Pastaraisiais metais vis dažniau yra vartojama tiekimo grandinės valdymo sąvoka, kurios vystymui įmonės skiria vis daugiau jėgų ir darbo, kadangi daugelio autorių teigimu – tai puikus būdas įmonei laimėti konkurencinę kovą klientams siūlant kokybiškesnes prekes ir paslaugas, kurios yra pristatomos jiems mažesniais kaštais, kas kartu gali sumažinti ir tos prekės ar paslaugos kainą. Tiekimo grandinės vadyba yra taikoma vis dažniau, tačiau Lietuvoje tai yra vis dar naujovė. Problema šio nepopuliarumo yra tame, jog Lietuvoje įvairių sričių (gamybos, marketingo, informacinės sistemos, paskirstymo) integracija dar yra pakankamai naujas dalykas šalyje, apie kurį nėra plačiai kalbama bei analizuojama tokios integracijos nauda. Šio darbo objektas yra tiekimo grandinės valdymas. O pagrindinis darbo tikslas - ištirti, kokią naudą ir konkurencinį pranašumą įmonei teikia tiekimo grandinės valdymas jos veikloje. Ruošiant darbą buvo naudojami tiek kokybiniai, tiek kiekybiniai tyrimo metodai. Teorinėje dalyje buvo naudojami daugiausia kokybiniai tyrimo metodai: lyginamoji mokslinės literatūros analizė, sintezė, indukcija, kuomet iš daugelio analizuojamų autorių pateikiamos informacijos buvo išvedami visus autorius jungiantys dėsniai bei faktai. Buvo atlikti 2 tyrimai – anketinė apklausa ir ekspertų apklausa. Šių tyrimų dėka paaiškėjo, jog dar nedidelė dalis įmonių yra susipažinusios su tiekimo grandinės valdymo funkcijomis, kurių dėka jos gali gauti konkurencinį pranašumą. Tiekimo grandinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Today more and more companies are using a Supply Chain Management concept, and to develop this concept they spend more and more effort and work on it. Many authors argue - this is a great way to fight in the competitive struggle and to win customers by offering competitive products and higher quality services that are delivered to their lower costs, which together can reduce the price of this product or service. Supply Chain Management is increasingly being applied, but this concept in Lithuania is still a novelty. The problem of this unpopularity is that the integration of the different fields in Lithuania (production, marketing, information systems and distribution) is still a relatively new thing in the country and there is not widely spoken about the analysis and benefits of such integration. The main subject in this work is the Supply Chain Management. The main aim of this work is to explore the benefits and competitive advantages of the company that offers Supply Chain Management in its activities. During this work has been used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. In the theoretical part have been used mainly qualitative research methods: comparative analyses of scientific literature, synthesis, induction, then from many authors information are derived common trends. There were carried out two studies - a survey and expert interviews. The results of these studies showed that even a small proportion of the companies are already familiar with the supply... [to full text]

Temos aktualumas Pastaruoju metu įžengiame į tiekimo grandinės konkurencijos erą. Tai reiškia jog reikia suprojektuoti vertę sukuriančias sistemas, kurios gali reaguoti į staigius rinkos pokyčius, kurios atitinka patikimam vertės sukūrimo procesui užtikrinti keliamus reikalavimus ir organizuotos taip, kad tiekimo grandinės kaip visumos funkcionavimas garantuotų šių tikslų įgyvendinimą. Organizacijos geriau už konkurentus organizuodamos ir valdydamos savo pagrindinės veiklos procesus, gali sukurti savo klientams ir galutiniams vartotojams didesnę vertę. Patebėta, jog stambiosios kompanijos taip ir daro, t.y. stengiasi koncentruotis į savo pagrindinį verslą, patikėdamos tiekimą bei logistiką specialistams. Tokios pažangios kompanijos pradeda vertinti šiuos procesus kaip realų rinkos privalumų siekimo instrumentą. Todėl tiekimo ir logistikos paslaugų specialistams pateikiami vis didesni reikalavimai: ne tik nugabenti fizinį krovinį iš vienos vietos į kitą, bet ir integruoti informacinius bei dokumentų srautus su klientais ir trečiosiomis šalimis į vieną logistinį sprendimą, užtikrinti visą kompleksą paslaugų, suderintų su konkretaus kliento reikalavimais, t.y. suformuoti bei valdyti tiekimo grandines. Išlaidos logistikai sudaro vidutiniškai 10–15 % galutinio produkto kainos. Atsižvelgiant į tai, jog gaminio naudojimo trukmė mažėja, klientai naudojasi metodu pačiu laiku, pardavėjų rinkos tampa pirkėjų rinkomis, todėl organizacijos gebėjimas greitai ir lanksčiai reaguoti į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According Martin Christopher efficient supply and logistic system management was the main reason for winnining wars during the years. So it seems the importance of the supply chain management was known from early ages, but acknowledged not so long time ago. In our days we are entering into the supply chain era of competition. It means we need to establish value creating systems, which can react instantly to market changes and which are organised in order to warranty optimal operating of supply chain mangement. SCM becoming more and more important not over the world, but in Lithuania as well (especially after 1991y.), as understanding of it‘s significant impact to companies activities and results is beeing recognized. Nevertheless supply chain management in Lithuania is not recognised as one of most important ones. In the order of companies management methods (25), supply chain management is just in 11-th place, and it is beeing used by 45% of managers in Lithuania. Object of this paper – supply chains of different organizations. Object of the research – to find out the importance of influence of Supply Chain Management for companies performance. For the current object, an empirical research was made (a questioning discribed as a questionare) and 47 respondents from 21 different practice organizations were questioned. During the research some clear tendencies were recognized and they are related to the supply chain management in the companies: supply chain management has... [to full text]

Darbe lyginamos dvi objektų identifikavimo sistemos: BAR kodas ir radijo dažniu pagrįsta RFID. Šiame darbe stengiamasi objektyviai įvertinti abiejų technologijų privalumus bei trūkumus, apžvelgti jų panaudojimo sritis. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas logistikai, kur lig šiol plačiai naudojama BAR kodas, bet jau dabar yra galimybės sėkmingai jį pakeisti naująja RFID ir taip padidinti verslo rentabilumą. / In this article two objects identification technologies are analyzed, that’s BAR code and Radio Frequency Identification. Author of this article seeks to evaluate employment nuances of both technologies. Main attention was paid to logistic, where BAR code is still widely in use. Lot of specialist talk that there are already possibility to replace BAR with RFID and increase profitableness of business.

Darbe susisteminamos ir palyginamos skirtingų Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių tiekimo grandinės valdymo sampratos. Detaliai aprašoma, kokią įtaką daro tiekimo grandinės valdymas įmonės veiklai ir kokį vaidmenį vaidina informacijos srautai šiame procese. Atlikto tyrimo rezultatai suteiks kitoms įmonėms galimybę atkreipti dėmesį į svarbiausias informacijos srautų valdymo sritis ir kokie pavojai gali tykoti valdant informacinius srautus. Taip pat siūlomas modelis gali suteikti praktinės naudos filtruojant informaciją ir renkantis prioritetinius informacijos srautus skirstant pagal operatyvinę ir strateginę informaciją. Pagal šį modelį atliktas tyrimas identifikuoja kylančius sunkumus valdant informacijos srautus. Tai leistų įmonėms iš anksto pasiruošti laukiamiems sunkumams. Taip pat tyrimo rezultatuose pateikiama kylančių problemų atsiradimo priežastys ir kurios dažniausiai kartojasi Lietuvoje, o tai savo ruožtu gali padėti, norint išvengti šių problemų. / The paper provides a systematic concepts and comparisons of supply chain management of Lithuanian and foreign authors. Also it describes the influence of SCM to a company and what role plays the information flows in this process. From the practical point of view the research results can help companies to learn the key elements of a SCM and what kind of difficulties are faced in Lithuania. Also the model for information flow management of a supply chain can help to learn how to filter the information and how to choose priority information flows between operational and strategic information flows. The research carried out by this model identifies arising difficulties which are faced while managing the information flows. Also results provide the most frequent reasons of the arising problems. This kind of information can help companies to prepare for awaiting problems and try to avoid them before they arise.

Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas yra sukurti energijos tiekimo saugumo trikdžių scenarijų matematinį modelį, kuriuo būtų galima modeliuoti įvairių galimų energetinių trikdžių scenarijus. Priklausomai nuo trikdžio sudėtingumo lygio jis gali neturėti visiškai jokios įtakos ir pasekmių arba priešingai – gali turėti labai didelę įtaką ir labai sunkias pasekmes energijos tiekimo saugumui. Todėl energetinio trikdžio įtaka ir pasekmės suskirstomi balais: nuo 0 (nėra pasekmių) iki 5 balų (labai sunkios pasekmės). Nagrinėjama to trikdžio įtaka įvairiems valstybės sektoriams: ekonominiui, socialiniui ir politiniui. Energetinio trikdžio įtaka ir sukeltos pasekmės ekonominiui, socialiniui ir politiniui sektoriams ir suprantamas kaip atskiras scenarijus. Energetiniam trikdžiui buvo suteikti parametrai ir su įvairiais parametrų rinkiniais sumodeliuoti 100 scenarijų. Iš tų scenarijų išrinktas pats tikėtiniausias, nustatyti sunkiausi (kritiniai) bei lengviausi (sukeliantys mažas pasekmes) scenarijai. Taip pat suskaičiuojamos tokių scenarijų tikimybės bei trikdžių pasirodymo tikimybės. Tam naudojami Markovo grandinės bei procesai ir tikimybiniai skirstiniai. / The main objective of this paper is to develop a mathematical model of energy supply disturbances for modelling energy supply disturbance scenarios. The level of energy supply disturbance depends on the impact it does to energy security of supply. The level of energy supply disturbance expressible with points: from 0 points (no impact) to 5 points (very heavy impact). It is analysed impact of this disturbance to different sectors of state: economical, social and political. The impact and caused damage of energy supply disturbance to economical, social and political sectors is understandable like a different scenario. Energy supply disturbance depends on different parameters. Scenarios of disturbances were modeled considering three parameters. For comparison there were developed 100 different long term energy supply disturbance scenarios. There were selected most common, most heavy (critical) and easiest scenarios, evaluated such scenarios probabilities and energy supply disturbance probabilities. In thia paper was used Markov chains and processes, probability distributions.

Present situation in globalizing economy when margins are falling is forcing businesses to change traditional supply chains to adaptive supply chain networks. Adaptive supply chain network - a network of user oriented enterprises, sharing resources and knowledge, in order to be able to react smoothly to constantly changing and competitive environment. Currently market leading supply chain management systems aren't providing profitable opportunities to organize adaptive supply chain networks. In order to elevate the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises by increasing the effectiveness of their business processes, a supply chain management system, which could make use of e-business concepts, has to be developed. In order to do so, an integrated supply chain network model was created, which serves as a conceptual foundation and provides guidelines for creation of adaptive supply chain network management systems. Because members of adaptive supply chain network are separate enterprises, they must share data by the means of internet. It is purposeful to use web services to implement this requirement, because they enable communication of software systems, which were developed on different platforms or using different programming languages. During a project such a system was developed and it provides an opportunity to integrate an enterprise into an adaptive supply chain network. The solution, which is operating as a set of web services and is implemented in Java, can... [to full text]

Su kylančiomis grėsmėmis apsirūpinant energijos ištekliais susiduria beveik visos be išimties Europos Sąjungos šalys. Atsižvelgus į tai, Europos Sąjunga įgyvendina energetikos politiką, kurios pagalba siekiama spręsti energetinio saugumo problemas, tačiau pastaroji neretai susiduria su sunkumais ir pasiekti rezultatai neretai būna silpni palyginti su dinamiška aplinka. Įvertinant tai, kad energijos suvartojimas ateityje didės augant gamybos mastams, nepaisant sparčios energetikos sektoriuje naudojamų modernių technologijų plėtros politiniame pasaulio žemėlapyje išvysime daugiau valstybių, priklausomų nuo energijos importo ir turinčių neigiamus energijos balansus. Tad energijos išteklių tiekimo saugumo užtikrinimo klausimo svoris tarptautinių santykių darbotvarkėje savo aktualumą išlaikys ir ateityje bei bus itin aktualus Europos Sąjungai, siekiančiai stiprinti savo konkurencingumą. Tai atspindi darbe nagrinėjamą problemą. Šiuo darbu – Energijos išteklių tiekimo saugumo pokyčių vertinimas: Europos Sąjungos atvejis – siekiama iš dalies užpildyti esančią energetikos politikos taikymo analitinę spragą. Magistro darbui keliamas tikslas yra įvertinti energijos išteklių tiekimo saugumo kaitą Europos Sąjungoje ir pasiūlyti jo didinimo kryptis. Magistro darbo tikslui pasiekti yra keliami šia uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti energijos išteklių tiekimo saugumo reikšmę teoriniame kontekste; 2. Suformuluoti energijos išteklių tiekimo saugumo vertinimo modelį; 3. Remiantis suformuluotu modeliu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Almost all, without any exceptions, European Union countries face the threats in obtaining supplies of energy resources. In the light of it, the European Union implements an energy policy that helps in pursuing to solve energy security problems, but the latter is often facing challenges and achieved results are often weak compared to the dynamic environment. Considering the fact that consumption of energy will grow in the future, while volumes of production will grow, despite the rapid development of the modern technologies used in energy sector, in the political map of the world wee will see more countries dependent on energy imports and having negative energy balances. Thus, in the future the weight of energy supply security ensuring issue in agenda of international relations will maintain its relevance and will be of particular interest to the European Union, seeking to strengthen its competitiveness. This reflects the problem of this work. This work – Estimation of the changes in security of energy resources supply: the case of European Union – aims to fill an analytical gap existing in the energy policy. The objective of this Master's work is to assess the security of energy supply in the European Union and to propose direction of its increase. In order to achieve the Master's work objective there are set the following tasks: 1. To define meaning of the energy supply security in the theoretical context; 2. To formulate a model for the energy supply security assessment; 3... [to full text]

An overall process of globalization influences major changes in companies’ bussiness strategy. Supply chain management (SCM) becomes one of the most prioritetical activities in company. Seeking to survive in hard competition, they must improve their distribution strategies. Spreading Net technology requires flexible company to work directly with suppliers and to be able to react quickly and reasonably to demanding environmental changes. The classic objective of SCM is to be able to have the right products in the right quantities (at the right place) at the right moment at minimal cost. This requires a close integration of effective control functions and SCM to assure correctness and maturity of sending and receiving information, complience with internal company rules and supply strategies. This paper analyses SCM information systems emphasising their principles, pecularities and weaknesses. A new control method of SCM is introduced — „SCM using complex control methods“. It adds content management principles to current SCM control methods. This paper describes system concept, system architecture and generic business process models. To prove effectiveness of this method software was designed, developed and implemented in one big trading company. Additionally quality research of implemented software was made and it showed the effectiveness of applying quality assurence in software implementation process.

This work focuses on the analysis of Internet info and literature about e-commerce systems, shops, supply chain systems and enterprise resource planing systems and create the framework of sales in the web with ready to use elements, database, based on REA semantic model for Internet supply chain collaboration. The research material leads to the conclusion that REA model is the best model for Internet commerce and Lithuanian Internet trading systems are not fully ready for competition on the Internet market. However, the work suggests the solution for the problems detected in LT websites, which deal with Internet sales.

In this work bullwhip effect in the supply chains was studied and reduction of the effect was analyzed. Simulation was done with Rockwell Arena software. Eight different models were created using two different bullwhip reduction schemes (batching removal and information sharing) with two different ordering distributions (normal and exponential distribution). Analyzed supply chain consisted of two groups of customers, two distributors, one manufacturer and two suppliers, producing different components for manufacturer. Information processing, lead and manufacturing times where stochastic values. Analysis is based on the mean value and standard deviation of orders and inventory level. Research showed, that most effective bullwhip reduction scheme is information sharing which let to reduce supplier’s inventory level up to 90%. Also effect reduction schemes are more effective when order variability is greater. This work is primary supply chain model. Therefore author offers to continue this work and do next analysis: to analyze other order distributions’ and other stochastic model variables influence to bullwhip reduction schemes, to analyze other supply chain structures, to do mathematical evaluation.