Les stèles funéraires d’Antioche et de ses environs datant de l’Antiquité sont en si grand nombre qu’elles méritent une étude approfondie. Aucune des recherches menées tout au long du XXe siècle n’offre en effet un corpus complet ni illustré. De plus, le matériel découvert non seulement à l’époque ottomane impériale, mais aussi lors du mandat français notamment lors des fouilles de l’Université de Princeton a été dispersé entre la Turquie, la France, les États-Unis, la Syrie et le Liban. Consciente des enjeux multiples qu’une telle étude d’ensemble serait susceptible de nous livrer sur les éléments manquant dans notre connaissance des divers aspects de la vie sociale, culturelle et religieuse à Antioche et dans ses environs dans l’Antiquité, nous nous sommes efforcée de rassembler le plus grand nombre possible de stèles et de les illustrer, de les analyser minutieusement avant d’élaborer une synthèse sur le sujet. Dans cet objectif, nous avons mené des recherches au Musée archéologique d’Antakya et aux Archives du département d’Art et archéologie de l’Université de Princeton, deux principaux endroits où sont conservés les fruits des fouilles, pour pouvoir comparer les enregistrements d’inventaire, en établir une concordance et obtenir des données complémentaires. Quoique leurs collections soient relativement restreintes, nous avons également étudié les stèles du Musée archéologique d’Istanbul, et celles du Musée du Louvre et du Musée d’art de Worcester. Pour maîtriser nos résultats, nous avons utilisé le programme de File Maker Pro Advanced 11.0v2, qui permet de construire une base de données sans laquelle les documents recueillis seraient impossibles à gérer.Même si la langue grecque est régulièrement choisie pour graver les épitaphes des stèles, on peut constater de nombreuses variations qui peuvent être dialectales mais semblent surtout résulter d’une maîtrise médiocre de la langue. En dépit de la convention de l’épigraphie latine saisissable à travers l’onomastique romaine quoique transcrite en grec, les règles sont appliquées avec peu de rigueur dans les textes de notre corpus. Des noms théophores sont formés à partir des divinités aussi bien grecques, romaines qu’orientales. À partir de ces constatations, nous avons pu reconstituer des pans d’une société qui a réussi à concilier tant bien que mal les Hellènes, les Romains, les Orientaux hellénisés et romanisés sinon d’origine du moins de nom. / The funerary steles of Antioch and its surrounding areas dating from Antiquity are so numerous that they deserve a thorough study. None of the researches performed throughout 20th century offered either a comprehensive or an illustrated corpus. Furthermore, the materials discovered in the Ottoman imperial period as well as throughout the French mandatory rule —particularly during the excavations conducted by Princeton University— were dispersed among Turkey, France, United States of America, Syria and Lebanon.Observing such deficiencies in the preliminary studies we became conscious of the necessity to cover the missing elements and gaps regarding the various aspects of social, cultural and religious life in Antioch and its surrounding areas in Antiquity through a comprehensive study. We endeavoured to collect largest possible number of steles, to illustrate them, and consequently to elaborate our synthesis based on minute analyses.For this purpose, we conducted researches in Antakya Archaeological Museum and in the Archives of the Department of Art and Archaeology at Princeton University (two main places where the outcome of the aforesaid excavations are preserved) in order to compare the inventory records, to establish a correspondence and to obtain complementary data. Although their collections are relatively small, we also studied the steles of the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, the Louvre Museum and the Worcester Art Museum. We used the software program File Maker Pro Advanced 11.0v2 for designing an extensive database which rendered the collected material manageable. Although Greek is regularly chosen in engraving epitaphs, we may observe many variations that are dialectal, most likely due to poor command of the language. Notwithstanding that the Latin epigraphic conventions are perceptible through Roman onomastics even though transcribed in Greek, these rules are applied with little rigor in the texts of our corpus. Theophoric names are formed after the names of Greek, Roman as well as the Oriental gods. Based on these observations, we were able to reconstruct parts of a society that somehow managed to reconcile the Hellens, the Romans, the Hellenized and the Romanized Orientals on the level of name, if not on the level of ethnic origins.

Gerard De Geer was the first one to identify De Geer-moraines, and has since then been mapped by many other studies around the world.  The focus of this study was to examine the environment the ridges form in, regarding the water depth during creation, the importance of topography and the melting rate of the ice. Using airborne Light Detection and Ranging  (LiDAR) data, De Geer- moraines were mapped around eastern Norrbotten county, including Piteå, Boden and Luleå. A total of 14 651 De Geer-moraines were identified over the selected area. Six parameters were analysed during this study; length, orientation, steepness, distance between ridges, current ground level and depth below highest shoreline. In some areas, ridges showed a high, local steepness, while other study sites showed ridges with a varied interconnected form, from straight, to convex and concave. Prominent De Geer-moraines had been identified, where the mean distance between the ridges was calculated to 345 m. Furthermore, other glacial formations (drumlins, flutings, rogen moraines and eskers) showed a relationship to De Geer-moraines, either with a similar angle or a perpendicular relation. A great water depth showed a significant role in the creation of the ridges, with 75% of the identified De Geer-moraines formed in a water depth greater than 150 m. De Geer- moraines found on topographic lows tend to have an interconnected concave form, while over or close to elevated areas; they’re slightly convex. The mean distance between prominent ridges showed a connection to the average retreat rate of the last ice, which suggests that prominent ridges had been formed annually.

Osteoarthritis and osteochondral defects are ailments that are increasing in frequency as the lifespan of the population increases and sedentary lifestyle becomes more common. Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disease that causes the progressive degeneration of articular surfaces and the underlying bone. Accidents and injuries can cause osteochondral defects similar to osteoarthritis. In both cases the structure of the articular cartilage fails, leading to pain and disability. Articular cartilage has a naturally poor ability to regenerate since there is no vasculature and it is aneural. The sparse chondrocytes mainly act to maintain the healthy extracellular matrix. Once the defect is severe enough, a surgical intervention becomes necessary. For small defects and young patients, a cell-based treatment can be used, whereas for larger defects and severe osteoarthritis a partial or whole joint arthroplasty is performed. Methods to repair osteochondral defects have been improving over the years as the inter-disciplinary understanding of joints, and what is required to repair them, has increased. However, there are still issues to solve in order to achieve consistently good results in both joint replacement and repair of cartilage. The main issue faced with current techniques used for joint replacement is poor integration of the artificial joint, leading to loosening at the bone interface over time, while cartilage repair techniques face the problem of generating mechanically inferior fibrocartilage. It is known that surface chemistry and structures at micro- and nanoscale influence cell behaviour, which can be utilised to guide their attachment, proliferation and phenotype. Scaffold-free approaches and mechanical stimulation have previously given promising results in generating articular neocartilage. This thesis aims at exploring tools and solutions to the problems involved in implant integration, chondrocyte expansion and neocartilage tissue engineering. We hypothesised that 1) ultra-short pulsed laser deposition can be used to create biocompatible coatings; 2) micropillars with nanoscale features can improve the maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype in culture and 3) hypergravity can aid in the production of more native-like neocartilage constructs. Our studies showed that ultra-short pulsed laser ablation can be used to create various surfaces for studying cell behaviour. Cell viability was slightly higher on a rough titanium oxide, whereas the cell area was significantly smaller on rough titanium oxide, indicating a lower amount of focal adhesions. Nanopatterned microstructures were not capable of maintaining the chondrocyte phenotype in culture, but they were not disadvantageous either. Hypergravity might help in creating a native-like distribution of collagen and proteoglycans. The constructs were more uniform in shape, but biomechanically the constructs were not different from non-centrifuged controls.

The topography of South Africa (SA) shows complex variations and is one the main factors that determine the daily weather patterns and climate characteristics. It affects for example temperature, winds and rainfall (intensity and distribution). Mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are used to simulate atmospheric motions with high horizontal grid resolution using appropriate cumulus parameterisation schemes. They also allow users to investigate the effects of topography and surface heating on the development of convective systems. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was applied over the complex terrain of SA to simulate extreme weather events and evaluate the influence of topography and grid resolution on the accuracy of weather simulations. This includes heavy precipitation event that lead to floods over Limpopo region of SA which was caused by the tropical depression Dando for the period 16 -18 January 2012; the heat wave events over Limpopo region for the period 22-26 October 2011 and also over Cape region for the period 15-18 January 2012. The Grell-Devenyi Ensemble (GDE) cumulus parameterization scheme was applied. The WRF model was run at a horizontal resolution of 9 km with 3 km nests, one over Limpopo and another over Cape region respectively. A total of 210 South African Weather Service (SAWS) synoptic stations data were used to verify the model, with 37 stations located over Limpopo and 88 over Cape region. The WRF model simulations are able to capture the spatial and temporal distribution of the heat wave over Limpopo and Cape regions respectively. The model verification with observational data showed that the performance statistics are in the expected range. The experiments without topography give unrealistic verification scores. The increase of model grid resolution from 9 to 3 km improved the spatial and temporal distribution and performance statistics. The above findings are in general similar for the two heat wave events, although the influence of topography over Cape region is not too pronounced. This can be attributed to different topographic variations over the Cape region as compared to the Limpopo region. The WRF model captured well the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall patterns; verification statistics shows over-prediction of its intensity in simulation with topography. The simulation without topography shows unrealistic space and intensity of rain distribution. An increase in model grid resolution from 9 to 3 km shows improved spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall. The importance of high grid resolution and the use of non-hydrostatic equations are confirmed by the analysis of the vertical velocity distribution and moisture fluxes. The overall findings proved that topography plays a major role to weather and climate over SA. The high grid resolution allows for a better topography representation and capturing convective activities by the use of nonhydrostatic approximations. Therefore the WRF model proved to be useful forecasting tool for weather and climate simulations and can be used for operational weather forecasting over South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc / Unrestricted

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The research was driven by a need to increase the knowledge base concerning wetland ecological responses, as well as to identify and evaluate the factors driving the functioning of the Franschhoek Trust Wetland. An ecohydrological study was undertaken in which vegetation cover, depth to groundwater, water and soil chemistry were monitored at 14 sites along three transects for a 12 month period. The parameters used include temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, chloride, bicarbonate, sulphate, total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphorus. T-tests and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to analyze trends and to express the relationship between abiotic factors and vegetation. / South Africa

Les travaux de géolocalisation et d’étude des ouvrages urbains font intervenirdes opérateurs de lever qui doivent manipuler des instruments de topographie, descartographies et des notions métiers complexes. Les erreurs de géolocalisation et deconception d’ouvrages sont fréquentes lorsque les méthodologies de travail ne sont pasrespectées. Ces travaux de thèse CIFRE, réalisés au sein de la société SIG-IMAGE,identifient dans un premier temps les sources d’erreurs lors des phases d’étude puisproposent un processus de lever topographique optimisé, pour réduire ces erreurs. Ilsmettent en évidence l’intérêt de la Réalité Augmentée pour diminuer les erreurs d’édition etd’interprétation de cartographie d’ouvrages. Un prototype est proposé, évalué et critiqué. Ilcouple un dispositif tactile de RA monoculaire géoréférencé avec un laser de topographie. Ilpermet de dessiner et de consulter des plans techniques sur une représentation 2D tempsréel du chantier. Les expérimentations démontrent que ce couplage n’est valide, au regardde la réglementation française, que pour la consultation de données SIG, ainsi que demodèles CAO dans un environnement très proche. Une autre approche est proposée, elleconsiste à recaler les nuages de points denses issus de scanners de topographie, avec lareprésentation orthoscopique 2D temps réel du chantier. Une synthèse des techniques derecalage image-nuage de points est proposée, et nos travaux s’orientent vers l’exploitationdu recalage 2D-2D. Les interactions dans l’environnement augmenté du chantier dépendentalors de son nuage de points. Elles sont géolocalisées et suivent les paradigmes du Picking-Outlining-Annotating. / In the public construction field, surveyors have to manipulate sophisticatedinstruments and maps to design CAD and GIS sketches describing geolocated facilities tobuild on worksite. Geolocation and design inaccuracies happen during these steps and leadto false technical maps. This Ph.D. thesis explains our research works made on behalf ofSIG-IMAGE Company. We first identify origins of inaccuracies during survey, then wepropose a new and optimized survey method that improves CAD and GIS accuracy on field.We explain to what extend Augmented Reality is able to improve technical mapsinterpretation and edition. We present, evaluate and criticize a prototype that couples atangible AR environment with a laser range finder. It allows one to draw technical sketcheson a 2D tangible real time view of worksites. Experiments have proven that it does not satisfyFrench regulation in terms of accuracy when editing maps. However it is accurate enough todisplay and edit GIS information, as well as CAD maps in a very close area. We then exploreanother approach consisting of matching the scanner’s dense point cloud with the real time2D view of the worksite. We propose a synthesis of alignment practices between point cloudsand images of a same scene. Finally we have chosen to explore 2D-2D registration so thatinteractions in our AR system would be based on the point cloud pre-processed discreterepresentation of the worksite. These interactions will be geolocated and will follow thePicking-Outlining-Annotating paradigm.

Topografias da córnea consistem em medir a forma da córnea, que é um fator chave para a acuidade visual. O exame é usado, por exemplo, na detecção de ceratocone, ajuste personalizado de lentes de contato, e pre e pós procedimentos associados com cirurgias refrativas e transplante de córnea. Esta dissertação apresenta, uma abordagem acessível e portátil para realizar topografias da córnea. Os resultados obtidos com o nosso protótipo mostram uma diferença média por volta de 0.02 milimetros, equivalente a 0.5% do raio médio da córnea, quando comparadas com topografias adquiridas com um topografo comercial. Nossa abordagem é baseada no disco de Plácido, a um conjunto de círculos concêntricos que são colocados na frente do olho do paciente e refletidos na córnea. Observando a deformação do padrão projetado, podemos identificar algumas condições refrativas (e.g. astigmatismo, ceratocone) e estimar a topografia da córnea do paciente. Nós construimos um dispositivo para ser utilizado com um celular para emitir os padrões, estes são então capturados pela câmera do celular. Nós usamos um sequência de procedimentos para melhor as imagens, segmentar os padrões, associar o padrão capturado com o emitido para amostrar o sinal, e finalmente estimar a superfície da córnea. A forma estimada é então decomposta, usando-se os polinômios de Zernike, em componentes com significado ótico específico. Nós avaliamos os resultados obtidos com o nosso protótipo de três maneiras: inspeção visual de ceratoscopias, detecção de ceratocone, e comparação com os resultados produzidos por um topográfo de córnea comercial. De acordo com essa análise, nosso dispositivo pode ser utilizado para o exame de indivíduos com ceratocone, e obter topografias com 0.02 milimetros de diferença em relação aos resultados obtidos com um topógrafo comercial. / Corneal topography consists of measuring the corneal shape, which is a key factor for visual acuity. The exam is used, for instance, in keratoconus detection, personalized contact lens fitting, in pre- and post-procedures associated with refractive surgery and corneal transplants. This thesis presents an accessible, inexpensive and portable approach to perform corneal topographies. The results obtained with our prototype show a mean difference of about 0.02 millimeters, equivalent to 0.5% of the mean corneal radius, when compared to topographies acquired with a commercial device. Our approach is based on Placido’s disks, a set of concentric disks that are placed in front of the patient’s eye and reflected on the cornea. Observing the deformation of the projected pattern, one can identify some refractive conditions (e.g., astigmatism, keratoconus) and estimate the patient’s corneal topography. We have built a clip-on device to be used with a cell phone to emit the patterns, which are then captured by the cell phone camera. We use a software pipeline to enhance the images, segment the patterns, associate the emitted pattern with the captured one to sample the signal, and finally estimate the corneal surface. The estimated shape is then decomposed using Zernike polynomials in components with specific optical meanings. We have evaluated the results obtained with our prototype in three ways: visual inspection of keratoscopies, keratoconus detection, and comparison with the results produced by a commercial corneal topographer. According to such analysis, our device can be used for screening of individuals with keratoconus, and to obtain corneal topographies with 0.02-millimeter differences with respect to the results obtained with a commercial corneal topographer.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o analisar o impacto da resolução dos conjuntos de dados topográficos nas simulações das concentrações de dióxido de enxofre (SO2) emitido por uma fonte localizada no Sul do Brasil. Para isso foram realizadas duas simulações aplicando o modelo regional Weather Research and Forecasting acoplado com a química (WRF/Chem), configurado com duas representações do terreno de diferentes resoluções espaciais. Foram utilizados os dados padrão do modelo com melhor resolução, Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation (GTOPO), com aproximadamente 1 km, e inserido no bancos de dados do modelo as informações de terreno em alta-resolução do Radar Shuttle Topography Mission (SRTM) (30 metros). Para as emissões antrópicas do modelo foi elaborado um programa capaz inserir os volumes do poluente SO2 de forma horária expelidos pela chaminé, de acordo com as taxas de emissão medidos diretamente na fonte. O programa representou a emissão do poluente no ponto de grade correspondente a localização e a altura acima da superfície da chaminé da fonte. As simulações foram configuradas com os seguintes esquemas de parametrização: para microfísica de nuvens foi utilizado o Goddard Cumulus Ensemble; os esquemas de radiação de onda longa e curta foram o Goddard e o Rapid Radiative Transfer Model para modelos de circulação geral da atmosfera (MCGA); para a parametrização de cumulus o esquema utilizado foi o Grell 3D Ensemble Scheme; e para os esquemas de camada superficial e camada limite planetária foram utilizados os da teoria da similaridade do Fifth-Generation National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) e o Yonsey University, respectivamente. A escolha desta combinação de esquemas foi definida a partir de um estudo inicial da sensibilidade do modelo à mudança das parametrizações. Os resultados dos experimentos numéricos alterando a topografia foram validados a partir dos dados de monitoramento das estações meteorológica e da qualidade do ar pertencentes à empresa responsável pelo empreendimento associado à fonte. Foi observado que as simulações com os dados SRTM expressaram o terreno da região de estudo mais próximo à realidade, representando o aspecto heterogêneo do relevo, ressaltando os picos e os vales. Os resultados das validações meteorológicas utilizando os dados topográficos indicaram melhoras nas simulações das variáveis meteorológicas: temperatura, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento e precipitação. Os experimentos com os dados topográficos GTOPO e SRTM no modelo WRF/Chem, configurado com as emissões horárias da fonte de Candiota, reproduziram o comportamento dos ventos para transporte de SO2 até as estações de monitoramento conforme os dados observados. Porém foram identificados padrões diferentes na representação das concentrações do poluente entre as duas simulações do modelo, associados aos escoamentos dos ventos representados pelos experimentos. A resolução da topografia afetou na simulação de SO2 devido ao aumento da forçante superficial induzida pelo terreno. Este aumento na forçante, influenciou a advecção da pluma de SO2, resultando em diferentes padrões das concentrações de SO2 no ponto de grade correspondente às estações de monitoramento. Contudo, os resultados das simulações das concentrações de SO2, tanto de forma horária quanto na abordagem das médias diárias, não indicaram uma relação linear entre a utilização de dados em alta resolução e a melhora na representação do SO2 pelo modelo WRF/Chem. / The objective of this work was to analyze the impact of the higher resolution topographic data sets in the simulations of the Sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations emitted by a source located Southern Brazil. Two simulations were performed applying the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry – WRF/Chem, configured with two representations of the terrain with different spatial resolutions. The standard data of the model with the best resolution (approximately 1 km), Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation (GTOPO), and was inserted in the model databases the high-resolution (30 meters) terrain information of the Radar Shuttle Topography Mission (SRTM). For the anthropic emissions of the model, a program was developed capable of inserting the hourly SO2 pollutant volumes expelled by the chimney, according to the emission rates measured directly at the source. The program inserted these emissions into the grid point corresponding to the location and height above the surface of the emission source. The simulations were configured with the following parameterization schemes: for cloud microphysics Goddard Cumulus Ensemble; for the long and short wave radiation treatment it was used the Goddard and the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for general circulation models; for the cumulus parameterization the scheme it was used the Grell 3D Ensemble Scheme; and for the surface layer and planetary boundary layer schemes, the similarity theory of the Fifth-Generation National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the Yonsey University, respectively. The choice of this combination of schemes was defined from an initial study of the sensitivity of the model to the change of parametrizations. The results of the numerical experiments altering the topography were validated from the monitoring data of the meteorological stations and the air quality belonging to the company responsible for the enterprise associated to the source. It was observed that the simulations with the SRTM data expressed the terrain of the region of study closest to reality, representing the heterogeneous aspect of the terrain, highlighting the peaks and valleys. The results of the meteorological validations using the new topographic data indicated an improvement in the simulations of the meteorological variables: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and precipitation. The experiments with the GTOPO and SRTM topographic data in WRF/Chem model, configured with the hourly emissions of the Candiota source, reproduced the winds behavior that transported the SO2 to the monitoring stations according to the observed data. However, different patterns were identified in the pollutant concentrations between the two simulations of the model, associated to the wind flows represented by the experiments. The topography resolution affected in the simulation of SO2 due to the increase of the surface forcing induced by the terrain. This increase in the forcing influenced the advection of the SO2 plume, resulting in different patterns of SO2 concentrations at the grid point corresponding to the monitoring stations. However, the results of simulations of SO2 concentrations, both hourly and in the approach of daily averages, did not indicate a linear relationship between the use of high resolution data and the improvement in the representation of SO2 by WRF/Chem model.

The overarching objective of this study was the development, validation and testing of an improved watershed modeling framework that accounts for the effects of spatial heterogeneity on overland flow and erosion processes and it is computationally sound for shallow, overland flows with shock waves. Most of the existing soil erosion models determine fluxes of water and sediment with the assumption of a homogeneous hill. In these models the physical and biogeochemical properties of the heterogeneous hill are spatially averaged, without considering roughness and longitudinal curvature effects as well as differences in the land use/land cover -LU/LC- and soil properties along the hill. This issue was addressed by improving the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP-Original version 2010.1) soil erosion model at the hillslope scale to account for the physics in terms of spatial heterogeneity in flow using a well-established shock-capturing numerical scheme. The improved WEPP model, referred to as "WEPP-Improved" model was (i) validated via detailed field experiments within an experimental plot and (ii) tested via generic simulations at the hillslope scale covering a variety of scenarios in terms of topography, LU/LC and soil type. Results showed that the WEPP-Improved model could effectively simulate the unsteadiness of the flow as well as the required time (lag) for the flow rate to reach equilibrium conditions. However, the model provided only a steady-state sediment transport rate and could capture only the equilibrium conditions. Further, the WEPP-Improved model reflected the effects of curvature, LU/LC and soil type on flow, as the model did not treat the hillslope as a homogeneous unit. Based on the generic simulations, landscape variability resulted to differences in the predicted peak runoff rate, Qpeak, between the WEPP-Improved vs. WEPP-Original models ranging ~ 3 - 62 % (avg. 19 %) due to curvature effects only, ~ 17 - 170 % (avg. ~ 66 %) due to added effects of LU/LC variability and ~ 5 % - 200 % (avg. ~ 52 %) due to added effects of soil type variability. The highest reported differences on the predicted Qpeak between the two models were attributed to the formation of the shock waves; these differences were dominant for the low in magnitude storm event and attenuated for the high event. It is believed that if the physical processes are represented accurately at the hillslope scale using the suggested modeling framework, then by utilizing an appropriate routing scheme of the flow and sediment within the stream network, it will be possible to scale-up the flow/sediment routing from the hillslope to the watershed scale without losing the degree of heterogeneity encapsulated from different hillslopes within the drainage network.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22130号 / 農博第2376号 / 新制||農||1073(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R1||N5238(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 德地 直子, 教授 北島 薫, 准教授 舘野 隆之輔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM