Reptile populations are suffering substantial global losses and roads are identified as one of the leading threats to their persistence. Currently, efforts to mitigate this threat are being implemented with various levels of success. I studied the effectiveness of exclusion structures (i.e., fencing) at preventing reptiles from gaining access to the road, and reducing road mortality. I also examined if population connectivity structures (i.e., ecopassages) were effective at reducing habitat and population fragmentation and allowing individuals to access habitats, resources, and mates on both sides of a major road (4 lane highway). I found that the fence was ineffective at preventing reptiles from gaining access to the road; however, reptiles were observed using the ecopassages to cross the road. Behavioural trials testing painted turtles’ (Chrysemys picta) willingness to use an ecopassage demonstrated that refusal was twice more likely than use of an ecopassage. I also examined the potential for roads to pose a physiological threat to roadside populations of reptiles by examining corticosterone (CORT), a stress hormone linked to negative health effects in cases of elevated levels over the long-term. To assess if individuals living near a major road had higher CORT levels than individuals from a less impacted population, I developed a novel means of measuring CORT from painted turtle claws in partnership with Dr. Gabriela Mastromonaco (Toronto Zoo). With long-term CORT levels considered as a proxy for chronic physiological stress, I did not find evidence that populations near roads had altered stress levels. However, this seminal study will provide the framework for further examination of more species, including species-at-risk, and a better understanding of effects of anthropogenic environments on wildlife health. As road ecologists strive to expand our understanding of the threats roads pose to reptiles, it is important that this field spans multiple disciplines, so that we can both understand the direct and indirect threats that roads cause and develop effective mitigation that preserves biodiversity within our anthropogenic landscape.

Dauguma mokslininkų ir ekspertų vienareikšmiškai pripažįsta ir sutaria, jog teroristinis branduolinių, biologinių ir cheminių ginklų panaudojimas kelia grėsmę tarptautiniam saugumui. Įvykęs branduolinis ar plataus masto biologinis ar cheminis išpuolis sukeltų ne tik milžinišką humanitarinę tragediją, bet ir, tikėtina, pastūmėtų pasaulį ant masinio naikinimo ginklų katastrofų slenksčio. Todėl būtina ištirti, kas slypi po šiais kartais apokaliptiniais įspėjimais ir kokia, iš tiesų, tikimybė, jog teroristai gali panaudoti masinius naikinimo ginklus. Magistro darbo objektas- hipotetinės ir realios rizikos bei pažeidumai, kylantys iš branduolinio, cheminio ir biologinio terorizmo grėsmių. Darbo tikslas- išanalizuoti bei įvertinti hipotetines ir realias rizikas bei pažeidumus, kylančius iš branduolinio, cheminio ir biologinio terorizmo grėsmių. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai: apžvelgti masinio naikinimo ginklų terorizmą teorinėje racionalaus pasirinkimo perspektyvoje, giliau paanalizuojant sprendimų analizės metodą; ištirti ir įvertinti priežastis, sulaikančias teroristus nuo branduolinių, cheminių ir biologinių išpuolių įgyvendinimo; išanalizuoti priežastis, galinčias paskatinti branduolinių, biologinių ir cheminių teroristinių išpuolių įgyvendinimą; išnagrinėti ir praktiškai pritaikyti sprendimų analizės veiksnių įtakos schemas branduoliniam, biologiniam ir cheminiam terorizmui. Analizės pagrindas- analitinis aprašomasis ir dokumentų analizės metodai. ... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Unambiguously, the majority of researchers and experts recognize and agree that a terrorist nuclear, biological and chemical weapons use poses a threat to international security. Following a nuclear or large- scale biological or chemical attack would not only trigger enormous humanitarian tragedy, but is likely to push the world on weapons of mass destruction catastrophe. It is therefore necessary to explore what lies beneath these sometimes apocalyptic warnings, and what, indeed, the likelihood that terrorists could use weapons of mass destruction. The object of master thesis- hypothetical and actual risks and vulnerabilities arising from the threats of nuclear, chemical and biological terrorism. The aim of this work is to analyze and assess hypothetical and actual risks and vulnerabilities arising from the threats of nuclear, chemical and biological terrorism. The main tasks of the work: to survey the terrorism of weapons of mass destruction in theoretical perspective of rational choice, a deeper analyzing decision analysis method; to investigate and evaluate the causes which deter terrorists from nuclear, chemical and biological attacks in the implementation; to analyze the reasons that may lead to the nuclear, biological and chemical terrorist attacks in the implementation; to examine and use in practical the influence diagrams of decision making analysis to nuclear, biological or chemical terrorism. The analysis is based on the analytical descriptive... [to full text]

Hot och våld förekommer inom ambulanssjukvården. Ambulanspersonalen befinner sig ofta först på plats vid olyckor eller brottsplatser för att ta hand om sjuka och skadade människor. Vanligtvis är ambulanspersonalen ensamma och vid en del situationer förekommer missbruk eller andra sjukdomstillstånd, vilket kan göra patienterna aggressiva. Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomsten av hot och våld mot ambulanspersonal i Sverige och hur samspelet mellan vårdare och patient påverkas, samt hur ambulanspersonalen påverkas av hot och våld på sikt. Med hjälp av enkäter samlades data in. Enkäterna analyserades med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS och Microsoft Excel. Resultatet visade att både verbalt hot och fysiskt våld mot ambulanspersonal är vanligt förekommande. I majoriteten av fallen har alkohol, droger, demenssjukdom eller psykiatriska besvär varit bakomliggande orsaker. Flertalet av de utsatta för hot eller våld har inte fått några besvär och ungefär en femtedel har drabbats av sömnbesvär. Samspelet mellan vårdare och patient påverkas med sämre kontroll av vitalparametrar och medicinsk behandling vid hotfulla och våldsamma situationer. Mer forskning inom ämnet behövs för att problemet med hot och våld inom ambulanssjukvården ska uppmärksammas och minskas. Vidare forskning kan fokusera på hur samspelet mellan vårdare och patient påverkas vid hot och våld. / Ambulance personnel often arrives first to accidents and therefore is exposed to violence and threaths. The ambulance personnel find themself in situations where drugs or mental illness can cause the patient to use violence. The purpose of this study is to investigate in what extent Swedish ambulance personnel is exposed to violence and threats and how the interaction between nursing staff and the patient is affected. Moreover we are going to scrutunize how threats and violence influences ambulance personell over a longer amount of time. We collected data by handing out questionnaires to four different ambulance stations in Svealand, Sweden. The questionnaires were analysed with the help of two statistical programs, Microsoft Excel and SPSS. The result stated that threats made verbally and actual violence against ambulance personnel occurs on a daily basis. The majority of cases we studied showed influences of alcohol, drugs, dementia or other psychological disorders. 1/5 of the respondents is suffering from sleeping problems. Another consequence is the fact that the patient receives impoverished care in shapes of less control of vital parameters and medical treatment. To reduce violence and threats against ambulance personnel more research within this subject is necessary. We believe that this research should put emphasis on how the interaction between ambulance personnel and patient is affected by threats and violence.

Det är inte ovanligt förekommande att ambulanspersonal råkar ut för hot och våldshändelser och enligt statistiken är detta ett problem som ökar hela tiden. Enligt Arbetsmiljöverket står vård och omsorgssektorn för 60 % av samtliga anmälningar inom hot och våldskategorin. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskans upplevelser och hantering kring hot och våld i det dagliga arbetet. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie där fem intervjuer med ambulanssjuksköterskor genomfördes. Ur resultatet framkom ett generellt tema; utsatt för hot och våld, med fem tillhörande kategorier; otrygg miljö, säkerhetstänkande, förebyggande strategier, avledande strategier och känslomässig hantering. Vidare påvisade resultatet att hot och våldssituationer inte enbart handlar om verbala hot eller våldshandlingar. Även situationer som upplevdes obehagliga, medförde en känsla av oro eller otrygghet. Det framkom ett antal olika situationer som kunde resultera i hot eller våld och som upplevdes som påfrestande för ambulanspersonalen. Vidare visade det sig att hanteringen för dessa situationer var många och personalen var nöjda med de handlingsplaner som fanns att tillgå, det var också vanligt att ambulanspersonalen själva utarbetade en beredskapsplan utifrån det givna tillfället där hot och våld kunde tänkas förekomma för att kunna hantera en eventuell våldsam situation. Vikten av att ha förebyggande strategier lyftes upp och betonades som särskilt viktig. Känslorna efter att ha blivit utsatt för hot eller våld kom ofta i efterhand och därav ansågs det viktigt med tid för eftertanke och reflektion. / It is not an uncommon occurrence that paramedics encounter threats and incidents of violence. According to statistics, this is a problem that is increasing over time. According to Arbetsmiljöverket the healthcare sector stands for 60 % of all notifications in the threats and violence category. The purpose of this study was to describe the ambulance nurse´s experiences of threats and violence in their daily work and how these situations are handled. Method: The study was performed as a qualitative interview study in which five interviews with ambulance nurses was conducted. The outcome of the result revealed a general theme; subjected to threats and violence, with five related categories: unsafe environment, safety awareness, prevention strategies, diversionary strategies, and emotional management. Additionally the results demonstrate that threats and violent situations are not only about verbal threats or acts of violence. Even situations that were experienced unpleasant, resulting in a feeling of anxiety or insecurity. It revealed a number of different situations that could result in threats or violence and this were perceived as stressful for the ambulance crew. Furthermore, strategies to manage these situations were many and the staff were satisfied with the contingency plan that was available, it was also common for paramedics themselves drew up a contingency plan based on the given time where threats and violence could be anticipated for such terms to face a possible violent situation. The importance of preventative work was lifted up and was emphasized as particularly important. Feelings after having been exposed to threats or violence often came afterwards and therefore it was considered important time for thought and reflection.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2009. / Title from web page (viewed on Oct. 7, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40). Also available on the Internet.

Submitted by Luiza Maria Pereira de Oliveira (luiza.oliveira@ufpe.br) on 2015-05-15T14:58:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Daniel Araújo Melo.pdf: 2348702 bytes, checksum: cdf9ac0421311267960355f9d6ca4479 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T14:58:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Daniel Araújo Melo.pdf: 2348702 bytes, checksum: cdf9ac0421311267960355f9d6ca4479 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-08 / Modern virtual plagues, or malwares, have focused on internal host infection and em-ploy evasive techniques to conceal itself from antivirus systems and users. Traditional network security mechanisms, such as Firewalls, IDS (Intrusion Detection Systems) and Antivirus Systems, have lost efficiency when fighting malware propagation. Recent researches present alternatives to detect malicious traffic and malware propagation through traffic analysis, however, the presented results are based on experiments with biased artificial traffic or traffic too specific to generalize, do not consider the existence of background traffic related with local network services or demands previous knowledge of networks infrastructure. Specifically don’t consider a well-known intru-sion detection systems problem, the high false positive rate which may be responsible for 99% of total alerts. This dissertation proposes a framework (ARCA – Alerts Root Cause Analysis) capable of guide a security engineer, or system administrator, to iden-tify alerts root causes, malicious or not, and allow the identification of malicious traffic and false positives. Moreover, describes modern malwares propagation mechanisms, presents methods to detect malwares through analysis of IDS alerts and false positives reduction. ARCA combines an aggregation method based on Relative Uncertainty with Apriori, a frequent itemset mining algorithm. Tests with 2 real datasets show an 88% reduction in the amount of alerts to be analyzed without previous knowledge of network infrastructure.

Organizations are taking computer security more seriously every day, investing huge amounts of money in creating stronger defenses including firewalls, anti-virus software, biometrics and identity access badges. These measures have made the business world more effective at blocking threats from the outside, and made it increasingly difficult for hackers or viruses to penetrate systems. But there are still threats that put organizations at risk , this threats are not necessary from external attackers, in this paper we will analyze what are the internal threats in organizations, why are we vulnerable and the best methods to protect our organizations from inside threats.

Communication of confidential data over the internet is becoming more frequent every day. Individuals and organizations are sending their confidential data electronically. It is also common that hackers target these networks. In current times, protecting the data, software and hardware from viruses is, now more than ever, a need and not just a concern. What you need to know about networks these days? How security is implemented to ensure a network? How is security managed? In this paper we will try to address the above questions and give an idea of where we are now standing with the security of the network. / Konfidentiella uppgifter via Internet blir vanligare varje dag. Personer och organisationer skickar sina konfidentiella uppgifter elektroniskt. Det är också vanligt att hackare mot dessa nät. I dagens tider, skydd av data, programvara och hårdvara från virus är, nu mer än någonsin ett behov och inte bara en oro. Vad du behöver veta om nätverk i dessa dagar? Hur säkerheten genomförs för att säkerställa ett nätverk? Hur säkerheten hanteras? I denna skrift kommer vi att försöka ta itu med dessa frågor och ge en uppfattning om var vi nu står med säkerheten för nätet.