Risken att en obehörig part kan komma över och använda en enskild konsuments identitets-handlingar är stor, samtidigt som individens möjlighet att kontrollera hur och när dess iden-titet används är liten. Problemformuleringen som skulle besvaras var hur identitetsstölder och bedrägerier på internet kunde minimeras samtidigt som konsumenten får ett ökat infly-tande över hanteringen av sin identitet. Målsättningen var att centralisera och skapa ett gemensamt förhållningssätt för identitets-hantering på internet till förmån för konsumenterna, och på så vis minimera spridning av egna lösningar för identitetshantering hos enskilda aktörer. Lösningen resulterade i en systemmodell med förutsättningar för att autentisera konsumen-ten, hantera filter för hur enskilda identitetshandlingar får användas på internet, samt för att möjliggöra kommunikation med konsumenten genom att skicka notifikationer om händelser som uppstått kopplat till en specifik identitet. Genom en användarportal skulle konsumen-ten kunna administrera sina filter för olika e-tjänster och webbutiker samt få en överblick över specifika händelser som inträffat. En prototyp togs fram för att demonstrera systemmodellens grundläggande funktionalitet i praktiken. Denna kom att innefatta funktionalitet för att autentisera konsumenten, skicka notifikationer om händelser och kontrollera existerande filter för en specifik identitet. Pro-totypen kom att bestå av ett förenklat system enligt den modell som tagits fram, med ett tillhörande API samt två modeller motsvarande en webbutik och en betalningsväxel som skulle nyttja funktionaliteten genom att anropa systemets API. Lösningen utvärderades baserat på det uppnådda resultatet från intervjuer med experter inom problemområdet och genomförd funktionskontroll av den framtagna prototypen. Ge-nom utvärderingen kunde slutsatsen dras att identitetsbaserade bedrägerier med stor sanno-likhet skulle sjunka drastiskt och att den enskilde konsumentens inflytande och medveten-het skulle stärkas. Den största bidragande faktorn till slutsatsen ansågs främst vara det kon-sistenta och standardiserade sätt som skapats för autentisering av och kommunikation med konsumenten. På så vis skulle aktörerna själva avsätta delar av den funktionalitet och de säkerhetsrisker som ansågs finnas i anslutning till hanteringen av identiteter på internet. Svårigheterna med den föreslagna lösningen ansågs vara att få konsumenter, webbutiker och betalningsväxlar att ansluta sig till ett centralt system då man av affärsmässiga skäl väljer att behålla särskilda delar internt. / There's a high risk that an unauthorized party can gain access to and use a consumer's iden-tity. This while the ability to control how and when a personal identity is used is small. The question to be answered were regarding how identity theft and online fraud could be mi-nimized and give the consumers a greater influence and more control over the management of their identity online. The goal was to centralize and establish a common approach for identity management on-line, with greater benefits for consumers. Through central service individual consumers would be able to set conditions for which online shops and services would be able to access their identities and grant access in each specific transaction. This would remove the need for non-central control of identities and as a result remove the need for independent storage of identity information. The solution would result in a system model with the potential to authenticate the consu-mer, managing conditions for how individual identity documents may be used online and to provide the consumer with a online history by sending notifications of events that has occurred with regard to a specific identity. A prototype was developed to demonstrate the basic functionality in practice. This included the functionality to authenticate the consumer with Mobile BankID, send notifications about events and check existing conditions regarding a specific identity. This prototype came to consist of a simplified system according to the model developed, an associated API, and two models representing an online store and a payment provider that would utilize the functionality of the system by calling the API. The proposed solution was evaluated through two interviews with experts in the fields of IT Security and e-commerce. The conclusion was that identity fraud would probably drop drastically and the individual consumer influence and awareness would be fortified. The main reason for this was considered to be primarily through the consistent and standardized way for authentication of and communication with the consumer. This would remove the individual risk for online services. The challenge with this proposed solution is believed to be getting consumers, online re-tailers and payment providers to accept a central solution instead of relying on internally developed and disconnected solution.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of M.Bibl in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 1995. / The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a collection security problem in South African libraries, with specific reference to Natal, to determine the extent of the problem, to find out why these problems exist, and to see if the countermeasures applied by the Natal libraries were effective-Data collection was done by means of a literature study, three empirical surveys, and a sample stocktaking exercise at the four libraries included in this project, to determine their loss rate. The results show that theft/loss and mutilation of library materials are problems of considerable magnitude, locally and internationally. (In 1991 it was estimated that in the United Kingdom library materials to the value of ± £100 million were lost) - The stocktake completed at three of the four Natal libraries included in this study <The University of Natal, Durban's was incomplete) revealed that the combined, average loss rate was 15.5*/. (with a monetary value of Rl,6^8,710.00) which was above the accepted norm of E5.-105i. The Durban Municipal Library had the lowest rate ) followed by the University of Durban-Westvil le (11%), and the University of Zululand (23K). The two university libraries, where it was possible to complete the sample stocktake (i.e. the University of Durban-Westville and the University of Zululand>, used the 3M electronic security system and the Durban Municipal Library the Checkpoint system. The main reasons for theft varied from, not having enough funds, and being selfish, to the book was not available in the bookshop and the user thought s/he would not get caught. The reasons for mutilation varied from, the user was not aware of the cost of replacing mutilated material, being selfish and to prevent others from getting the same information. It was also found that the photocopy services needed to be upgraded to prevent frustrated users from stealing or mutilating library materials, of the 343 respondents who participated in the survey conducted at the four libraries included in this study were inconvenienced by mutilation. The reasons for theft and mutilation by users in the Natal libraries coincided with those of the international world as found in the literature survey. Security or countermeasures are not effective and must be improved, i.e. the librarians must change their attitude towards library crimes, facilitate user access, implement a regular stocktaking programme, educate the library users, and publicise acts of theft and mutilation.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyze the geographical distribution of everyday criminality in the town of Borlänge during the year 2002 and to analyze which measures to be taken in the physical social planning to decrease this everyday criminality there. The term everyday criminality is here to be understood as those categories of crime that appear most frequently in the records of reports to the police every year. Here two kinds of crime have been in focus, thefts from cars and office burglary.In fulfilling this aim two main questions have been answered. The first one is how the everyday criminality was distributed geographically in the town of Borlänge during the year 2002. The second one is which measures to be taken in the physical social planning to decrease this everyday criminality in the town of Borlänge.In order to answer the first question a spatial autocorrelation analysis, Local Moran LISA has been used. This method is based on the measurement Moran´s I and shows the spatial autocorrelation for every single location. To answer the second question three different theories of crime prevention through environmental design have been studied and applied in the analysis. These are Jane Jacobs’ ideas about ”the living city”, Oscar Newman´s ideas about ”defensible space” and Ronald V. Clarke´s theories about crime prevention.The major conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis are that the risk of being exposed to thefts from cars, during the analyzed time period, was highest in Centrum and Hagalund and their surroundings. The lowest risk of being exposed to this type of crime was found in Domnarvet and Islingby, during the year 2002. The highest risk of being a victim of the crime office burglary was found in Hagalund and its surroundings and in the single area of Kvarnsveden. The corresponding lowest risk was found in Lergärdet and its surroundings and in Norra Backa and Kupolen. The measures that should be taken in order to decrease these types of criminality can be divided into overall changes and place-specific changes. When it comes to the crime thefts from cars a more attractive central business district, a better view of parking lots from nearby buildings, dividing of larger parking lot zones into smaller ones, migration of hidden parking lots and stronger access control to parking lots where problems with this kind of crime have occurred have been suggested as overall changes. The corresponding place-specific changes are to remove vegetation that is blocking the view, better lighting and to put up signs with information about increased risk of exposure to crime at parking lots with the most problems. To decrease the amount of office burglaries overall changes as to create a better view of the area from nearby surroundings, move bigger office compartments or divide them into smaller units, rebuild characteristic buildings and increase security by strengthening the access control to offices with these kinds of problems could be useful. Finally there are possibilities to decrease office burglary by using place-specific measures as surveillance cameras combined with signs containing information about these, high fences and better lighting around the buildings where a higher risk of being exposed to this kind of criminality is present.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Zürich, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [507]-550) and index.

This research explored, described and explained the nature and the extent of heritage crime as it manifested in the Gauteng Province of South Africa for the period 2006-2010. Gauteng was selected since it is deemed to be the hub of the legal trade. An operational definition of heritage objects was drafted for this study as ‘objects of artistic, cultural, historic or archaeological value regardless of age, housed in or curated by museums or galleries within Gauteng, and which are both tangible and moveable.’ Heritage crime for the purpose of this study was the illegal removal of any heritage object from a museum or gallery. The annual crime statistics released by the South African Police Services (SAPS) contain no reference to heritage crime of any sort. Therefore this research attempted to quantify the incidents of thefts experienced by museums and galleries in Gauteng for the period 2006-2010. Using a mixed method approach, data were gathered by qualitative and quantitative surveys. A total of 28 qualitative interviews were conducted. These data were integrated with the quantitative data which permitted the achievement of the strategic aims set out for this research. The following aims were achieved: • The roles and responsibilities of the custodians of the national estate were clarified; • International conventions designed to assist in combating crime perpetrated against cultural property were discussed; • The national legislation which guides the management, preservation and protection of heritage objects as well as the trade therein within South Africa was examined; • Policing agencies at the forefront of combating heritage crime were interviewed and international best practices were identified and compared with that which the SAPS are doing to address crime of this nature. These police agencies are situated in Italy, the United Kingdom, the USA and Germany; • The dynamics of the reported incidents of loss/theft were examined. Several anomalies were identified. Among these are the identification of the typologies of items being targeted and the possible identification of the type of thief perpetrating these crimes. • Through analysis of incidents it was also possible to highlight that the majority of thefts occur during the time when museums and galleries are open and that the items stolen are usually on open display (not affixed to the surface and not behind a barrier of any sort). Through the analysis of the data for legal trade and the theft incidents it was possible to design a Framework depicting the interface between the legal and illegal markets for trade in heritage objects. The research also provides law enforcement with minimum guidelines to ensure that crimes of this nature are addressed more effectively. / D.Litt. et Phil. / Department of Criminology (Police Science)

This research explored, described and explained the nature and the extent of heritage crime as it manifested in the Gauteng Province of South Africa for the period 2006-2010. Gauteng was selected since it is deemed to be the hub of the legal trade. An operational definition of heritage objects was drafted for this study as ‘objects of artistic, cultural, historic or archaeological value regardless of age, housed in or curated by museums or galleries within Gauteng, and which are both tangible and moveable.’ Heritage crime for the purpose of this study was the illegal removal of any heritage object from a museum or gallery. The annual crime statistics released by the South African Police Services (SAPS) contain no reference to heritage crime of any sort. Therefore this research attempted to quantify the incidents of thefts experienced by museums and galleries in Gauteng for the period 2006-2010. Using a mixed method approach, data were gathered by qualitative and quantitative surveys. A total of 28 qualitative interviews were conducted. These data were integrated with the quantitative data which permitted the achievement of the strategic aims set out for this research. The following aims were achieved: • The roles and responsibilities of the custodians of the national estate were clarified; • International conventions designed to assist in combating crime perpetrated against cultural property were discussed; • The national legislation which guides the management, preservation and protection of heritage objects as well as the trade therein within South Africa was examined; • Policing agencies at the forefront of combating heritage crime were interviewed and international best practices were identified and compared with that which the SAPS are doing to address crime of this nature. These police agencies are situated in Italy, the United Kingdom, the USA and Germany; • The dynamics of the reported incidents of loss/theft were examined. Several anomalies were identified. Among these are the identification of the typologies of items being targeted and the possible identification of the type of thief perpetrating these crimes. • Through analysis of incidents it was also possible to highlight that the majority of thefts occur during the time when museums and galleries are open and that the items stolen are usually on open display (not affixed to the surface and not behind a barrier of any sort). Through the analysis of the data for legal trade and the theft incidents it was possible to design a Framework depicting the interface between the legal and illegal markets for trade in heritage objects. The research also provides law enforcement with minimum guidelines to ensure that crimes of this nature are addressed more effectively. / D.Litt. et Phil. (Police Science) / Department of Criminology (Police Science)

Service quality has always been a tacit assumption within the delivery of academic library services, but since the 1990s demands for accountability from different stakeholders, including the clients, made service quality a highly debated and researched focus in academic libraries all over the world. The scope of the study covers a wide-ranging analysis of discourses underpinning service quality and its accompanying performance indicators in academic libraries. Using the academic library of the University of South Africa as an illustrative case study, this study examines the possible impact of inventory control on the service quality of the academic library in three areas, namely access to information resources, retrieval of information resources and positive implications for sound financial management. The study's findings all point to a positive enhancement of service quality in regard to the three areas mentioned. / Information Science / M. Inf.

Iraq is a country of great cultural significance as it is where civilization first began. As a result of its lengthy occupation, it is virtually one large archaeological site. In spite of numerous warnings to the governments of both the United States and the United Kingdom, no efforts were made to protect the Iraqi National Museum in Baghdad when the American-led coalition unlawfully invaded Iraq. Indeed, orders were given not to interfere with the looting. During the occupation that followed, the United States failed to take steps to protect Iraqi cultural property. In terms of international law, it was obliged to protect Iraq’s cultural property. The United States also chose to exacerbate its unlawful conduct by occupying archaeological sites and damaging them further by illegal construction. As a result many significant sites have been irreparably damaged or destroyed. Their conduct was the result of complete indifference to the Iraqi cultural heritage. Although their actions render them iin breach of international law, it is unlikely that the United States will ever be prosecuted for its actions. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Service quality has always been a tacit assumption within the delivery of academic library services, but since the 1990s demands for accountability from different stakeholders, including the clients, made service quality a highly debated and researched focus in academic libraries all over the world. The scope of the study covers a wide-ranging analysis of discourses underpinning service quality and its accompanying performance indicators in academic libraries. Using the academic library of the University of South Africa as an illustrative case study, this study examines the possible impact of inventory control on the service quality of the academic library in three areas, namely access to information resources, retrieval of information resources and positive implications for sound financial management. The study's findings all point to a positive enhancement of service quality in regard to the three areas mentioned. / Information Science / M. Inf.

Iraq is a country of great cultural significance as it is where civilization first began. As a result of its lengthy occupation, it is virtually one large archaeological site. In spite of numerous warnings to the governments of both the United States and the United Kingdom, no efforts were made to protect the Iraqi National Museum in Baghdad when the American-led coalition unlawfully invaded Iraq. Indeed, orders were given not to interfere with the looting. During the occupation that followed, the United States failed to take steps to protect Iraqi cultural property. In terms of international law, it was obliged to protect Iraq’s cultural property. The United States also chose to exacerbate its unlawful conduct by occupying archaeological sites and damaging them further by illegal construction. As a result many significant sites have been irreparably damaged or destroyed. Their conduct was the result of complete indifference to the Iraqi cultural heritage. Although their actions render them iin breach of international law, it is unlikely that the United States will ever be prosecuted for its actions. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)