metod. Studien resultera i fyra kategorier av kompetenser som lärarna ansåg är viktiga i arbete med flyktingar, Socialförmåga, planera och prioritera, flexibilitet och didaktik. Dessa kategorier har underkategorier där den första har genuint intresse och lyhördhet, relationskapande och ödmjukhet och förstående. Den andra har inga underkategorier och den tredje har språkutveckling och kulturkompetens samt den fjärde har underkategorin tålmodig och tydlighet. Dessa underkategorier baserades på respondenternas svar, av att vara lyhörd och genuint intresserade för elevernas nuvarande situation likaså om deras bakgrund. Viktigt är det att lyssna in likheter och skillnader i grupperna och fokusera på det mellanmänskliga aspekt när man arbetar med elever speciellt flyktingbarn. Språk- och kulturkompetens var även viktig för att kunna förmedla kunskap. Respondenterna betonade att på grund av tidsbrist är det viktigt att planera så att lektionen medför struktur samt prioritera så att alla får lika mycket hjälp. Viktigt är även flexibilitet eftersom klassen är dynamiskt med stora skillnader i kunskapsnivåer vilket medför en kontinuerlig anpassning. / This study focuses on teachers learning during a rapid change in the school. The number of refugee children has increased during the years 2014-2016 which has had consequences in schools (Diagrammet, bilaga 4; Migrationsverket, 2014; Migrationsverket, 2015; Migrationsverket, 2016a; Migrationsverket, 2016b). It has been more pressure on schools and teachers where they have more students but also newly arrived refugees. Therefore, it is interesting to study teachers' handling of the increased number of newly arrived refugees and if they develop professionally. The research questions used are: "What challenges teachers face because of the increased flow of unaccompanied refugee? What skills have they developed? ". The study used the theories of learning, change and skills. Learning as it is about teachers learning, change when there is a change and skills for dealing with teachers' competence and its development. There were found five studies the studies related to the dealing with various kinds of teachers' experiences of work with refugees. This is a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews on 7 teachers. The results were analyzed through thematic analysis, where it conducted a content analysis. This study is based on the use of the abductive research method because this study need both inductive and deductive research method. The study result in four categories of competencies that teachers considered important in the work with refugees, Social Ability, plan and prioritize, flexibility and didactics. These categories have sub categories where the first had genuine interest and responsiveness, relationship-building and humility and understanding. The second have no subcategories while the third have Language Development and cultural competence, the fourth category have patience and clarity. These sub categories were determined based on the respondents answers, of being responsive and genuinely interested in the students' current situation and their background. Important is also to listen the similarities and differences in the groups and focus on the humanitarian aspect when working with students especially children refugee. Language and culture knowledge is as important to be able to convey knowledge. Respondents emphasize that there is often a lack of time and therefore it is important to plan so that the lesson is structured and prioritize so that everyone gets as much help. Important is also flexibility, because the class is dynamic and knowledge levels are uneven which requires continuous adaption.

Trafficking women for sexual abuse has been a serious concern worldwide, particularly over the last two decades. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated that illicit profits of human trafficking may be as high as $32 billion. However, the international media community has scarcely focused on North Korean women defectors and victims of human trafficking, despite the severity of the issue. More than two million North Koreans, predominantly women, have crossed borders to enter China from starvation. Among those women migrants, about 80% to 90% of them were abducted by traffickers at the border between North Korea and China, and the traffickers sold them to the Chinese sex industry or Chinese men who are unable to find a woman as a wife or a sex slave.This cross-cultural textual analysis examined South Korean and Western (U.S. and British) newspaper coverage of North Korean women as victims of human trafficking to discover similarities and differences in those countries’ news frames. The analysis has shown that politics was a crucial factor in the coverage of the issue. However, by generally failing to report on the fundamental causes of the trafficking, such as inequality between genders, both Western and South Korean newspapers perpetuated hegemonic masculinity and failed to inform and educate people about the grave situations of North Korean women defectors and victims of human trafficking. This study recommends that in reporting the trafficking issues, journalists must be able to observe objectively, not within ideologies or frames provided by politicians.

<p>All though laughter is traditionally thought of as divergent from the goals of science learning, this perspective seems to be a cursory assumption about which little empirical evidence is provided. Taking a situated and embodied approach to learning, this study details the affordances of laughter in an afterschool STEM program for resettled Burmese refugee high school youth. The informal learning setting in the afterschool program provides a space where laughter is often present, yet the meanings of laughter in these settings are not well understood. Through micro analysis of video data collected from the afterschool setting, three interactions between youth and facilitators in the setting were examined to investigate the work that youth’s laughter does in the moment to challenge insular concepts of science discourse. Interaction ritual analysis was used theorize the examined interactions’ connections to other moments in the learning setting. In doing so, the affordances of laughter were found to be its work in generating solidarity, democratizing power relations, and providing ways to deal with uncertainty in science. Overall, findings from this research indicate that the informal learning context and responsive pedagogy provided important localities for youth to draw on their resources and they do so even in seemingly insignificant moments along the margins of what is traditionally considered to be science discourse. </p>