Bakgrund: Hot och våld inom vården är ett växande problem både globalt och i Sverige. Dessa händelser inträffar särskilt inom akutsjukvården. Sjuksköterskor är en av de yrkesgrupper som mest löper risk att utsättas för hot och våld på grund av deras närhet till patienter och närstående. Inom akutsjukvården finns olika riskfaktorer som kan bidra till hot och våld. Konsekvenserna leder till ökade sjukskrivningar och försämrat välbefinnande samt ökat antal uppsägningar. Det kan påverka verksamhetens kostnader och därmed ökade kostnader för samhället. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att ha blivit utsatt för hot och våld inom akutsjukvård från patienter och närstående. Metod: Litteraturöversikten baserades på sammanställning och tolkning av tio vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvalitativ och mixad metod där två databaser genomsöktes. Artiklarnas analys gjordes enligt Friberg. Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat sammanställdes i sex centrala teman: Hot och vålds psykiska inverkan, Hot och vålds fysiska inverkan, Hot och vålds sociala inverkan, Hot och vålds inverkan på yrkesutövning, Normalisering av hot och våld och sjuksköterskans upplevelser av brist på stöd. Diskussion: Resultatdiskussionen tar upp hot och vålds negativa konsekvenser såsom psykiska, fysiska och sociala välbefinnande samt förmågan att ge god vård. Sjuksköterskor upplevde att hot och våld var en del av arbetet trots dess negativa inverkan. Det fanns en avsaknad för stöd från verksamhet och ledning vilket resulterade i att hot och våld normaliserades. Utgångspunkt tas framförallt i Joyce Travelbee omvårdnadsteori med fokus på mellanmänskliga relationer. / Background: Threats and violence in health care is a growing problem both globally and in Sweden. These accidents occur especially in emergency care. Nurses are one of the professional groups most at risk of being subjected to threats and violence because of their proximity to patients and families. In emergency care there are various risk factors that may contribute to threats and violence. The consequences lead to increased sick leave and poorer welfare, but also increased number of layoffs. It can affect business costs and increase costs for society. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses’ experiences of having been subjected to threats and violence in emergency care of patients and families. Method: The literature review was based on the compilation and interpretation of the ten scientific articles with both qualitative and mixed method was searched in two databases. Articles analysis was done according to Friberg. Results: The literature review results were compiled in six central theme; Threats and violent mental influence, threats and violent physical influence, threats and violent social influence, threats and violent impact on the profession, Normalization of threats and violence and the nurse's perceptions of lack of support. Discussion:The result discussion addresses how threats and violence’s negative consequences such as mental, physical and social well-being and the ablity to provide good care. Nurses experienced threats and violence as a part of their job, despite the negative impact. They found no support from the company or the management, which resulted in that threats and violence became normalized. Starting points are taken primarily in Joyce Travelbee´s nursing theory with a focus on the concepts of interpersonal relationships.

Le Bitcoin jouit d’une histoire très riche malgré son jeune âge. C’est la première cryptomonnaie au monde et la plus répandue. Le Bitcoin repose sur une technologie appelée blockchain capable d’enregistrer des transactions entre deux parties de manière très efficace et vérifiable sans avoir recours à un intermédiaire financier. Cette technologie a propriétés diverses, en particulier la transparence des transactions, l’anonymat, l’absence d’autorité centrale (décentralisation), la limitation de la quantité en circulation… Aussi, comme toute devise, la dynamique du prix du Bitcoin depend-elle de plusieurs facteurs. Nous allons, tout au long de cette dissertation, essayer de mieux comprendre ce phénomène, les principaux facteurs responsables de la variation de sa valeur, les enjeux qu’il soulève, ses propriétés ainsi que ses difficultés à surmonter pour qu’il devienne une véritable monnaie. / In spite of its young age, Bitcoin has a rich history. It is the first and most widespread cryptocurrency in the world. Bitcoin is based on a technology called blockchain that can record transactions between two parties in a very efficient and verifiable way without resorting to a financial intermediary. This technology has various properties, in particular transaction transparency and anonymity, the absence of a central authority (decentralization), the limited and finite supply, among others. Also, like any currency, the Bitcoin’s price dynamics depend on several factors. Throughout this dissertation, we will try to better understand this phenomenon, the main factors responsible for the variation of its value, the issues it raises, its properties as well as its difficulties to overcome so that it becomes a real money.

Purpose: the aim with this study was to examine how managers in healthcare services, focusing on people with functional variants, work with threats and violence that users exercise against caretakers. Method: Study was conducted through qualitative interviews based on the theoretical framework; hermeneutics. To collect empirical data seven managers in personal assistance and LSS housing in southern Sweden were interviewed. Theory: The results shows that the managers need discretion to handle threat and violence that occur within their operations. The discretion is partly controlled by the conditions that exist in the organization and the managers therefore deem that they need to look at all aspects of the situation. Results: The result shows that there are different variants of threats and violence in the managers operations and that the severity level differs. Further emerges that the managers perception of the incidents is for example based on their knowledge of the functional variant that the users have or on the caretakers treatment towards them. The result also shows that the managers are responsible for creating routines, guidelines, action plans and investigating incidents. Furthermore, they are responsible for ensuring that employees can handle situations that arise. It appears in the result that the caretakers are responsible for following routines, guidelines and action plans that have been established and for reporting incidents that occur to their manager. However, reporting is not always done for various reasons. When incidents have been reported to the managers the result shows that the managers assessments differ. This means that the statistics on reports could be misleading. Circumstances that the respondents believe can make preventative work more difficult are, among other things, lack of time, finances, knowledge, unclear directives from the work environment authority and large staff turnover.

Bakgrund: Vårdpersonal är på många sätt utsatta i sitt arbete. Sjuksköterskor i hemsjukvården arbetar ofta ensamma och i patienters egna hem och är därmed särskilt utsatta. Hot och våld är vanligt förekommande men utsattheten kan också vara till exempel att ha ensamt omvårdnadsansvar eller att möta oberäkneliga patienter. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av utsatthet i arbetet i hemsjukvården. Metod: Studien var en kvalitativ intervjustudie där 13 sjuksköterskor intervjuades. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen mynnade ut i tre kategorier: Att känna sig utlämnad, Att inte veta vad/vem som möter en och Att ständigt vara vaksam. Förutom hot och våld upplevde sjuksköterskorna även utsatthet i form av ensamhet, ovisshet och ständig vaksamhet. Den inre och yttre arbetsmiljön bidrog till en upplevelse av utsatthet, framför allt i utsatta områden. Stöd från kollegor och chefer samt egna strategier och egenskaper gjorde att de lättare hanterade upplevd utsatthet. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskornas arbetsmiljö ger en upplevelse av osäkerhet som är svår att påverka. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att få förståelse för sjuksköterskans situation och upplevelser av utsatthet. Det krävs också åtgärder i organisationen för att skapa en tryggare arbetsmiljö och främja säker vård. / Background: Health care staff are in many ways vulnerable in their work. Nurses in home care often work alone and in the patients’ home and are therefore more exposed. Threats and violence are common, but the vulnerability can also come from being solely responsible for the nursing care or caring for patients who act erratic. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences of exposure in home care nursing. Methods: The study was a qualitative interview study where thirteen nurses were interviewed. Data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: Three categories emerged from the analysis: Feeling undisclosed, Not knowing what/whom to meet and Constant vigilance. In addition to threats and violence, the nurses experienced exposure in forms of loneliness, uncertainty and constant vigilance. Their working environment contributed to experiencing exposure, especially in exposed areas. Support from colleagues and leadership, as well as the nurses own strategies and characteristics, made the exposure easier to handle. Conclusions: Nurses working environment gives a sense of insecurity that is hard to influence. Further research is needed to gain understanding of their situation and experiences of exposure. The home care organization is required to arrange a safer working environment and promote safety in home care nursing.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) involves the deliberate damage of one’s own bodily tissue without suicidal intent. A number of psychological disorders and indicators of distress are correlated with the behavior, including suicidal behaviors (e.g. Whitlock & Knox, 2007), depression (e.g. Ross & Heath, 2002), and anxiety (e.g. Victor & Klonksy, 2014), and yet the research literature has been mixed on whether increased frequency of NSSI is correlated with increased levels of these variables. The present study hypothesized that these relationships are curvilinear. Data from a larger study were analyzed using curvilinear regression analyses, and hypotheses were partially supported. Curvilinear relationships were found between NSSI frequency and both depression and anxiety, such that the relationships were positive until approximately 300 incidents, after which they became negative. The relationship between NSSI and suicide ideation was positive and linear. Among the whole sample, there were curvilinear relationships between both NSSI and suicide attempts as well as NSSI and suicide threats. Among only the portion of the sample who reported a history of these variables, there was no relationship between frequency and suicide attempts, and a curvilinear relationship between frequency and suicide threats that declined after 325 incidents. Results add to the current understanding of NSSI frequency and provide support for evidence that conflict with the proposed frequency criterion for nonsuicidal self-injury disorder.

Advancements in web technology such as the integration of operating platforms, the application of mobile applets and connectivity with databases into an encompassing web environment has promoted the development of complex web-based systems for enterprise computing. In this integration the inherent security flaws and associated problems of these technological advancements are also brought together under this web environment. These flaws, when exploited, could lead to system compromises of various kinds including stealing of security sensitive information, system take-over fabrication of fake electronic documents and illegal alteration to web sites contents. Therefore, the successful, prompt and appropriate responses of these complex web-based systems to security threats and breaches, such as in the cases of document tampering and misrepresentation from illegal users, are imperative in promoting the user's willingness and confidence when interacting with these systems. Accordingly, this has become one of the major concerns in development, management and operation of web-based systems. This thesis also studies the authentication of dynamic web contents through the application of a one-time digital signature. To this effect, relevant concepts and possible approaches have been discussed. Authentication and verification of dynamic contents, efficiently in the web environment, is suggested as a separate research area and as a direction for future work. / Master of Science (Honours) Computing

<p>Hot och våld mot vårdpersonal är ett ökande problem inom hälso- och sjukvården. Tidigare forskning visar på att olika konfliktmönster kan leda till våld. Korrekt bemötandet av dessa konfliktmönster och kunskap om dem förhindrar att våldet uppstår. Syftet med studien var att undersöka de faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans bemötande i det våldsamma eller hotfulla mötet. En litteraturstudie genomfördes och 16 studier granskades. Resultaten kategoriserades.</p><p>Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskans bemötande och attityder har stor inverkan på förekomsten av våld. Patienter kan bli aggressiva när de inte deltar i sin egen vård. Sjuksköterskans auktoritet kan, om den används fel skapa konflikt. Vårdmiljön påverkar förekomsten av våld. Eftersviterna av hot eller våld påverkar sjuksköterskor negativt. Det saknas utbildning i hot och våld och sjuksköterskor upplever att erfarenhet är ett viktigt verktyg i sitt bemötande av hot och våld.</p><p>Mer utbildning behövs i såväl sjuksköterskeutbildningen som i klinisk verksamhet. Forskning på området behöver bedrivas i flera olika former av vård, på grund av att större delen av forskningen bedrivs inom psykiatrin. En standardiserad definition av hot och våld bör tas fram.</p>

<p>The purpose with this essay is to enlighten the small business´ existence at times of expansion, identify threats and possibilities and also to try to find ways to encourage growth in the small business.</p><p>To answer our purpose we carried out a literature study to later implement six interviews with small business leaders. We separated the companies into three categories; small business without employees, small business with 2-5 employees and small business with 6-10 employees.</p><p>We confirm that the main reason why small business leaders think both once and twice before hireing new labour force are because of the high costs. The change in government has so far not given the small business what was promised, but there is still hope for improvement and simplification.</p><p>The economic part of owning a company has been pointed out as the greatest threat in relation with expansion and the big responsibility in another persons possibilities to earn his/her living is also burdensome. The possibility to take on more work increases with the number of workers, which is positive.</p>

<p>The Swedish security policy has changed from stressing neutrality to embrace co-operation within the EU and other organisations. New threats like terrorism, boarder-crossing criminality and natural disasters require new ways to deal with this type of problems to protect the society. Since the beginning of 21st century the high Russian economic growth has made it possible for the country to play an increasingly role as a superpower on the international political stage. In the same time the democratic development has been replaced by an autocratic rule which has obstructed the Russian- European relations. From a Swedish security policy view the Russian political development is of importance and the picture of Russian as a threat has changed from 1996 to 2008/09. 1996 there were an optimistic view of Russia and that it finally could integrate with the rest of Europe but in 2008/09 this as changed. Today Russian politics strive not to democracy and integration but to the role as a superpower and to gain influence in it’s near abroad.</p>

<p>The aim of this paper is to try to explain how specific, foreign policy decisions are made, and why one state decides to use violence against another state. A qualitative method is used, and text and documents are analysed. The two theoretical points of departure are central within foreign policy analysis: realism´s theories on external threats and constructivism´s theories on ideas´ policy influence. The empirical case chosen is the US decision to use military violence against Iraq. The paper investigates whether the real threat from Saddam Hussein´s Iraq was the cause of the American military attacks, or whether the ideas of leading politicians in the USA were decisive for the decision to invade the country. The main theoretical assumption is that politicians´ ideas – rather than real, external threats – influence their actions. </p><p>The differences between President Clinton´s benevolent Iraq policy and President Bush´s aggressive Iraq policy can be summarized as a result of a combination of a changed external environment and differences in ideas on the use of military violence. The general conclusion is that politicians´ ideas – rather than real, external threats – influence their decision-making on specific foreign policy decisions.</p>