Diese Arbeit besteht aus vier Essays, die empirische und methodische Beiträge zur Messung von Konjunkturzyklen und deren Zusammenhänge zu demographischen Variablen liefern. Der erste Essay analysiert unter Zuhilfenahme eines Bayesianischen Dynamischen Faktormodelles die Volatilität des US-amerikanischen Konjunkturzyklus seit 1867. In dem Essay wird gezeigt, dass die Volatilität in der Periode vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg und nachdem Zweiten Weltkrieg niedriger war als in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Eine geringere Volatilität für die Periode nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg im Vergleich zu der Periode vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg kann nicht bestätigt werden. Der zweite Essay hebt die Bayesianischen Eigenschaften bezüglich dynamischer Faktormodelle hervor. Der Essay zeigt, dass die ganze Analyse hindurch - im Gegensatz zu klassischen Ansätzen - keine Annahmen an die Persistenz der Zeitreihen getroffen werden muss. Des Weiteren wird veranschaulicht, wie im Bayesianischen Rahmen die Anzahl der Faktoren bestimmt werden kann. Der dritte Essay entwickelt einen neuen Ansatz, um altersspezifische Sterblichkeitsraten zu modellieren. Kovariate werden mit einbezogen und ihre Dynamik wird gemeinsam mit der von latenten Variablen, die allen Alterklassen zugrunde liegen, modelliert. Die Resultate bestätigen, dass makroökonomische Variablen Prognosekraft für die Sterblichkeit beinhalten. Im vierten Essay werden makroökonomischen Zeitreihen zusammen mit altersspezifischen Sterblichkeitsraten einer strukturellen Analyse unterzogen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Sterblichkeit von jungen Erwachsenen in Abhängigkeit von Konjunkturzyklen deutlich von den der anderen Alterklassen unterscheidet. Daher sollte in solchen Analysen, um Scheinkorrelation vorzubeugen, zwischen den einzelnen Altersklassen differenziert werden. / The thesis consists of four essays, which make empirical and methodological contributions to the fields of business cycle analysis and demography. The first essay presents insights on U.S. business cycle volatility since 1867 derived from a Bayesian dynamic factor model. The essay finds that volatility increased in the interwar periods, which is reversed after World War II. While evidence can be generated of postwar moderation relative to pre-1914, this evidence is not robust to structural change, implemented by time-varying factor loadings. The second essay scrutinizes Bayesian features in dynamic index models. The essay shows that large-scale datasets can be used in levels throughout the whole analysis, without any pre-assumption on the persistence. Furthermore, the essay shows how to determine the number of factors accurately by computing the Bayes factor. The third essay presents a new way to model age-specific mortality rates. Covariates are incorporated and their dynamics are jointly modeled with the latent variables underlying mortality of all age classes. In contrast to the literature, a similar development of adjacent age groups is assured, allowing for consistent forecasts. The essay demonstrates that time series of covariates contain predictive power for age-specific rates. Furthermore, it is observed that in particular parameter uncertainty is important for long-run forecasts, implicating that ignoring parameter uncertainty might yield misleadingly precise predictions. In the fourth essay the model developed in the third essay is utilized to conduct a structural analysis of macroeconomic fluctuations and age-specific mortality rates. The results reveal that the mortality of young adults, concerning business cycles, noticeably differ from the rest of the population. This implies that differentiating closely between particular age classes, might be important in order to avoid spurious results.

Submitted by Daniella Santos (daniella.santos@fgv.br) on 2009-08-07T12:27:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Bruno_Schroder_Final.pdf: 424969 bytes, checksum: 0fd8cc2dd730b4381e54d76a53e9df83 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Antoanne Pontes(antoanne.pontes@fgv.br) on 2009-08-07T17:35:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Bruno_Schroder_Final.pdf: 424969 bytes, checksum: 0fd8cc2dd730b4381e54d76a53e9df83 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-08-07T17:35:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Bruno_Schroder_Final.pdf: 424969 bytes, checksum: 0fd8cc2dd730b4381e54d76a53e9df83 (MD5) / This article is concerned in answering if the distinct political regimes in effect in Brazil during the period 1946-2007 have had some impact on the unfolding path of its fiscal burden. Due to the fact that regular elections for the National Congress were hold in the military regime, we also seek to understand in what sense institutions and governmental attributes affect such variable. Therein we have developed a model where the observed results of economic policy emerge from the interaction between institutional incentives and offerers` and demandants` preferences on taxation. Our results suggest that democratic regimes tend ceteris paribus to levy brazilian society less than authoritarian ones and that political instituions are important to understand the process. / Este artigo preocupa-se em responder se os diferentes regimes políticos vigentes no Brasil durante o período 1946-2007 tiveram algum impacto sobre a evolução de sua carga tributária. Devido ao fato de eleições regulares para o Congresso Nacional terem sido mantidas inclusive no regime militar, buscamos ainda entender em que medida determinadas instituições e atributos governamentais afetam tal variável. Nesse sentido, desenvolvemos um modelo em que os resultados observados de política econômica emergem da interação entre incentivos institucionais e preferências de ofertantes e demandantes de tributação. Nossos resultados sugerem que, ceteris paribus, os regimes democráticos tendem a tributar menos a sociedade brasileira do que os autoritários e que instituições políticas são importantes para compreender o processo.