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Funktionalisierte Poly(2-oxazoline) als neue Materialien stellen sowohl unter strukturellen Gesichtspunkten als auch im Hinblick auf potentielle Anwendungen eine interessante Polymerklasse dar. Die Ausbildung von hierarchischen Strukturen mit Poly(2-oxazolinen) über intermolekulare Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen ist hierbei ein bisher nicht beachteter Aspekt. Über einen bioinspirierten Ansatz sollten gezielt funktionelle Gruppen, die für einen hierarchischen Aufbau, z.B. in Proteinen, verantwortlich sind, in vereinfachter Weise auf die synthetische Substanzklasse der Poly(2-oxazoline) übertragen werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der modularen Synthese neuer, funktionalisierter Poly(2-oxazolin) Homo- und Copolymere. Ausgehend von der Synthese von 2-(3-Butenyl)-2-oxazolin wurden definierte Präpolymere in einer kationischen Isomerisierungspolymerisation unter kontrolliert/„lebenden“ Bedingungen hergestellt. In einer anschließenden „Thio-Click“ (Thiol-En-Reaktion) Modifizierungsreaktion wurden die gewünschten funktionellen Gruppen quantitativ eingeführt. Hydroxylierte Poly(2-oxazoline) wurden hinsichtlich ihres Aggregationsverhaltens in Wasser untersucht. Bereits die jeweiligen Homopolymere bildeten aufgrund von intermolekularen Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen supramolekulare tubuläre Nanofasern aus. Durch Einsatz verschiedener analytischer Methoden konnte die innere Struktur der Nanoröhren beschrieben und ein entsprechendes Modell aufgestellt werden. Die dargestellten funktionellen Poly(2-oxazoline) wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Anwendung als potentielle, synthetische „antifreeze additives“ untersucht. Alle Polymere besitzen eine ausgeprägte Tendenz zur Nukleierung von Wasser und führen daher zu signifikanten Änderungen der Eismorphologie. Des weiteren wurde ein carboxyliertes Derivat zur biomimetischen Mineralisation von Kalziumcarbonat eingesetzt und nach phänomenologischen Gesichtspunkten untersucht. / Functionalized poly(2-oxazoline)s are a promising class of materials concerning their self-assembly behavior as well as for future applications. Hierarchical structure formation based on hydrogen bonding interactions has not been investigated yet. Applying a bioinspired approach, functional groups promoting hierarchical structure formation are introduced to poly(2-oxazoline)s. This work is focused on the modular synthesis of new functionalized poly(2-oxazoline) homo and copolymers. Starting from the synthesis of the new monomer 2-(3-butenyl)-2-oxazolin, well-defined precursor materials were prepared via cationic isomerization polymerization. Next, the polymers were quantitatively modified with the aimed functional groups using a “thio-click” (thiol-ene) reaction. The aggregation behaviour of hydroxylated poly(2-oxazolines) in water was investigated. Homo- as well as block copolymers can form supramolecular hollow nanofibers via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Using a variety of different analytical methods, the structure of the nanotubes was determined and a formation model was proposed. Furthermore, the functionalized poly(2-oxazoline)s were investigated as synthetic mimics of natural anti-freeze additives. It was found, that these polymers show the tendency to nucleate water, thus influencing the morphology of ice. Finally, a carboxylated derivative was applied as an additive for the mineralization of calcium carbonate.

Thio metallates are known for many years for their utility in many processes. They have been established as versatile reagents in organic synthesis. However the heavier metal chalcogenides, though known for many years, have been ignored for a long time. In this thesis the results of the development of tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate [EttN]2Wse4 1 as a new class of selenium transfer reagent have been described. The thesis also deals with the chemistry of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate, [BnEt3N]2MoS4,2 in the synthesis of diselenides and thio esters. The thesis entitled "Chemistry of Thio and Seleno Metallates in Organic Synthesis" is divided into four Chapters. Chapter 1 In this chapter a detailed studies of alkylation of tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (EuN)2WSe4,1 with a variety of alkyl halides, benzylic halides and acyl halides to yield the corresponding diselenides in excellent yields are described. (structural Formula) Scheme 1 Various carbohydrate-derived diselenides were also prepared by treating the sugar bromides with tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate 1 (Scheme 2). An attempt was made to synthesize seleno lactones from co- bromo acyl halides. This reaction mainly furnished the corresponding diacyl diselenides (Scheme 3). The reaction of 1 with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates led to the formation of corresponding diselenides or mono selenides depending on the substitution on the aromatic ring (Scheme 4). (structural formula) Scheme 2 (structural formula) Scheme 3 (structural formula) Scheme 4 Chapter 2 In this chapter a general methodology for the formation of the diselenide bond has been extended to the synthesis of a number of redox- switched crown ethers of various ring size using the reagents tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (Et4N)2WSe4 t 1 and benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate, [BnEt3NJ2MoS4,2 (Scheme 5). (structural formula) Scheme 5 The association constants for the binding of silver and potassium ions with the diselena crown ethers were determined. This methodology is very useful for obtaining selenacrown ethers under very mild conditions and also without using high dilution conditions. Chapter 3 In this chapter a general methodology for the facile conversion of amides and lactams to the corresponding seleno amides and selenolactams is described. A number of amides and lactams were converted into their selenocarbonyl derivatives in excellent yield via the formation of Vilsmeier intermediates followed by treatment with tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (EuN^WSe4,1 (Scheme .6). (structural formula( Scheme 6 Chapter 4 In this chapter, a general method for the synthesis of thioesters is described. The reaction of p- nitrophenyl esters and disulfides with benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate (PhCH2NEt3)2MoS4,2 furnished the corresponding thio esters in good yield (Scheme (7). The intramolecular version of this reaction furnished dimeric thiolactones as the major product (Scheme 8) (structural formula) Scheme 7 (structural formula) Scheme 8 (for structural formula pl see the original document)

Les ARN 5'-triphosphates (TP) et 5'-coiffés sont des molécules très convoitées des biologistes pour des études structurales par cristallographie ou comme outils thérapeutiques. Actuellement, ces oligonucléotides sont produits dans de faibles quantités via des procédés enzymatiques dépendants de la nature du nucléoside situé à l'extrémité 5'. Ces travaux se sont donc inscrits dans l'enjeu majeur de mettre au point une méthode chimique sur support solide qui permette l'accès à ces ARN 5'-fonctionnalisés en quantités importantes et sans restriction de séquences.Ce manuscrit rapporte une nouvelle méthode efficace de synthèse sur support solide d'ARN 5'-TP à grande échelle indépendante du nucléotide situé à l'extrémité 5' ou de la longueur de la séquence ARN. De plus, cette stratégie a été étendue avec quelques modifications à la synthèse d'analogues enzymatiquement plus stables de type: ARN 5'-β,γ-méthylène-TP, -(α-P-thio)-TP et -(α-P-thio)-(β,γ-méthylène)-TP.Une deuxième partie présente la synthèse supportée et l'évaluation antivirale de courts adénylates 2-5A 5'-TP portant des groupements enzymolabiles de type acétalesters en position 3' du ribose. Une dernière partie est consacrée à l'élaboration de nouvelles stratégies pour la synthèse d'ARN 5-coiffés. La première approche est un procédé en deux étapes où la structure coiffe (Gppp) est ajoutée sur support solide suivie d'une N7- méthylation enzymatique en solution, alors que la seconde est une méthode plus directe entièrement chimique. Par ailleurs, le couplage chimique de la coiffe sur les ARN supportés nécessite l'emploi d'un acide de Lewis. Ainsi l'utilisation de chlorures métalliques « verts » produits à partir de métaux de transition extraits de la biomasse a été évaluée dans la réaction du couplage de la coiffe sur les ARN. / 5'-triphosphates RNAand 5'-capped RNA are high valuable molecules which serve as important substrates for structural and mechanistic studies or drugs. To date, these oligonucléotides are produced by enzymatic process in low yields with a weak variability of the 5'-end. To overcome this bottleneck we aimed to develop a chemical access on solid-support of these 5'-functionalized RNA in great amount without any limitations in the RNA sequence.Here, a robust, reproducible, and scalable method for the solid-phase synthesis of 5′-triphosphate RNA is presented. Furthermore, this strategy was extended to produce enzymatic resistant analogs of the triphosphate counterpart like: 5'-β,γ-methylene-TP, -(α-P-thio)-TP et -(α-P-thio)-(β,γ-methylene)-TP RNA.In a second part, the solid-phase synthesis of short adenylates 2-5A 5'-TP bearing biolabile acetalester groups on nucleosides 3'-hydroxyls and their antiviral activities are described.Finally, we focused on developing two approaches for the production of 5'-capped RNA. One is a two-steps process which consists in the coupling of the cap structure on solid-support followed by an enzymatic N7-methylation in solution while the other one is a straightforward chemical strategy. Beside, the chemical coupling of the cap moiety on solid-supported RNA requires the use of Lewis acids. Then, the ability of « green » metal chlorides prepared from phytoextracted heavy metals to promote this reaction was studied.

Les cellules photovoltaïques électrochimiques (CPE) ont besoin d'un milieu électrolytique transparent à la lumière, qui ne montre pas de fuite de solvant sous forme vapeur et doté de bonnes propriétés électrochimiques dans la plage de températures d'utilisation. La performance des CPE dépend de la minimisation des pertes d'énergie en surtensions anodique et cathodique (∆Eр), ainsi que d'une densité de courant (J) et d'un photovoltage élevés. Les mélanges de cinq couples rédox (CR) étudiés, composés principalement de thiourées et de leur disulfure doublement chargé en présence du liquide ionique EMI-TFSI, laissent passer les photons jusqu'à 3,2 eV et pourraient être utilisés avec une anode semi-conductrice de bande interdite optimale de ≈1,5 eV. Pour le développement de thiourées ou de disulfures liquides, deux corrélations au volume équivalent ont été établies pour les températures de transition vitreuse (Tg) et de fusion (Tf). Deux thiourées liquides ont été développées (1-diéthyl-3-diméthylthiourée, C (Tf : -7°C) et 1,3-bis(éthylméthyl)thiourée, E (Tf : 11°C)) et permettent d'autosolvater le CR sans solvant ou d'augmenter la proportion du CR en solution et le photocourant (Jph). L'anion TFSI (trifluorométhanesulfonylimide), plastifiant pour les cations monochargés, ne diminue pas la Tf des disulfures étudiés : les deux gros anions TFSI semblent s'insérer entre les disulfures sans en perturber la structure. Pour les systèmes électrolytiques (SE), les thiourées liquides, présentant une bonne pression de vapeur, doivent être utilisées avec un liquide ionique (non-volatil, par exemple EMI-TFSI : Éthylméthylimidazolium-TFSI) dont le pourcentage molaire choisi est un compromis entre une plus grande densité de courant (faible pourcentage) et un plus faible ∆Ep (fort pourcentage). Le solvant le plus visqueux du SE (thiourée ou liquide ionique) contrôle la viscosité et la conductance équivalente. Dues probablement à la formation de complexes de transfert de charge entre les espèces réduite et oxydée, de grandes attractions intermoléculaires sont présentes (écart à l'idéalité du volume molaire (Vm) des SE). Au-delà d'un seuil minimal de force ionique, les différences de viscosité, de Vm et de conductivité ionique des SE ne semblent induire aucune variation de ∆Ep. Les plus faibles valeurs de ∆Ep sont obtenues à 4,5% molaire en disulfure, entre 84% et 97% molaire en liquide ionique, pour tous les CR, et de ces derniers, le couple 1,3diéthylimidazolidine-2-thione (I) / dithio bis(1,3-diéthylimidazolidinium) bisTFSI (J2+) présente le plus faible ∆Ep grâce à une plus faible surtension cathodique |nc|. L'accès de l'espèce oxydée à l'électrode de travail pourrait être à l'origine de la diffusion plus difficile pour les disulfures de thiourées non-cycliques. Ces disulfures présentant un coeur structurel identique jusqu'aux azotes diffèrent par leurs substituants, en rotation, sur les groupes aminos. Le ∆Ep similaire de I/J²⁺ à celui des CR CsT(5-mercapto-1-méthyltétrazolate de césium) / son disulfure (T2), et tétraméthylthiourée (A) / dithiobis(tétraméthylformamidinium) bis TFSI (B²⁺) en solvant organique (travaux antérieurs du laboratoire), pourrait probablement s'expliquer par l'absence de rotation des groupes aminos (T2) et la petite taille des substituants méthyles sur les groupes aminos pour B²⁺. Pour le SE à base de I/J²⁺ très dilué dans EMI-TFSI, le photovoltage maximal théorique de la CPE est prometteur et estimé à 1,32 V pour un semi-conducteur de CdSe. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Pile solaire, Thiourées, Conductivité, Viscosité, Produit de Walden, Voltampérométrie cyclique, Transition de phases.

The synthesis of the three 6”-deoxy-6”-thio glycolipid analogues β-D-Gal-(1→6)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-β-D-Glu-(1→OCH2)-[1,2,3]-triazole-1-dodecane, β-D-Gal-(1→4)-β-D-Glu-(1→4)- β-D-Glu-(1→OCH2)-[1,2,3]-triazole-1-dodecane and β-D-Gal-(1→4)-β-D-Glu-(1→4)-β-D-Glu-(1→OCH2)-[1,2,3]-triazole-1-octadecane is presented here. Glycosylation at position O-4’ of a propargyl cellobioside glycosyl acceptor and position O-6’ of a propargyl lactoside glycosyl acceptor with a 6-thio-6-deoxy galactosyl donor gave rise to two unique trisaccharides that in turn underwent copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions with either 1-azidododecane or 1-azidooctadecane. The potential for each of these analogues to function as tethers of lipid bilayers to Au(111) was assessed primarily by differential capacitance experiments. Deposition of a bilayer of DMPC/cholesterol (70:30) by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) transfer followed by Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) touch to a self-assembled monolayer of the O-6’ linked analogue, diluted with 1-β-D-thioglucose, failed. This led to simplifying the target architecture to diagnose the quality of the monolayers. A monolayer of the known monosaccharide 1-octadecane-4-(6-thio-β-D-galacto-pyranosyloxymethyl)-[1,2,3]-triazole1 prepared by LB transfer was found to support a lipid monolayer deposited by LS touch and this bilayer had the lowest minimum capacitance observed of 0.9 µF/cm2. An attempt to produce a bilayer by the same method using the trisaccharide bearing the C-18 alkane chain failed and this was attributed to high water solubility, which gave rise to poor organization at the air-water interface. A self-assembled monolayer of this variant went forward to produce a poor quality bilayer with a minimum capacitance of 7.1 µF/cm2, which was the lowest value obtained for the trisaccharide series of analogues. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

Th.--Sci.--Bordeaux 1, 1984. N°: 808.

The recent increased availability of additional wavelengths in the telecommunications window of about 1300-1600 nm has generated an interest in new optical materials and devices that can operate outside the normally used regions of 840 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm. Specifically, methods to amplify fiber optical data transmission in the regions where there is limited or no existing methods to achieve amplification is of interest in the chemistry and photonic communities. Raman gain is one method that has been proposed to passively amplify optical data transmission through a distributed process. Amplification is obtained through a nonlinear light scattering process where an optical wave is amplified at the expense of a higher frequency pump wave. Multiple wavelengths can be evenly amplified simultaneously in a desired region by specific selection of one or more pump wavelengths. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of new hybrid inorganic/organic sol-gels and monomers capable of producing broad wavelength Raman scattering over a spectral range of 1200-1670 nm are presented. The synthetic methodology developed facilitates the systematic approach to produce sol-gel derivatives with functional groups known to be strongly Raman scattering. Additionally, a method to synthesize and characterize a large number of different compounds using a combinatorial approach was demonstrated. Thio based derivatives of sulfonyldiphenol, isopropylidenediphenol, and triallyloxy triazine were synthesized in addition to thio derivatives of poly(hydroxystyrene). Micro-Raman spectra of the hybrid sol-gels, thiobased derivatives, and IR spectra of select sol-gel monomers were obtained.

Paclitaxel was isolated from the bark of <i>Taxus brevifolia</i> in the late 1960s. It exerts its biological effect by promoting tubulin polymerization and stabilizing the resulting microtubules. Paclitaxel has become one of the most important current drugs for the treatment of breast and ovarian cancers. Studies aimed at understanding the biologically active conformation of paclitaxel bound on β–tubulin are described. In this work, the synthesis of isotopically labeled taxol analogs is described and the REDOR studies of this compound complexed to tubulin agrees with the hypothesis that palictaxel adopts T-taxol conformation. Based on T-taxol conformation, macrocyclic analogs of taxol have been prepared and their biological activities were evaluated. The results show a direct evidence to support T-taxol conformation. (+) Discodermolide is a polyketide isolated from the Caribbean deep sea sponge <i>Discodermia dissoluta</i> in 1990. Similar to paclitaxel, discodermolide interacts with tubulin and stabilizes the microtubule <i>in vivo</i>. Studies aimed at understanding the biologically active conformation of discodermolide bound on β–tubulin are described. In this work, the synthesis of fluorescent labeled discodermolide analogs is described and their biological activities were evaluated. Synthetic approaches to fluorescent labeled and isotopically labeled discodermolide analogs discodermolide are also described. / Ph. D.

Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The successful preparation and structural characterization of a number of N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoyl(thio)selenourea ligands is described; where the intermolecular interactions are characterized by the presence of Resonance Assisted Hydrogen Bonding (RAHB), π- π interactions between neighbouring benzene residues only being evident amongst the longer alkyl chain derivatives. The first structural characterization of an asymmetrically substituted N,N-dialkyl- N’-benzoylselenourea ligand reveals an increased stability of the Z isomer in the solid state, this being reflected by the sulfur analogue. Attempts to synthesise N,N-dicyclohexyl-N’-benzoylselenourea led to the isolation and structural characterization of a novel 1,3,5-oxaselenazine salt and dicyclohexylaminobenzoate. The first structural characterization of a “bipodal” N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoylselenourea ligand, 3,3,3’,3’-tetrabutyl-1,1’- isophthaloylbis(selenourea), reveals RAHB in the crystal lattice similar to that exhibited by the “monopodal” analogue, N,N-dibutyl-N’-benzoylselenourea. The successful complexation of the N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoyl(thio)selenourea ligands to a number of different transition metal ions is reported allowing the preparation of several potential single source precursors. Coordination through the O and Se/S donor atoms to Pd(II) results in the formation of square planar metal complexes, with a cis conformation, several of which could be structurally characterized. In particular, the first structural elucidation of an asymmetrically substituted N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoylselenourea metal complex, cis-bis(N-benzyl-N-methyl-N’- benzoylselenoureato)palladium(II) indicates the increased stability of the EZ isomer in the solid state. Structural elucidation of the novel (N,N-diphenyl-N’-benzoylselenoureato)cadmium(II) reveals a bimetallic complex in the solid state, where the expected 2:1 ligand : metal ratio is maintained, and the two Cd(II) centres are 5 and 6 coordinated, with O and Se donor atoms. Multinuclear Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy has been employed in the thorough characterisation of the potential single source precursors, 77Se NMR spectroscopy indicating a decreased shielding of the 77Se nucleus as the “hardness” of the central metal ion increases i.e. Pd(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II). Use of 113Cd NMR spectroscopy indicates the preferential binding of N,N-diethyl-N’- benzoylselenourea to Cd(II) over that of its sulfur analogue, and initial studies suggest a form of chelate metathesis taking place in solution. 31P NMR spectroscopy is used to gain insight into the formation of cis-bis(N,N-diethyl-N’- benzoylselenoureato)Pt(II). Thermolysis of (N,N-diethyl-N’-benzoylselenoureato)cadmium(II) and its sulfur analogue led to the successful synthesis of CdSe and CdS quantum dots respectively, where thermolysis over a range of temperatures allows a degree of size control over the resulting nanoparticles. The effect of precursor alkyl chain length on nanoparticle morphology was investigated for both the N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoylthio- and –selenoureas. A correlation between the two for the (N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoylselenoureato)Cd(II) complexes is described and possible growth mechanisms are discussed. Preliminary investigations into the use of other N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoyl(thio)selenourea metal complexes as single source precursors reveal that both (N,N-diethyl-N’-benzoylselenoureato)Zn(II) and its sulfur analogue show potential as single source precursors for the formation of ZnO and ZnS nanoparticles respectively. Initial studies into the use of N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoyl(thio)selenourea metal complexes as single source precursors for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles is briefly described. The Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (AACVD) of several N,N-dialkyl-N’-benzoyl(thio)selenourea metal complexes is reported, where both (N,N-diethyl-N’-benzoylselenoureato)Cd(II) and its sulfur analogue allow the deposition of crystalline CdSe and CdS respectively. The AACVD of (N,N-diethyl-N’- benzoylselenoureato)Zn(II) leads to the deposition of crystalline ZnSe, ZnS being deposited by (N,N-diethyl-N’-benzoylthioureato)Zn(II). The deposition of heazelwoodite (Ni3S2) with varying morphologies results from the AACVD of cis-bis(N,N-diethyl-N’-benzoylthioureato)Ni(II). Thermal annealing of the amorphous material deposited by the AACVD of cis-bis(N,N-diethyl-N’-benzoylthioureato)Pd(II), allows the formation of highly crystalline palladium. The deposition of metallic platinum using cis-bis(N,N-diethyl-N’-benzoylthioureato)Pt(II) is described as well as the deposition of crystalline Pd17Se15 from cis-bis(N,N-diethyl-N’-benzoylselenoureato)Pd(II). This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first time that AACVD has been performed, using the N,N-dialkyl-N’- benzoyl(thio)selenourea metal complexes as single source precursors, in addition, we believe it to be the first time that palladium selenide has been deposited using the AACVD technique.