Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the most investigated viruses and its attributes and structure are therefore well-known. In this work, we have chosen TMV as a biotemplate for the adjustable-length particles production in plants. The viral RNA and coat protein of TMV self-assemble into particles under physiological conditions. The particle length depends on the length of packaged RNA. The encapsidation signal that is necessary for preferential viral RNA packaging by coat protein disks is known and characterized since the 1980's. In this work, we have proposed a two-component system based on a Nicotiana bentamiana plants infection with packaging competent defective RNA (dRNA) and a helper virus RNA which provides all the components necessary for dRNA replication and packaging. The encapsidation signal in the helper virus sequence was removed to avoid formation of particles of incorrect length. Some of our helper viruses contained a coat protein with modified region of the particle's inner channel. This modification should allow specific binding of metal atoms within the core of the rod shaped particle. Several variants of dRNA and helper viruses were prepared to identify individual areas important for the replication, encapsidation and nanoparticle stability. We focused on the particle formation...

Salicylic acid is a plant hormone that accumulates with plant-pathogen interaction. This accumulation corresponds to the plant being resistant to infection and without it the plant is susceptible. In this study, primers of genes involved in the normal synthesis of SA were used in RT-PCR to compare gene expression levels in susceptible and resistant plants challenged with tobacco mosaic virus. Because SA synthesis shares chorismate as a common substrate with the synthesis of aromatic amino acids, HPLC was used to determine whether the increase in SA could be attributed to a decrease in amino acid levels. The results suggest that genes of the shikimate pathway are up-regulated in both plant lines but much more quickly in the resistant plant, making differential gene expression a possible cause of SA accumulation. Additionally, results showed a more pronounced decrease in amino acid levels in resistant plants compared to susceptible plants.

The aim of this study is the three-dimensional structural characterization of the genome packaging inside viral capsids via cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. The genome of some single-stranded viruses can be densely packaged within their capsid shells. Several stretches of the genome are known to adopt stable secondary structures, however, to date, little is known about the three-dimensional organization of the genome inside their capsid shells. Two techniques have been developed to facilitate the structural elucidation of genome packaging: the asymmetric random-model method, and the symmetry-mismatch, random model method. Both techniques were successfully tested with model and experimental data. The new algorithms were applied to study the genome structure of poliovirus and satellite tobacco mosaic virus. We have not yet found a consistent structure for the two genomes. Nevertheless, we have found that the genome of satellite tobacco mosaic genome is very stable, supporting a model where the RNA acts as a scaffold, with potential implications in capsid stability and assembly.

The Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive sense single stranded RNA virus and is found across the world. TMV can impact the overall yield and quality of the crop resulting in an economic loss. Plants that are infected with TMV show a variety of symptoms such as mosaic pattern, mottling, necrotic lesions and stunted growth. Historically, TMV has caused controversy on whether this economically significant virus is seedborne or seed transmitted. The objective of this study is to track TMV infection from infected seeds to seedlings to determine the percentage of seed transmission. This experiment used three pods from three different TMV infected cultivar K 326 flue-cured tobacco plants. Seeds from each pod were germinated in a growth chamber for approximately ten days. Samples were separated into seed coat, root and leaves after germination. Total RNA was extracted from each part and synthesized into cDNA for analysis. A quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was used to determine TMV concentration of each sample. Endpoint RT-PCR was used to determine a conservative threshold value from the RT-qPCR results. These results demonstrated that TMV influenced percent germination with a range from 94% to 50%. Seed coats had a significantly higher virus titer concentration (P < 0.05) when compared to the roots and leaves. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant (P < 0.0001) differences among pods for virus titer and there is a highly significant plant by pod interaction (P < 0.0001). Endpoint RT-PCR confirmed TMV infection in leaves, roots and seed coats. Percent infection in leaves ranged from 2% to 24% and percent infection for roots ranged from 8% to 40%. Results demonstrate that TMV is seed transmitted in flue-cured tobacco. / Master of Science / The Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an RNA virus that occurs globally in areas where tobacco is grown. TMV is a tobamovirus and infects over 350 plant species. TMV can reduce the yield and quality of the crop which will result in an economic loss for the grower. Plants that are infected with TMV show a variety of symptoms such as mosaic pattern, necrotic lesions, and stunted growth, and there are no effective ways to eradicate the virus. There has been controversy on whether to categorize TMV as a seedborne virus or a seed-transmitted virus because the location of the virus within a seed is unknown. This study examined seeds from three pods grown on three different TMV-infected flue-cured tobacco plants of cultivar K 326 to track TMV infection from infected seeds to seedlings. Seeds from each pod were germinated in a growth chamber for ten days and samples were separated into leaves, root and seed coat. Each sample had total RNA extracted and synthesized into cDNA for analysis. A quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was used to determine TMV concentration of each sample since this technology can detect small amounts of virus. Endpoint RT-PCR was used to conservatively determine an infection threshold value from the RT-qPCR results. Percent germination of TMV infected seeds ranged from 94% to 50%. Seed coats had a significantly higher virus titer (P < 0.05) when compared to the roots and leaves in each pod. Statistical analysis showed (P < 0.0001) differences among pods for virus titer and there is a highly significant plant by pod interaction (P < 0.0001). Endpoint RT-PCR confirmed TMV infection in leaves, roots and seed coats. Percent infection in iv leaves ranged from 2% to 24% and percent infection for roots ranged from 8% to 40%. Therefore, results show that TMV is seed-transmitted in flue-cured tobacco.

Orientador: Clarice Weis Arns / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T02:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LimaNeto_DanielFerreira_D.pdf: 8189026 bytes, checksum: 64631e8e2ed546b6da6a944505049080 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Microbiologia / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Viruses are the most abundant biological entity in the biosphere and are known to infect hosts from all domains of life. The aim of my work is to identify conserved and non-conserved features among the capsid structures of related and divergent icosahedral viruses via cryogenic electron microscopy, sequence analysis, molecular modeling, and other techniques. Bird polyomaviruses often cause severe disease in their hosts whereas mammalian polyomaviruses generally do not. Avian polyomavirus is a type of bird polyomavirus with an unusually broad host range compared to the restricted tropism of other polyomaviruses. Although most polyomaviruses have a conserved, rigid capsid protein structure, avian polyomavirus has a flexible capsid shell and a non-conserved C-terminus in its major capsid protein. A β-hairpin motif appears to stabilize other polyomaviruses but is missing in avian polyomavirus. The lack of this structure in avian polyomavirus may account for its capsid flexibility and broad host range. A minor capsid protein unique to bird polyomaviruses may be located on the inner capsid surface. This protein may have a role in the acute disease caused by bird polyomaviruses. The solution-state capsid structure of satellite tobacco mosaic virus was unexpectedly different than the previously solved crystalline structure. The conformational differences were accounted for by a shift of the capsid protein about the icosahedral fivefold axis. Conversely, the RNA core was consistent between solution and crystalline structures. The stable RNA core supports previous observations that the viral genome stabilizes the flexible capsid. Halophage CW02 infects Salinivibrio bacteria in the Great Salt Lake. The three-dimensional structure of CW02 revealed a conserved HK97-like fold that is found in all tailed, double-stranded DNA viruses. The capsid sequence of CW02 shares less than 20% identity with HK97-like viruses, demonstrating that structure is more conserved than sequence. A conserved module of genes places CW02 in the viral T7 supergroup, members of which are found in diverse aquatic environments. No tail structure was observed in reconstructions of CW02, but turret-like densities were found on each icosahedral vertex, which may represent unique adaptations similar to those seen in other extremophilic viruses.

[ES] Las plantas están emergiendo como una alternativa atractiva a los sistemas convencionales de producción heteróloga, como bacterias, cultivos celulares de mamíferos, levaduras u hongos, para la síntesis de productos de alto valor, como metabolitos secundarios y proteínas. La demanda de estos productos a menudo se ve limitada por la capacidad de producción y los costos asociados. Sin embargo, utilizar las plantas como plataformas de producción ofrece ventajas en términos de accesibilidad económica, sostenibilidad, escalabilidad y la ausencia de patógenos humanos y de animales, lo que las convierte en una opción cada vez más atractiva. A pesar de las limitaciones en la capacidad de carga, la expresión génica transitoria utilizando vectores virales proporciona un método eficiente y reproducible para la producción de proteínas recombinantes en plantas, a diferencia de la transformación estable, que requiere más mano de obra y tiempo. Los vectores derivados del virus del mosaico del tabaco (TMV), particularmente aquellos en los que el gen de la proteína de la cubierta viral (CP) se reemplaza principalmente por el gen de interés, son clásicos en la biotecnología vegetal y se utilizan con frecuencia para la producción a gran escala de proteínas recombinantes. En este trabajo, nuestro primer objetivo fue optimizar un vector de TMV para mejorar la producción. La fusión traduccional del extremo amino-terminal de la CP del TMV con la proteína recombinante de interés mostró un aumento en la acumulación de la proteína verde fluorescente, interferón alfa-2a y un nanobody contra la proteína Spike del SARS-CoV-2 en hojas de Nicotiana benthamiana. La inserción de un sitio de clivaje específico, basado en las proteasas de inclusión nuclear (NIaPro) de dos potyvirus, junto con la expresión de las proteasas correspondientes, además de la producción de la proteína recombinante madura, aumentó aún más la acumulación de las proteínas recombinantes mencionadas anteriormente. En segundo lugar, nuestro objetivo fue establecer estrategias para producir proteínas recombinantes de interés industrial y farmacéutico en N. benthamiana utilizando un vector de TMV. Logramos producir grandes cantidades de una xilanasa termofílica, activa en condiciones extremas de temperatura y pH alcalino, en N. benthamiana utilizando un vector de TMV. La enzima que se acumuló rápidamente en los tejidos de la planta se dirigió al apoplasto, lo que facilitó enormemente la purificación y evitó cualquier efecto adverso en el crecimiento de la planta. Se demostró que esta enzima producida en planta es útil para la producción de xilooligosacáridos probióticos. También produjimos grandes cantidades de una glucosa oxidasa (GOX) modificada en hojas de N. benthamiana utilizando un vector de TMV. La GOX producida en planta, que también se purificó fácilmente a partir de fluidos apoplásticos, exhibió potentes propiedades antimicrobianas contra Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli. / [CA] Les plantes están emergint com una alternativa atractiva als sistemes convencionals de producció heteròloga, com ara bacteries, cultius cel·lulars de mamífers, llevats o fongs, per a la síntesi de productes d'alt valor, com son metabòlits secundaris i proteïnes d'interés industrial i farmacéutic. La demanda d'aquests productes sovint es veu limitada per la capacitat de producció i els costos associats. No obstant això, utilitzar les plantes com a plataformes de producció ofereix avantatges en termes d'accessibilitat econòmica, sostenibilitat, escalabilitat i l'absència de patògens humans i animals, la qual cosa les converteix en una opció cada vegada més atractiva. Malgrat les limitacions en la capacitat de càrrega, l'expressió gènica transitoria mitjançant vectors virals proporciona un mètode eficient i reproducible per a la producció de proteïnes recombinants en plantes, a diferència de la transformació estable, que requereix més mà d'obra i temps. Els vectors derivats del virus del mosaic del tabac (TMV), particularment aquells en els quals el gen de la proteïna de la coberta viral (CP) és principalment reemplaçat pel gen d'interès, són clàssics en la biotecnologia vegetal i s'utilitzen sovint per a la producció a gran escala de proteïnes recombinants. En aquest treball, el nostre primer objectiu va ser optimitzar un vector de TMV per a millorar la producció. La fusió traduccional de l'extrem amino-terminal de la CP del TMV amb la proteïna recombinant d'interès va mostrar un augment en l'acumulació de la proteïna verda fluorescent, interferó alfa-2a i un nanobody contra la proteïna Spike del SARS-CoV-2 en fulles de Nicotiana benthamiana. La inserció d'un lloc de tall específic, basat en les proteases d'inclusió nuclear (NIaPro) de dos potivirus, juntament amb l'expressió de les proteases corresponents, a més de la producció de la proteïna recombinant madura, va augmentar encara més l'acumulació de les proteïnes recombinants esmentades anteriorment. En segon lloc, el nostre objectiu va ser establir estratègies per a produir proteïnes recombinants d'interés industrial i farmacèutic en N. benthamiana utilitzant un vector de TMV. Vam aconseguir produir grans quantitats d'una xilanasa termofílica, activa en condicions extremes de temperatura i pH alcalí, en N. benthamiana utilitzant un vector de TMV. El enzim que es va acumular ràpidament en els teixits de la planta es va dirigir a l'apoplast, la qual cosa va facilitar enormement la purificació i va evitar qualsevol efecte advers en el creixement de la planta. Es va demostrar que aquesta enzima produïda en planta és útil per a la producció de xilooligosacàrids probiòtics. També vam produir grans quantitats d'una glucosa oxidasa (GOX) modificada en fulles de N. benthamiana utilitzant un vector de TMV. La GOX produïda en planta, que també es va purificar fàcilment a partir de fluids apoplàstics, va exhibir potents propietats antimicrobianes contra Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli. / [EN] Plants are emerging as an attractive alternative to conventional heterologous production systems, including bacteria, mammalian cell cultures, yeast, or fungi, for the synthesis of high-value products, such as secondary metabolites and proteins. The demand for these products is often limited by production capacity and associated costs. However, using plants as production platforms offers advantages in terms of affordability, sustainability, scalability, and the absence of human and livestock pathogens, making them an increasingly appealing choice. Despite limitations in cargo capacity, transient gene expression using viral vectors provides an efficient and reproducible method for producing recombinant proteins in plants, unlike stable transformation, which is more labor- intensive and time-consuming. Vectors derived from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), particularly those in which the viral coat protein (CP) gene is mostly replaced with the gene of interest, are classic in plant biotechnology and frequently use for large-scale production of recombinant proteins. In this work, we first aimed to optimize a TMV vector to improve production. Translational fusion of the amino- terminal end of TMV CP to the recombinant protein of interest led to increased accumulation of the green fluorescent protein, interferon alfa-2a and a nanobody against the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Insertion of a specific cleavage site, based on the nuclear inclusion a proteases (NIaPro) form two potyviruses, along expression of the cognate proteases led to, in addition to production of the mature recombinant protein, a further increase in the accumulation of the aforementioned recombinant proteins. Second, we aimed to set up strategies to produce recombinant proteins of industrial and pharmaceutical interest in N. benthamiana using a TMV vector. We successfully produced large amounts of a thermophilic xylanase, active under extreme temperature and alkaline pH conditions, in N.benthamiana using a TMV vector. The enzyme that accumulated rapidly in plant tissues was targeted the apoplast, which enormously facilitated purification, and avoided any adverse effect on plant growth. This plant-made enzyme was shown to be useful for the production of probiotic xylooligosaccharides. We also produced large amounts of an engineered glucose oxidase (GOX) in N. benthamiana leaves using a TMV vector. The plant-made GOX that was also easily purified from apoplastic fluids exhibited potent antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. / This work was supported Generalitat Valenciana, grant INNEST/2021/7 from Agència Valenciana de la Innovació, and by grant PID2020-114691RB-I00 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, through the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (co-financed European Regional Development Fund), and by the Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking, under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Project WOODZYMES, Grant Agreement H2020-BBI- JU-792070). M.N.-S. is the recipient of a predoctoral contract from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PRE2018-084771). / Nicolau Sanus, M. (2023). Production of Recombinant Proteins with Pharmaceutical and Industrial Applications in Plants Using a Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Derived Vector [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/200381

This thesis covers a wide variety of projects within the domain of computational structural biology. Structural biology is concerned with the molecular structure of proteins and nucleic acids, and the relationship between structure and biological function. We used molecular modeling and simulation, a purely computational approach, to study DNA-linked molecular nanowires. We developed a computational tool that allows potential designs to be screened for viability, and then we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to test their stability. As an example of using molecular modeling to create experimentally testable hypotheses, we were able to suggest a new design based on pyrrylene vinylene monomers. In another project, we combined experiments and molecular modeling to gain insight into factors that influence the kinetic binding dynamics of fibrin "knob" peptides and complementary "holes." Molecular dynamics simulations provided helpful information about potential peptide structural conformations and intrachain interactions that may influence binding properties. The remaining projects discussed in this thesis all deal with RNA structure. The underlying approach for these studies is a recently developed chemical probing technology called 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE). One study focuses on ribosomal RNA, specifically the 23S rRNA from T. thermophilus. We used SHAPE experiments to show that Domain III of the T. thermophilus 23S rRNA is an independently folding domain. This first required the development of our own data processing program for generating quantitative and interpretable data from our SHAPE experiments, due to limitations of existing programs and modifications to the experimental protocol. In another study, we used SHAPE chemistry to study the in vitro transcript of the RNA genome of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV). This involved incorporating the SHAPE data into a secondary structure prediction program. The SHAPE-directed secondary structure of the STMV RNA was highly extended and considerably different from that proposed for the RNA in the intact virion. Finally, analyzing SHAPE data requires navigating a complex data processing pipeline. We review some of the various ways of running a SHAPE experiment, and how this affects the approach to data analysis.

Knowledge about structure and dynamics of the important biological macromolecules — proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and sugars — helps to understand their function. Atomic-resolution structures of macromolecules are routinely captured with X-ray crystallography and other techniques. In this thesis, simulations are used to explore the dynamics of the molecules beyond the static structures. Viruses are machines constructed from macromolecules. Crystal structures of them reveal little to no information about their genomes. In simulations of empty capsids, we observed a correlation between the spatial distribution of chloride ions in the solution and the position of RNA in crystals of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) and satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV). In this manner, structural features of the non-symmetric RNA could also be inferred. The capsid of STNV binds calcium ions on the icosahedral symmetry axes. The release of these ions controls the activation of the virus particle upon infection. Our simulations reproduced the swelling of the capsid upon removal of the ions and we quantified the water permeability of the capsid. The structure and dynamics of the expanded capsid suggest that the disassembly is initiated at the 3-fold symmetry axis. Several experimental methods require biomolecular samples to be injected into vacuum, such as mass-spectrometry and diffractive imaging of single particles. It is therefore important to understand how proteins and molecule-complexes respond to being aerosolized. In simulations we mimicked the dehydration process upon going from solution into the gas phase. We find that two important factors for structural stability of proteins are the temperature and the level of residual hydration. The simulations support experimental claims that membrane proteins can be protected by a lipid micelle and that a non-membrane protein could be stabilized in a reverse micelle in the gas phase. A water-layer around virus particles would impede the signal in diffractive experiments, but our calculations estimate that it should be possible to determine the orientation of the particle in individual images, which is a prerequisite for three-dimensional reconstruction. / BMC B41, 25/5, 9:15

[No abstract available] / xi, 176 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 29 cm