INTRODUÇÃO: Síncope inexplicada é considerada um fator de risco de morte súbita na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH). Em sua patogênese estão envolvidos meca-nismos diversos, incluindo a dificuldade de adaptação da resistência vascular sistêmica ao exercício e ao estresse ortostático, que pode ser influenciada por uma disfunção do sistema nervoso autônomo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar a função nervosa autonômica em portadores de CMH com e sem síncope, bem como avaliar o valor diagnóstico do teste de inclinação (TI) na investigação de síncope nessa população. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 37 pacientes, 16 com síncope inexplicada à avaliação rotineira e 21 sem síncope. A função nervosa autonômica foi medida pela sensibilidade do barorreflexo (BR) espontâneo e do induzido por fenilefrina e pela variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC). As variáveis da VFC consideradas no domínio do tempo foram: desvio-padrão de todos os intervalos RR normais (SDNN); raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes (RMSSD); e percentagem de intervalos RR adjacentes com diferença superior a 50 ms (pNN50), durante o eletrocardiograma de 24 horas. No domínio da freqüência, foram considerados os componentes de alta, baixa e muito baixa freqüência e a densidade total do espectro, tanto em valores absolutos como em unidades normalizadas, em repouso e aos 60 graus de inclinação. As medidas da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, batimento a batimento, e as medidas do índice sistólico, do índice cardíaco e da resistência vascular sistêmica, obtidas pela cardiografia por impedância, foram comparadas, entre os grupos, a 0, 30 e 60 graus de inclinação. O TI consistiu na exposição dos pacientes a 60º de inclinação por 40 minutos, ou até uma resposta positiva. RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade do BR, tanto espontâneo (16,46±12,99 vs 18,31±9,88 ms/mmHg, p=0,464) como induzido por fenilefrina (18,33±9,31 vs 15,83±15,48 ms/mmHg, p=0,521) foi semelhante nos grupos síncope e sem síncope. Não foram observadas diferenças nos valores de SDNN (137,69±36,62 vs 145,95±38,07 ms, p=0,389). O grupo síncope apresentou menores valores de RMSSD (24,88±10,03 vs 35,58±16,43 ms, p=0,042) e tendência a menor pNN50 (4,51±3,78 vs 8,83±7,98 %, p=0,085) e a menores valores do componente de alta freqüência da análise espectral, em repouso (637,59±1295,53 vs 782,65±1264,14 ms2, p=0,075). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos demais parâmetros analisados no domínio da freqüência. A adaptação das variáveis hemodinâmicas aos diferentes graus de inclinação foi semelhante entre os grupos nas várias posições estudadas. A positividade ao TI foi semelhante nos dois grupos (6% no grupo síncope e 33% no sem síncope, p=0,053). A sensibilidade, a especificidade e a acurácia do TI em identificar a causa da síncope na amostra foram, respectivamente, 6%, 66% e 40%. CONCLUSÃO: Uma menor atividade parassimpática, medida pela VFC, foi observada nos portadores de CMH com síncope. Não foram encontradas diferenças na reserva vagal e na adaptação hemodinâmica ao estresse ortostático entre os grupos. O TI revelou-se com baixa sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia para o diagnóstico de síncope inexplicada nessa população. / BACKGROUND: Unexplained syncope is considered a risk factor for sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Several mechanisms are involved in its pathogenesis, including the difficulty in adaptation of the systemic vascular resistance to exertion and to orthostatic stress, which may be influenced by a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. The purposes of this study were to compare the autonomic nervous function in patients with HCM with and without syncope and to assess diagnostic value of the head-up tilting test (HUT) in this population. METHODS: Thirty seven patients were included: 16 with unexplained syncope at routine evaluation and 21 without syncope. The autonomic nervous function was assessed by spontaneous and phenylephrine-induced baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and by heart rate variability (HRV). Considered HRV variables in time domain were: standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and percentage of adjacent normal RR intervals which differ by at least 50 ms (pNN50), during 24 hours electrocardiogram recording. In frequency domain, high, low and very low frequency bands and the spectrum total power density were considered, both in absolute values and in normalized units, at rest and at 60-degree tilting. Measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, beat to beat, and measures of stroke index, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance, obtained by impedance cardiography, were compared between the groups, at 0-, 30- and 60-degree tilting. The HUT consisted in exposure to 60º for 40 minutes, or until a positive response. RESULTS: Spontaneous BRS measures were similar between the syncope and non-syncope groups (16.46±12.99 vs 18.31±9.88 ms/mmHg, p=0.464), as well as phenylephrine induced BRS (18.33±9.31 vs 15.83±15.48 ms/mmHg, p=0.521). No differences were found between SDNN values (137.69±36.62 vs 145.95±38.07 ms, p=0.389). The syncope group presented lower values of RMSSD (24.88±10.03 vs 35.58±16.43 ms, p=0.042) and a trend to lower pNN50 (4.51±3.78 vs 8.83±7.98 %, p=0.085) and to lower high frequency component of spectral analyses at rest (637.59±1295.53 vs 782.65±1264.14 ms2, p= 0.075). No differences were observed between the groups in the others parameters analyzed in the frequency domain. Adaptation of hemodynamic variables at different tilting degrees was similar between the groups at the various positions studied. Positive responses to HUT were similar in the two groups (6% in syncope group and 33% in no-syncope group; p=0.053). HUT sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in identifying the cause of syncope in this population were, respectively, 6%, 66% and 40%. CONCLUSION: A lower parasympathetic activity, measured by HRV, was observed in HCM patients with syncope. No differences were found in vagal reserve and in adaptation to orthostatic stress between the groups. HUT showed poor sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in diagnosing unexplained syncope in this population.

Les problèmes vibratoires sont l'une des principales causes des maintenances effectuées sur les turbines de barrages hydroélectrique en France. Dans cette thèse CIFRE, subventionnée par la Division Technique Générale d’Électricité de France à Grenoble, nous voulons étudier numériquement les phénomènes physiques en jeu.Pour cela, chaque partie composant ce type de machine tournante est modélisée : la ligne d'arbre, les accouplements rigides, les paliers hydrodynamiques, la butée hydrodynamique à patins oscillants, les étanchéités et les efforts électromagnétiques. Celui du rotor est basé sur une approche classique 1D, prenant en compte des défauts d'accouplement rigide. Les paliers hydrodynamiques peuvent être alimentés par des rainures hélicoïdales : ceci est pris en compte dans la modélisation des paliers via un changement de variable dans l'équation de Reynolds. Concernant la butée hydrodynamique à patins oscillants, l'équation de Reynolds est explicitée en fonction des paramètres du système (rotor et patins). Un cas test est également présenté afin d'évaluer les différentes approches possibles pour l'intégration dans la modélisation du rotor et pour mieux appréhender la réponse dynamique d'une butée. Les joints d'étanchéités sont modélisés en linéarisant les efforts hydrauliques gouvernés par les équations du "bulk-flow" et sont donc représentés par des coefficients dynamiques de masse, d'amortissement et de raideur. Les efforts électromagnétiques au niveau de l'alternateur sont pris en compte via une formulation analytique des forces d'attraction sur chaque paire de pôles. Cela permet de gérer, par exemple, des défauts d'ovalisation ou de positionnement du stator.Une seconde partie est consacrée à l'étude d'une turbine complète. Y sont présentées différentes études de sensibilités des défauts les plus courants sur ce type de machine, le but étant d'en connaître l'influence sur le comportement dynamique de l'ensemble du rotor. / Vibration problems are one of the main causes leading to maintenances performed on the turbines of hydroelectric power generation systems in France. In this CIFRE dissertation, financed by Division Technique Générale d'Électricité de France in Grenoble, we shall numerically study the physical phenomena involved in turbine vibrations of this kind.Hence, each component of this type of rotating machinery is modeled: the rotor, the rigid coupling, the hydrodynamic bearings, the hydrodynamic tilting pad thrust bearing, the annular seals and the electromagnetic forces. The model of the rotor is based on classical 1D approach taking into account the defects of the rigid coupling. The hydrodynamic bearings can be fed by helicoidally grooves. This feature is taken into account in the numerical model of journal bearing by applying a variable transformation to the Reynolds equation. For the tilting pad thrust bearing, the Reynolds equation takes into account the displacements and the velocities of both the pads and the rotor. A test case is presented for evaluating the different numerical approaches of the tilting pad thrust bearing that can be integrated in a rotordynamic analysis. The annular seals are modeled by using linearized hydraulic efforts (i.e. stiffness, damping and added mass dynamic coefficients) modeled by the "bulk flow" system of equations. The electromagnetic efforts in the alternator are taken into account by using an analytic model of the forces of each pair of poles. This enables to tackle ovalisation or eccentricity defects of the stator.A second part is dedicated to the numerical study of a complete turbine. Different studies dealing with sensitivity analyses of most often-encountered defects of this type of rotating machinery are presented, the goal being to underline their influence on the dynamic behavior of the whole rotor.

This thesis deals with theoretical design of NC rotary tilting table for Kovosvit MAS milling machine MCV 754 - QUICK. In the beginning of this paper is made a research with focus to rotary tilting tables, paletizing technologies and rotary suppliers of energy. The main part concerns with loading analysis of rotary tilting table, proposal of motion drives, bearings and the frame of desired machine. For motion drive of each axis is chosen torque motor. Constructional solution of pressed air supply to the middle boring of face plate is realized by a rotary union. The next point of solution is arrangement of moving supply electrical and pneumatic energy to the frame of tilting axis. The last part is concerned to proposal of realizing of changing tchnological pallets by the Zero-point systems. In the end the economical analysis is made.

A concept for undergraduate mechanics courses at universities is introduced where traditional pencil-paper based exercises are partially replaced by experimental exercises, in which smartphones are used as measurement devices. A detailed guidance for practical realization and implementation of these tasks formats into the course is presented. Three smartphone-based experimental exercises ‘The tilting smartphone’, ‘The oscillation balance’ and ‘Using the Smartphone in a Torsion Pendulum’ are presented. First empirical results with respect to the learning achievement indicate a mid size effect on the understanding of the physical concepts. Compared to the traditional pencil-paper based exercises, the students performance in the experimental exercises is slightly lower, although the motivation to solve these tasks is higher.

A polycrystalline diamond was tested as a bearing material for a tilting pad thrust bearing to be used in an electric submersible pump, which elevates process fluids from the bottom of well bores. The goal of this study was to compare the PCD to a current best of technology, which is stainless steel with an engineering polymer.This study found that PCD can handle larger loads than current technology but is limited in size due to diamond sintering and manufacturing constraints. The maximum size is Ø75mm.

A polycrystalline diamond was tested as a bearing material for a tilting pad thrust bearing to be used in an electric submersible pump, which elevates process fluids from the bottom of well bores. The goal of this study was to compare the PCD to a current best of technology, which is stainless steel with an engineering polymer.This study found that PCD can handle larger loads than current technology but is limited in size due to diamond sintering and manufacturing constraints. The maximum size is Ø75mm.

Our society has become more and more digitized and futuristic in the service sector. The urge of efficiency in order to maintain a stable income and profit is increasing in various businesses. One such business is the hotel and restaurant business which heavily relies on staff members being efficient. The purpose of this report is to evaluate how automation and efficiency can be combined and integrated into this branch. The main reason being to release employees in this branch from repetitive tasks and put the focus on delivering high quality customer service instead. The main goal in this report will be on dispensing a variety of both carbonated and non-carbonated drinks using an autonomous system that strives to have the same accuracy and skill as a dispenser operated by a human. To achieve this goal an autonomous liquid dispenser consisting of two ultrasonic sensors had to be constructed. It should be able to detect when a glass needs to be filled with liquid, decrease the foam by tilting the glass and replace it to it’s original state. The system was evaluated using three different experiments, where two of them measured the accuracy of the construction. The results from the two experiments concluded that the constructed system is of high accuracy. The result from the third experiment tested the speed for one dispensation cycle and the conclusion was that improvements can be made. / Automatisering och digitalisering av olika sorters arbetsuppgifter har ökat mer och mer sedan 70-talet och fortsätter att öka. Detta för att kunna effektivisera arbetsprocesser och därmed öka lönsamheten i verksamheten. Syftet med denna rapport är att utvärdera huruvida denna effektivisering och automatisering kan tillämpas i en barmiljö. Detta för att frigöra tid från personalen från repetitiva uppgifter och därmed tillåta dem att fokusera mer på andra mer krävande arbetsuppgifter. Fokuset i denna rapport är på upphällningen av olika drycker med kolsyra och hur detta kan göras av ett autonomt system med samma precision och skicklighet som hos en människa. Detta utförs genom att tillverka en prototyp som med hjälp av en ultraljudssensor känner av att ett glas ställs på rätt plats, för att sedan vinkla glaset samtidigt som det fylls med den önskade vätskan. När glaset sedan är fyllt med önskad mängd vätska så vinklas plattformen tillbaka och uppgiften ¨ar klar.  Systemet utvärderades senare utifrån tre tester. Där två av dem testade precisionen i konstruktionen. Resultatet i dessa två tester var att precisionen i systemet är godkänd. Resultatet från det tredje testet som kollade på tiden det tar för systemet att utföra en cykel var att detta behöver arbetas vidare med och detta resultat analyseras mer i Chapter 5.

This study provides independent analysis of Residual Oil Zones (ROZs) in the Permian Basin from a regional perspective, focusing on the formation mechanism and present ROZ locations. Results demonstrate widespread potential for ROZs, defined here as thick volumes of reservoir rock containing near-residual saturations of predominantly immobile oil formed by natural imbibition and displacement of oil by dynamic buoyant or hydrodynamic forces. Previous work suggests hydrodynamic forces generated by regional tectonic uplift drove widespread oil remobilization and ROZ creation. To test the hypothesis, uplift and tilting are quantified and the resulting peak regional potentiometric gradient used as a physical constraint to compute and compare predicted ROZ thicknesses from hydrodynamics for several ROZ-bearing San Andres fields with known ROZ thicknesses. Late-Albian Edwards Group geologic contacts, which are interpreted to have been deposited near sea level prior to uplift, are used as a regional datum. Approximate elevations determined for the present datum show ~1800 m of differential uplift since Edwards deposition, with an average regional slope of ~0.128˚. This post-Edwards tilting increased the pre-existing regional structural gradient of the San Andres Formation to ~0.289˚. Using the calculated post-Edwards gradient results in to prediction of ROZ thicknesses from hydrodynamics that is consistent with measured ROZ thicknesses at several fields. When compared with countervailing buoyancy forces, hydrodynamics is calculated to be the more dominant driving force of oil movement for reservoirs with structural dips less than 1.5˚, which is the common dip for San Andres Formation platform deposits where ROZs have been identified. To predict the location of ROZs, ROZ-related oil field properties were identified and analyzed for over 2,800 Permian Basin reservoirs. A strong basin-wide correlation between API and crude sulfur content is consistent with the expected outcome of oil degradation driven by oil-water interaction, and supports the use of API and sulfur content as proxies for ROZ potential in the Permian Basin. Spatial analysis of sulfur data shows that the highest probability for ROZ existence exists in Leonardian through Guadalupian-age reservoirs, distributed primarily in shelf and platform areas of Permian structures. Combined, these results support the widespread potential for ROZs across the Permian Basin generated primarily by regional scale tilting and resultant hydrodynamic forces. / text

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo primário abordar os atuais conhecimentos sobre o transporte ferroviário interurbano e regional de passageiros, com foco na tecnologia dos trens de caixa móvel, também conhecidos como trens pendulares. Como objetivo secundário busca-se analisar a influência dos trens de caixa móvel ou pendulares na implantação e operação de novas ferrovias, com ênfase na adequação em fase de projeto, mostrando-se o potencial dessa tecnologia para o aumento da velocidade média e a redução dos tempos de viagem. São tratados os tópicos relevantes para o transporte ferroviário de passageiros, como o conforto do usuário, as especificações técnicas do material rodante e referências dos custos de implantação e operação envolvidos, mostrando-se também dentro de cada aspecto as diferenças dos trens pendulares em relação aos trens convencionais. Três estudos de caso elaborados terão como objetivo explicitar as interveniências da operação dos trens pendulares com o projeto ferroviário, em especial com o projeto geométrico, e através de simulações de marcha e comparações, mostrar de maneira prática o potencial do uso dos trens pendulares. Através do embasamento teórico e dos estudos de caso, é feita uma análise crítica de modo a possibilitar tanto um entendimento do transporte ferroviário de passageiros, quanto do material rodante de caixa móvel e suas possibilidades. Os resultados dos estudos de caso e a análise crítica mostram uma redução significativa dos tempos de viagem, entre 8,1 e 20,0%, mediante a operação de trens pendulares em substituição ao material rodante convencional. / As a primary objective, the present work aims to summarize the current knowledge on intercity and regional passenger railway transportation, focusing on tilting train technology, also known as car body tilt. As a secondary objective, the present work seeks to analyze the influence of tilting train technology on the design, implementation and operation of new railway corridors, with emphasis on design phase, showing the potential of this technology to increase speeds and reduce travel times. Railway passenger transportation issues, such as passenger comfort, rolling stock technical specifications and implementation and operational costs are addressed. Additionally, different aspects between conventional and tilting trains are also discussed. Three case studies help clarify the correlation between tilting train operation and railway design, especially the geometric design; further, with the help of speed simulations and comparisons, the potential use of tilting train operations are demonstrated. With the theoretical basis and the case studies, a critical analysis is made, allowing as a better understanding of railway passenger transportation with regards to the use of tilting rolling stock and its possibilities. The results of the case studies and the critical analysis present a considerable reduction in travel times, between 8,1 and 20,0%, with the operation of tilting trains in the place of the conventional rolling stock.

Static characteristics and rotordynamic coefficients were experimentally determined for a four-pad tilting-pad journal bearing with ball-in-socket pivots in loadbetween- pad configuration. A frequency-independent [M]-[C]-[K] model fit the measurements reasonably well, except for the cross-coupled damping coefficients. Test conditions included speeds from 4,000 to 12,000 rpm and unit loads from 0 to 1896 kPa (0 to 275 psi). The test bearing was manufactured by Rotating Machinery Technology (RMT), Inc. Though it has a nominal diameter of 101.78 mm (4.0070 in.), measurements indicated significant bearing crush with radial bearing clearances of 99.6 μm (3.92 mils) and 54.6 μm (2.15 mils) in the axes 45º counterclockwise and 45º clockwise from the loaded axis, respectively. The pad length is 101.6 mm (4.00 in.), giving L/D = 1.00. The pad arc angle is 73º, and the pivot offset ratio is 65%. The preloads of the loaded and unloaded pads are 0.37 and 0.58, respectively. A bulk-flow Navier-Stokes model was used for predictions, using adiabatic conditions for the bearing fluid. Because the model assumes constant nominal clearances at all pads, the average of the measured clearances was used as an estimate. Eccentricities and attitude angles were markedly under predicted while power loss was under predicted at low speeds and very well predicted at high speeds. The maximum detected pad temperature was 71ºC (160ºF) and the rise from inlet to maximum bearing temperature was over predicted by 10-40%. Multiple-frequency force inputs were used to excite the bearing. Direct stiffness and damping coefficients were significantly over predicted, but addition of a simple stiffness-in-series model substantially improved the agreement between theory and experiment. Direct added masses were zero or negative at low speeds and increased with speed up to a maximum of about 50 kg; they were normally greater in the unloaded direction. Although significant cross-coupled stiffness terms were present, they always had the same sign. The bearing had zero whirl frequency ratio netting unconditional stability over all test conditions. Static stiffness in the y direction (obtained from steadystate loading) matched the rotordynamic stiffness Kyy (obtained from multiple-frequency excitation) reasonably at low loads but poorly at the maximum test load.