<p>Internet and information technology today has a rather obvious role in the activities of companies and organizations. All cash transactions within and between companies is digitized, communication within the company is done via e-mail, sales and marketing is done largely with marketing and ads on the Internet. This has resulted in economic benefits for companies and organizations, and facilitated the work for them. However, this has also led to new threats have emerged. Companies and organizations is well aware that there are numerous threats that comes with using the Internet and Information Technologies but exactly what those threats are for a mid-sized company in Sweden is not clarified anywhere. New reports made annually by various companies and government agencies around the world but no one puts a medium-sized Swedish business in focus. In this study several reports, made by different companies and government agencies are compared and compiled, too try too make an overview over the threats against a mid-sized company in Sweden. Together with interviews done with key people in the field of IT-security this study identifies the threats, draws conclusions of how to prevent them and also try to take a look into the future to see what threats a mid-sized company or organization can expect in just a matter of years. In the study we notice how all of the IT threats are increasing and that the digital crime are becoming more organized, that some of the key protections for a company is staff training and standard technical solutions such as antivirus software and firewalls. In the future operating systems will no longer be the target for intrusion, but instead web application be the major vulnerabilities. This essay is written in Swedish.</p>

Hot och våld mot vårdpersonal är ett ökande problem inom hälso- och sjukvården. Tidigare forskning visar på att olika konfliktmönster kan leda till våld. Korrekt bemötandet av dessa konfliktmönster och kunskap om dem förhindrar att våldet uppstår. Syftet med studien var att undersöka de faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans bemötande i det våldsamma eller hotfulla mötet. En litteraturstudie genomfördes och 16 studier granskades. Resultaten kategoriserades. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskans bemötande och attityder har stor inverkan på förekomsten av våld. Patienter kan bli aggressiva när de inte deltar i sin egen vård. Sjuksköterskans auktoritet kan, om den används fel skapa konflikt. Vårdmiljön påverkar förekomsten av våld. Eftersviterna av hot eller våld påverkar sjuksköterskor negativt. Det saknas utbildning i hot och våld och sjuksköterskor upplever att erfarenhet är ett viktigt verktyg i sitt bemötande av hot och våld. Mer utbildning behövs i såväl sjuksköterskeutbildningen som i klinisk verksamhet. Forskning på området behöver bedrivas i flera olika former av vård, på grund av att större delen av forskningen bedrivs inom psykiatrin. En standardiserad definition av hot och våld bör tas fram.

The aim of this paper is to try to explain how specific, foreign policy decisions are made, and why one state decides to use violence against another state. A qualitative method is used, and text and documents are analysed. The two theoretical points of departure are central within foreign policy analysis: realism´s theories on external threats and constructivism´s theories on ideas´ policy influence. The empirical case chosen is the US decision to use military violence against Iraq. The paper investigates whether the real threat from Saddam Hussein´s Iraq was the cause of the American military attacks, or whether the ideas of leading politicians in the USA were decisive for the decision to invade the country. The main theoretical assumption is that politicians´ ideas – rather than real, external threats – influence their actions.  The differences between President Clinton´s benevolent Iraq policy and President Bush´s aggressive Iraq policy can be summarized as a result of a combination of a changed external environment and differences in ideas on the use of military violence. The general conclusion is that politicians´ ideas – rather than real, external threats – influence their decision-making on specific foreign policy decisions.

The purpose with this essay is to enlighten the small business´ existence at times of expansion, identify threats and possibilities and also to try to find ways to encourage growth in the small business. To answer our purpose we carried out a literature study to later implement six interviews with small business leaders. We separated the companies into three categories; small business without employees, small business with 2-5 employees and small business with 6-10 employees. We confirm that the main reason why small business leaders think both once and twice before hireing new labour force are because of the high costs. The change in government has so far not given the small business what was promised, but there is still hope for improvement and simplification. The economic part of owning a company has been pointed out as the greatest threat in relation with expansion and the big responsibility in another persons possibilities to earn his/her living is also burdensome. The possibility to take on more work increases with the number of workers, which is positive.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka hot och risker svenska officerare upplever underutlandstjänstgöring. Detta för att kanske i framtiden kunna förhindra att officerare drabbas avPTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), eftersom en ökning av dessa fall på senare tid har noterats.Metoden som har använts är kvalitativ intervjustudie där författaren går på djupet för att skapa sig enförståelse för den intervjuades värld. Med inriktning av upplevelser kommer uppsatsen att behandlafysiska och psykiska upplevelser under utlandstjänstgöring samt om dessa hade kunnat förebyggas.Deltagarna i intervjustudien är fyra officerare, samtliga män, med varierande bakgrund och samtligaarbetade vid intervjutillfället inom Försvarsmakten.Resultaten av denna studie och tidigare forskning är att upplevelser av Svenskars hot och risker, kanriskera att leda till PTSD. Resultaten visade också att upplevelser är skiftande och individuella menäven att det finns likheter i upplevelserna om utlandstjänstgöringen har genomförts på sammageografiska plats. PTSD kan förhindras genom kunskap i hur stress motverkas och förhindras. / The purpose with this paper is to examine officers experience of threats and risks during serviceabroad. This because maybe in the future be able to create an embryo to prevent officers to developPTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), since an increase of PTSD cases has been noticed.The method that is used in this paper is qualitative interview study where the author is trying to get adeeper understanding.The paper is to examine physical and psychological experiences of threats and risks during serviceabroad and if it would be possible to prevent.The participants in the study are four officers all male, with different backgrounds and all wasworking in the Swedish army at the time of the study.The results of this paper and previous research have found that experiences of threats and risks canlead to PTSD. The results also show that experiences are different and individual and that PTSD canbe prevented through knowledge of stress.

Modern air battles are very dynamic and fast, and put extreme pressure on pilots. In some unpredictable situations, like new discovered threats or mission plan deviation because of enemy aircraft, the pilots might need to replan their predefined flight route. This is very difficult, if not impossible, to do since numerous factors affect it. A system that can help the pilots to do such a thing is needed. P revious work in this field has involved methods from artificial intelligence like A*-search. In this master thesis, implementation of a replanning system based on a control theory method, Model Predictive Control (MPC), is examined. Different factors influencing the path, such as terrain and threats, are included in the algorithm. The results presented in this thesis show that MPC solves the problem. As with every method there are some drawbacks and advantages, but as a summary the method is a very promising one and is worth further development. Proposals of future work and different improvements of the algorithms used here are presented in this report as well.

The aim of the study was to examine individual staff experience and management of threats and violence in the acute psychiatric department for children and teenagers in Uppsala. Previous research shows that the experience of threats and/or violence is individual, and that it is difficult to distinguish between these concepts. Research shows that it is particularly vulnerable to work in psychiatry when mental illness is a cause when threats and violence occurs. Threats and violence can result in different consequences for the individual. The study is based on qualitative interviews and the material was collected in the autumn of 2012 at Akademiska sjukhuset. The qualitative interviews was transcribed and carefully analyzed. The result had an outcome in four different themes: The diffuse definition between threats and violence that showed how difficult it is to define threats and violence. Causes and staff reaction showed that mental illness, how you treat someone and compulsive cares are contributing factors to threats and violence occurs. This theme also shows ambivalence within the staff, that the behavior is unacceptable meanwhile he or she is mentally ill. Management and reporting showed that the staff has different coping strategies when they deal with threats and violence and that it is different how functional the reporting is. The theme working environment showed that it is a vulnerable environment to work in. Therefore, it is important to get support from colleagues and managers but the staff has different opinions whether they feel supported from managers. There is a need to develop routines for incidents when threats and/or violence have occurred. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka personalens enskilda upplevelse och hantering av hot och våld på Barn- och ungdomspsykiatrins (BUP) akutmottagning i Uppsala. Tidigare forskning visar att det är individuellt hur man upplever hot och våld samt att det är svårt att hålla isär dessa begrepp. Forskning visar även att det innebär en särskilt utsatthet att arbeta inom psykiatrin, då psykiska sjukdomar är en bakomliggande faktor till att hot och våld uppstår. Att bli utsatt för hot och våld kan resultera i olika konsekvenser för den enskilde. Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer och materialet samlades in hösten 2012 på BUP på Akademiska sjukhuset. De kvalitativa intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades noggrant. Resultatet utmynnade i fyra teman: Den diffusa gränsen mellan hot och våld som visade hur svårdefinierat hot och våld är samt var gränsen mellan dessa går. Orsaker och personalens reaktion tog upp att psykiska sjukdomar, bemötande och tvångsvård är bidragande faktorer till att hot och våld uppstår. I en hot- och/eller våldshändelse uppstår en reaktion hos personal, en ambivalens mellan att personen är psykiskt labil och att beteendet är oacceptabelt.  BUP akutens hantering och rapportering visade att personalen har olika copingstrategier när de ska hantera en hot och/eller våldssituation samt att det är olika hur rapporteringen av dessa situationer fungerar. Det sista temat Arbetsmiljön visade att det är en utsatt miljö att arbeta i och att det är viktigt att få stöd i arbetet, men huruvida personalen upplever att de får stöd ser olika ut. Det finns ett behov för att utveckla rutiner kring samtal efter en hot- och/eller våldshändelse.

The large accounting scandals in the early 21st century had large impact on the future discussion regarding the importance of auditor independence. This led to stricter auditor independence rules in Sweden as well as internationally. Small and medium-sized enterprises frequently hire their auditor for consulting services. A long and close audit-client relationship is common for small and medium sized enterprises. This is considered to be a threat towards the auditor independence. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether Swedish small and medium sized enterprises, who are required to be audited, are aware of the auditor independence regulations. The thesis further aims analyze if the regulation of audit independence is as necessary for small companies as for large companies with additional number of shareholders. A qualitative study has been performed where data has been collected through 102 telephone interviews with small and medium-sized companies. A questionnaire consisting of both multiple choice and open questions has been used for the interviews. The collected data were compiled in SPSS which generated graphs and tables that then were analyzed. Small and medium-sized companies believe it is important that the auditor is independent towards their company. On the other hand, management in Swedish small and medium-sized enterprises has no direct knowledge of what the auditor independence regulation implies. / De stora redovisningsskandalerna i början av 2000-talet fick stor betydelse för den kommande diskussionen angående vikten av revisorns oberoende. Detta ledde till strängare regler för revisorerna i Sverige såväl som internationellt. Revisorn fungerar i många små och medelstora företag som en ekonomisk rådgivare. Små företag har ofta en lång och nära relation med sin revisor. Detta anses vara ett hot mot revisorns oberoende. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om revisionspliktiga små och medelstora företag är medvetna om reglerna gällande revisorns oberoende. Uppsatsen avser vidare att analysera om reglerna för revisorns oberoende är lika nödvändiga för små företag som för stora företag med en stor andel aktieägare. En kvalitativ undersökning har utförts där data från 102 telefonintervjuer med små och medelstora företag har samlats in. Ett frågeformulär med både flersvarsfrågor och öppna frågor har legat som grund för undersökningen. Den insamlade datan sammanställdes i SPSS vilket genererade grafer och tabeller som sedan analyserades. Små och medelstora företag anser att det är viktigt att revisorn är oberoende gentemot deras företag. Å andra sidan har ledningen i svenska små och medelstora företag ingen direkt kunskap om vad revisorns oberoende reglering innebär.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om vittnen till brott mot person i Örebro län är i behov av stöd innan rättegången. Frågeställningarna som användes var: är vittnen till brott mot person i Örebro län i behov av stöd? Vilken typ av stöd vill dessa vittnen ha? Vilka möjligheter och svårigheter finns för Brottsofferjouren att komma i kontakt med vittnen som är i behov av stöd? Till studien användes en kvalitativ metod bestående av individuella intervjuer och fokusgruppsinspirerade gruppintervjuer med vittnen och vittnesstödjare. Resultatet visade att vittnena är i behov av stöd då det finns en rädsla för repressalier samt en osäkerhet för hur rättsprocessen går till. Stödet som önskas är information om vart stöd finns att få samt vad som händer i rättsprocessen. Resultatet visade också att Brottsofferjouren har svårigheter att komma i kontakt med vittnen, främst för att de inte vet vilka som är vittnen innan rättegången. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether witnesses to crimes against a person in Örebro County is in need of support before the trial. To answer the purpose the following questions were used: are witnesses of crimes against persons in Örebro County in need of support? What kind of support do these witnesses want to have? What opportunities and challenges exist for Victim Support (Brottsofferjouren) to come in contact with witnesses who are in need of support? The study used a qualitative approach using individual interviews and focus group-inspired group interviews with witnesses and witness supporters. The results showed that the witnesses are in need of support because in many cases there is a fear of retaliation, and an uncertainty of how the legal process works. The type of assistance required from witnesses is information on where they can get support and what happens in the legal process. The results also showed that Victim Support has difficulties to get in contact with witnesses, mainly because they do not know who the witnesses before trial.

The development of Taiwanese steel industry has entered into decline stage. The domestic steel consumption is small plus being lack of steel strong demand industries. The factors mentioned above make Taiwanese steel industry shortage of supply in the upstream crude steel industry, while over-supply in rolled steel market. It would be the great chance to revitalize the steel industry to shift the oversupply capacities to the market that needs this product. Globalization and regional integration are two issues and trends in world¡¦s economic and trading perspective. The purpose of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is to liberate the trade, service and investment among the member countries. The spirit of FTA is consistency with that of WTO. Both are the vehicle of promoting trade liberation among global countries. Both Taiwan and Mainland China are member countries of WTO. However, there are still many limitations in trading between two countries. Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, ECFA, would be considered as a FTA between Taiwan and Mainland China. Compare WTO with ECFA, ECFA could provide better clauses, schedule in trade liberation and tariff reduction in goods. Furthermore, the tariff of some goods can be fully eliminated. ECFA could be perceived as an opportunity and a threat to Taiwan. It could be a great ¡§opportunity¡¨ to create substantial trading and investment opportunities through industry investing to Taiwan. However, this agreement could also result in trade diversion effect, and it would be a ¡§threat. This study is trying to explore how ECFA impact on steel industry in Taiwan through secondary data collection and analysis. Some foreseeable impacts are listed and some response measures are suggested. Any agreement has benefits and lost. ECFA is like a two-side blade. It might bring new trading opportunities or lead the trading diversion effect. Using Taiwanese competitive edge is the key to succeed. Taiwanese steel industry should take this chance to reconsider its¡¦ product value and positioning. Trying to differentiate its steel products to others, increase the value of the products and enhance the product quality. Taiwanese steel industry could create sustainability and profitability by increasing the competitively of steel industry.