In this text, the relation of critical theory and religion is analysed, comparing Jürgen Habermas's late philosophy with the philosophy of his predecessor Theodor W. Adorno. The question I ask is: What changes has the relation of critical theory and religion undergone in the transition from Adorno's thinking to that of his successor? As I try to answer this question, I develop a specific understanding of Adorno's philosophy as a "contemplative eschatology", and perform an in-depth study of how, why, and with what consequences it has changed to a frame oriented towards reaching understanding. In so doing, I point out the ambivalence which the turn towards understanding breeds, and suggest the religious motives discovered in Adorno's work deserve further attention.

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Theodore Leschetizky's singular pianistic legacy survives to this day because of his revolutionary pedagogical methods and his compositions for the piano repertory. The amalgamation of these two aspects formed his distinctive contributions to the fields of piano and piano pedagogy and left an indelible mark on the history of the instrument. His students lead an impressive list of the greatest artists of the previous century, each influencing the evolution of pianism with their own remarkable style and personality. While Leschetizky was arguably without peer as a pedagogue, many pianists today are unaware of the vast number of compositions that he wrote. These pieces were intended not only for the concert stage, but also as a very specific pedagogical repertoire that he used within his own teaching studio. This repertoire comprises a vital component of the Leschetizky legacy, albeit one which is often slighted in comparison. It is imperative that the pianists of our current generation understand the dual aspects of his contribution to our art form, in order to fully grasp the way in which he has changed the face of pianism. The purpose of this dissertation and lecture recital is to enumerate the various aspects that constitute the dual components of Leschetizky's pianistic legacy. For pedagogues of the current generation, it is of vital importance that we understand not only our own personal pedagogical lineage, but the various other individuals that, through their contributions, have led us to where we are in our understanding of the instrument. What is needed in the current research on this subject is one individual source that not only documents the characteristics of a pedagogical genius, but explores the legacy he left for future generations through documented accounts of his students and the examination of his own unfamiliar, pedagogical repertoire for the piano.

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<p>In this master’s thesis, I write about different representations of crime and criminal literature in the German-speaking world of the 19th century, a genre that was mainly attributed to an entertainment function at the time, but which nevertheless, as I shall show, allows insights into social ills and problematic characters in context. Here, there are interesting developments from late Romanticism or Biedermeier to Realism or even to the roots of Expressionism. Guilt and punishment are regarded as primary moments for this genre. In my master’s thesis, I would like to try to show that not enough attention has been paid to this genre by literary studies, but also by law. I will look into the question of where the tension of this genre lies in the aforementioned environment, and I will point out why this was the case and what this literature has lacked in detail.</p> <p>In the first chapter, I start with the beginnings and their historical development, covering a period from the beginning to almost the end of the 19th century and divide its differentiations into phases. My observations are based on Jorg Schönert’s “historical sketch” (ca. 1770 – 1920) (Schönert, “Zur Ausdifferzierung des Genres Kriminalgeschichten“, 97). In addition, I mention various important crime stories that preceded my selection. The selected works are arranged in each of the relevant literary epochs (Romanticism/Biedermeier and Poetic Realism), with which I attempt to highlight their specific characteristics and their detective elements. Due to the moral and psychological embodiment, as well as the social circumstances, the crimes are in some phases of the history of the genres more and in others less emphasized, and I attempt to analyze in each exemplary work by comparing these texts and according to certain criteria.</p> <p>The second chapter deals with theoretical approaches, in particular with hermeneutics or how to “read” facts. I also investigate the literary sociological question of which prototype of perpetrators the authors create in their works and examine them for their psychological features. My text, which is classified in the context of the genre, examines the developments of the crime novel and clarifies the changing criminological aspects, as well as analyzes the positions of different research approaches to the criminal justice system, which can be identified or explored from different angles of these literary examples.</p> <p>The third chapter begins with a brief overview of the six books in question. The main characters are then discussed further, which I have divided into criminals, victims, and accomplices. Because of this centrality in the books, most emphasis is placed on the criminals, with a close look at their motives, the way they plan and carry out the crime, how they endure the investigation, and finally, whether and to what extent they feel remorse for their actions. “<i>Die Judenbuche</i>” is treated separately here because of the much stronger social component and the environment, as well as the open-ended description of the crimes and the perpetrators. Victims and accomplices tend to be marginalized in the books studied here, with women being the only accomplices whose consciences suffer because of their role. Finally, the moral compass and guilt of the perpetrators are examined in relation to their social and material situation, their family, and their religion.</p> The final chapter focuses on the differences between the modern crime stories and their precursors, which have been studied here. I try to define and carefully delineate the main components of a successful and appealing crime story through the lens of several internationally known examples of world literature. There are parallels to the older German authors treated in this thesis, who also have implications for the artistic elements of the books in comparison to simple entertainment. My main focus is on the plot, the length of the books, the investigations and the detectives, and their methods of solving the crime. These German authors tended to write short works, short stories or novellas that allowed little space for complex stories or lengthy novels. They must be unraveled even more powerfully or efficiently by brilliant detectives and very attentive readers due to the brevity of the works. As the texts are structured stringently, the actions are simple and rather uncomplicated. The detectives practically do not exist as a kind of institution, but rather on the periphery. Crimes that are always solved seem to serve both legal and moral justice and ultimately satisfy the expectations of readers. Finally, I discuss the stylistic characteristics of those early crime novels compared to what readers are used to seeing or expecting today.

Der Beitrag behandelt ein Thema zur Geschichte der Musikdidaktik. Anhand der Originalquellen wird untersucht, ob und inwieweit Einflüsse Theodor W. Adornos in der didaktischen Konzeption Michael Alts nachzuweisen sind. Im ersten Teil des Beitrags werden die wichtigsten Aussagen und Gedanken der spezifisch musikpädagogischen Beiträge Adornos zusammenfassend wiedergegeben; im zweiten Teil werden alle wesentlichen Schriften Michael Alts zu musikdidaktischen Fragestellungen seit Veröffentlichung der Thesen gegen die musikpädagogische Musik Adornos (1954) ausgewertet. Die unterschiedlichen musikpädagogischen Zielvorstellungen Adornos und Alts werden herausgearbeitet: Michael Alt geht von den Möglichkeiten und Erfahrungen der schulischen Praxis aus; ihm geht es um den „Auf- und Ausbau einer geordneten, geschichtlich fundierten musikalischen Vorstellungswelt“ und um Orientierung im Pluralismus der Musikstile und Musikanschauungen. Sein Verhältnis zur Musischen Bildung bleibt dabei ambivalent. Ziel der Musikpädagogik nach Adorno ist die Ermöglichung der Erfahrung gesellschaftlicher Negativität anhand authentischer Kunstwerke und letztlich die Ermöglichung der Erfahrung des Wahrheitsgehaltes authentischer Musik, welche zur Herstellung des richtigen Bewusstseins führt. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass ein weitreichender, nachhaltiger Einfluss Adornos im musikpädagogischen Denken Michael Alts nicht belegt werden kann. / The article focuses on a historical subject of music education. It deals with the question, how far the writings and convictions of Theodor W. Adorno relating to music education influenced the didactics of Michael Alt. In this context the article discusses both authors’ different ideas of music education and teaching methodology.

[EN] This thesis looks into the concept of regression as described by philosopher Theodor W. Adorno in his text On the Fetish-Character of Music and the Regression of Listening, and tries to find out whether this regression is present in the listening that takes place in the present moment. Adorno believed that music, as a work of art, can make people and society progress, through advancing thinking. But with mass communication media, it becomes objectified, turning into a commodity, and responding to the conditions of its merchandising. In this new situation, of a commercial order, the listener becomes trained to responde positively to the different versions of what is in essence the same product, and taste becomes modifies through repetition. Therefore, Adorno holds that, as the complexity of what is listened reduces itself, listening loses its reflective character, so listeners thus simplify their criteria and the level of their demands. With the main objective of proving the validity and the applicability of Adorno's ideas about music fetish-character and the regression of listening to the current situation, this research intends, in the first place, to delve into the meaning of Adorno's text; and secondly, to determine how certain aspects of this text can be articulated in order to examine present listening, in two different contexts: popular music consumption; and certain practices in the field of sound art. In order to achieve this, some of Adorno's texts have been revisited, as well as other research carried out after him. Moreover, later research and works have been explored, from fields such as the philosophy, the sociology and the aesthetics, and how they have developed these aspects, in order to complement Adorno's analysis with other more recent perspectives about music on mass media and its social consequences. Lastly, the elements of this analysis have been applied to a series of works and media, in which the regressive aspects of listening can be found (such as the reproduction of global hits in online music services), in contrast with another selection of works and situations created by artists, in which this regressive situation becomes transformed. As a result, a persistence of the regressive listening described by Adorno has been observed, and even an intensification of the standardization processes, created by the use of commercial online services. However, the web space offers the opportunity as well for sound artists to generate conditions, in which another listening experience is also possible. In some cases, Internet has been the mere medium; in others, the way to spread knowledge about the works. In a number of cases, it becomes the common space, which serves as a context for a kind of public art that requires user's participation, creating a new sense of collectivity. As such, it offers the oportunity to create interrelations, in which citizens can participate in a self-aware social reflection. / [ES] Esta tesis indaga en el concepto de regresión que describió el filósofo Theodor W. Adorno en su texto Sobre el carácter fetichista de la música y la regresión de la escucha y trata de averiguar si esta regresión se presenta en la escucha que tiene lugar en el momento presente. Adorno defendió que la música, en tanto que obra de arte, puede hacer progresar a las personas y a la sociedad mediante un avance del pensamiento. Pero con los medios de comunicación de masas, se objetifica, se convierte en mercancía y responde a las condiciones de su comercialización. En esta nueva situación, de orden comercial, se adiestra al oyente a responder positivamente a las diferentes versiones de lo que es en esencia el mismo producto, y se modifica el gusto a través de la repetición. Por esta razón, Adorno sostiene que conforme se reduce la complejidad de lo que se escucha, y el oyente simplifica su criterio y su nivel de exigencia. Con el objetivo principal de comprobar la vigencia y la aplicabilidad de las ideas de Adorno sobre el carácter fetichista de la música y la regresión de la escucha a la situación actual, esta investigación se propone, en primer lugar, profundizar en el significado del texto de Adorno, y en segundo lugar, determinar cómo ciertos aspectos de este texto pueden articularse para examinar la escucha actual, en dos contextos diferentes: el consumo de música popular; y en ciertas prácticas de arte sonoro. Para ello, se ha realizado una relectura de los textos de Adorno, así como de otras investigaciones realizadas posteriormente en torno a sus estudios. Además, se ha explorado cómo reflexiones e investigaciones posteriores, procedentes de los campos de la filosofía, la sociología y la estética, han desarrollado estos aspectos, para complementar el análisis del texto de Adorno con perspectivas más recientes sobre la música en los medios de comunicación y sus consecuencias sociales. Por último, se han aplicado los elementos de este análisis a una serie de obras y soportes en que se pueden hallar aspectos regresivos de la escucha (como la reproducción de éxitos globales en servicios de escucha en línea), en contraste con otra selección de obras y situaciones creadas por artistas en que se transforma la situación de escucha regresiva. Como resultado, se ha observado una persistencia de la situación regresiva descrita por Adorno e incluso una intensificación de la homogeneización del pensamiento creada por el uso de los canales comerciales mayoritarios que existen en línea. Sin embargo, el espacio web también ofrece la oportunidad para que artistas sonoros generen condiciones en que una escucha diferente también es posible. En algunos casos, Internet ha servido como el soporte, en otros, la manera de extender el conocimiento sobre la obra. En numerosos casos supone el espacio común que sirve de contexto para un tipo de arte público que requiere la participación del usuario, creando una nueva colectividad. Como tal, ofrece la oportunidad de crear interrelaciones en que los ciudadanos pueden participar en una reflexión social autoconsciente. / [CA] Aquesta tesi indaga en el concepte de regressió que va descriure el filòsof Theodor W. Adorno al seu text Sobre el caràcter fetitxista de la música i la regressió de l'escolta i cerca d'esbrinar si aquesta regressió que es presenta en l'escolta té lloc al moment present. Adorno pensava que la música, en tant que obra d'art, pot fer progressar a les persones i la societat. Però amb els mitjans de comunicació de masses, s'objectifica i es converteix en mercancia, i respon a les condicions de la seua comercialització. En aquesta nova situació, de ordre comercial, s'ensenya al oient a respondre positivament a les diferents versions d'allò que es en esència el mateix producte, i es modifica el gust a través de la repetició. Per aquesta raó, Adorno sosté que a mesura que es reduix la complexitat d'allò que s'escolta, l'escolta perd el seu caràcter reflexiu, i per això es simplifica el criteri de l'oient i el seu nivell d'exigència. Amb l'objectiu principal de comprovar la vigència i l'aplicabilitat de les idees d'Adorno sobre el caràcter fetitxista de la música i la regressió de l'escolta a la situació actual, aquesta investigació es proposa, en primer lloc, profunditzar en el significat del text d'Adorno, i en segón lloc, determinar com certs aspectes d'aquest text poden articular-se per a examinar l'escolta actual, en dos contextos diferents: el consum de música popular; i en certes pràctiques de l'art sonor. Per a aconseguir això, s'ha realitzat una relectura dels textos d'Adorno, així com d'altres investigacions realitzades posteriorment. A més a més, s'ha explorat com reflexions e investigacions posteriors, procedents dels camps de la filosofia, la sociologia i l'estètica, han desenvolupat aquestos aspectes, per a complementar l'anàlisis del text d'Adorno amb perspectivies més recents sobre la música als mitjans de comunicació i les seues consequències socials. Per últim, s'han aplicat els elements d'aquest anàlisi a una sèrie d'obres i suports en què es poden trobar aspectes regressius de l'escolta (com ara la reproducció d'èxits globals als serveis d'escolta en línia), en contrast amb una altra selecció d'obres i situacions creades per artistes en què es transforma la situació de l'escolta regresiva. Com a resultat, s'ha observat una persistència de la situació regressiva descrita per Adorno i fins i tot una intensificació de l'homogeneització del pensament, creada per l'ús dels canals comercials majoritaris que existeixen en línia. Tanmateix, l'espai web també ofereix l'oportunitat per a que artistes sonors generen condicions en què una escolta diferent també és possible. En alguns casos, Internet ha servit com a suport, en altres, com una forma d'estendre el coneixement sobre l'obra. En nombrosos casos, supón l'espai comú que serveix com a context per a un tipus d'art públic que requereix la participació de l'usuari, creant una nova colectivitiat. Com a tal, ofereix l'oportunitat de crear interrelacions en què els ciutadans poden participar en una reflexió social autoconscient. / Soria Martínez, V. (2015). La experiencia de la regresión de la escucha planteada por Theodor W. Adorno en la producción musical y el arte sonoro de 1990 a 2013 [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58771 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales