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L'approche par traits fonctionnels pour étudier les communautés végétales est de plus en plus populaire en comparaison avec l'approche taxonomique. Il devient alors important de vérifier les suppositions de base de cette approche par traits. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer la justesse d'une de ces suppositions, soit que la variabilité entre les espèces est relativement plus importante que la variabilité à l'intérieur des espèces. En effet, pour faire le lien entre des traits qui sont mesurés au niveau des individus et des communautés végétales, nous devons utiliser les traits agrégés, qui sont une moyenne d'un trait pondérée en fonction des espèces présentes dans la communauté. Pour tester la supposition de base des traits agrégés dans un cas de borne critique inférieure de celle-ci, nous avons choisi un cadre d'étude avec de faibles gradients environnementaux, peu d'espèces d'arbres et plusieurs traits fonctionnels. Notre étude a été faite chez des jeunes arbres en forêt mature, pour réduire au maximum la variabilité interspécifique. Si la variabilité interspécifique est encore relativement la plus grande, alors la supposition de base des traits agrégés sera renforcée. Pour ce faire, nous avons vérifié l'importance relative des variabilités temporelle, environnementale, interspécifique, intraspécifique et intra-individuelle par décomposition de la variance, pour 15 traits fonctionnels. Pour la majorité des traits, la variabilité interspécifique occupe une place relativement plus importante que les autres niveaux de variabilité. Cependant, pour certains traits, les variabilités intraspécifique et environnementale ne sont pas totalement négligeables. Ainsi, dans les cas où les traits utilisés sont peu plastiques au niveau environnemental, où il y a beaucoup d'espèces, et de forts gradients environnementaux, l'utilisation des traits agrégés au niveau des communautés est raisonnable, car la variabilité interspécifique sera probablement assez grande. Par contre, dans les cas où les traits sont très plastiques, où il y a peu d'espèces, il vaut peut-être mieux calculer des traits agrégés pour chaque site, ne sachant si les variabilités intraspécifique et environnementale sont vraiment négligeables.

L'incidence du trouble dépressif majeur est à la hausse et son occurrence produit la plus grande détérioration de l'état de santé comparée à d'autres maladies physiques ou mentales. Plusieurs approches psychothérapeutiques brèves réussissent à guérir un épisode dépressif à court terme, mais leur efficacité est faible à long terme, ce qui fait en sorte que la rechute et la chronicité de ce trouble demeurent problématiques. Plusieurs recherches ont associé la présence de traits de personnalité pathologiques à la dépression, ce qui pourrait contribuer à sa chronicité. L’étude de traitements thérapeutiques intensifs qui en tiennent compte semble plus pertinente. La psycho- thérapie gestaltiste de relations d'objet (PGRO) est une approche qui a été conçue au départ pour traiter les pathologies de la personnalité. L'objectif principal de la présente recherche est d'étudier l'application de la PGRO au trouble dépressif majeur accompagné d’une pathologie de la personnalité. Une diminution de la symptomatologie dépressive et des traits de personnalité pathologiques était attendue. Trois participantes, recrutées à partir de la clientèle en cabinet privé de la chercheuse, souffrant d'un épisode dépressif majeur et présentant des traits de personnalité pathologiques, ont participé à 20 séances de PGRO. Elles ont été évaluées avant et après le traitement ainsi que lors d’un suivi de six mois. Aux suivis, l'épisode dépressif majeur était résorbé, ce qui fut aussi confirmé un an après la fin du traitement. Les traits de personnalité pathologiques avaient diminué de 33,33 % à 80,49 % selon la participante. Les résultats apportent un soutien préliminaire important quant à l'efficacité de la PGRO pour traiter le trouble dépressif majeur accompagné d’une pathologie de la personnalité et suggèrent que le travail sur le plan de la personnalité pathologique a un impact sur la diminution de la symptomatologie dépressive.

Dispersal influences several ecological and evolutionary processes, such as intraspecific competition, genetic drift and inbreeding. It can lead to phenotypic mismatch with the habitat when a locally adapted individual winds up in an environment with a divergent selection regime compared to the source habitat. The aim of this project was to compare dispersive traits in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus from a cave habitat, with surface dwelling isopods collected upstream and downstream from the cave system. The subterranean stream (cave) represents a rare, geographically limited habitat which has a divergent selective pressure compared to the surrounding habitats. Experiments on dispersal were performed in the laboratory, in darkness with IR-equipment for visualization. Displacement was measured using one-dimensional test arenas. Compared to the surface phenotype, the cave phenotype was expected to have reduced fitness outside of the cave and unlikely to successfully disperse to new areas of similar suitable conditions. The results did not follow my main hypothesis that isopods from the cave would be less dispersive than individuals from the surface. The inconclusive results might derive from large variation in the data and divergent adaptations which yield similar expression of dispersal.

This study investigates possible connections between shapes, colour, lines, contrast and perceived traits of game characters from their appearance. The study is based on nine pictures of game characters where the characters were interpreted using formal analysis based on theories of shapes, lines and colour components such as hue, value and saturation. A survey was also conducted with 73 respondents who specified each character’s traits with three words. The study shows that there is a larger connection between shapes and characteristics than colour, where the descriptions of the characters were more scattered. Lines, contrast and warm and cool colours generally do not have any noticeable effect on the result. / I denna studie undersöks eventuella samband mellan former, färg, linjer, kontrast och egenskaper som uppfattas kring spelkaraktärer utifrån sitt utseende. Studien utgår ifrån nio bilder av spelkaraktärer där karaktärerna tolkats i en formell analys utifrån teorier om form, linjer och färgens beståndsdelar så som nyans, ljusstyrka och mättnad. En undersökning utfördes även på 73 respondenter som fick specificera varje karaktärs egenskaper med tre ord. Studien visar att det finns ett större samband mellan former och karaktärsdrag, än färger där beskrivningen av karaktärerna var mer splittrad. Linjer, kontrast och varma och kalla färger har i allmänhet inte haft någon större inverkan på resultatet.

This investigation examined several dimensions of personality functioning in a longitudinal sample of females. These data are part of an existing project evaluating female development across 3 different time points starting in adolescence and transitioning into adulthood. Subjects were categorized into a clinical group (females with a high degree of psychiatric comorbidity) and a normal control group. All participants were initially recruited when they were between 14-18 years of age, and were followed up twice when they were 19-23, and 24-28. In an attempt to explore possible heterogeneity in personality trait development, the research is presented as three separate studies examining the following: (1) fluctuations in mean-level and rank order stability estimates across time; (2) the validity of established personality trends relative to their association with antisocial behavior; and (3) mechanisms that may contribute to personality trait consistency across development such as neighborhood context. This is the first study to investigate personality functioning across time in females who are disturbed in multiple areas of social and psychological functioning. Results highlight the importance of considering distinct subgroups of the general population when exploring developmental trends in personality.

<p>This research links the relationship among entrepreneurial traits, business strategies and the success of the firm. Such relationship presents that the person who stands behind the success of SME is entrepreneur. Entrepreneur plays an important role in SME as a key player to control the direction of the SME. Also, the business strategies used by the entrepreneur can build competitive advantage for the firm. This research focuses on network and innovation strategies as the main strategies and presents the entrepreneurial characters that are important for utilizing these two strategies effectively. Network strategy will be efficiently used by the person who possesses the extraversion trait with social and team characters while innovation strategy will be efficiently used by the person who possesses the openness to experience trait with creativity and advantage characters.</p>

Functional health status, morbidity and mortality are determined partly by health behaviours (World Health Organization, 2002), which have determinants of their own. Personality traits, such as Conscientiousness, have a strong association with health behaviours (Bogg & Roberts, 2004). There is a less consistent and generally weaker association between traits and health outcomes (e.g. Neuroticism and mortality). The central problem in this thesis is how to measure, model, maximize, and extend trait-health associations. Conceptual issues associated with modelling traits and health are discussed in chapter one. The next three chapters concern such measurement issues about: personality traits (chapter two), health behaviours (chapter three) and health outcomes, with particular reference to functional health status (chapter four). These chapters are followed by a move to modelling (chapter five), with particular reference to the generalized latent variable modelling (LVM) framework (Muth´en & Muth´en, 1998–2007). The HAPPLE study is introduced (chapter six) which is used to model associations between Conscientiousness and health criteria within the LVMframework (chapter seven). Moving beyond self-reported outcomes, which are a mono-method approach, the role of multiple health behaviours in predicting cardiovascular mortality is considered (chapter eight). In a third section, cortisol is introduced, which is a biomarker of stress reactivity. The diurnal profile of cortisol output is described (chapter nine). Latent growth curve modelling is used to illustrate its association with Neuroticism, in a sample of student volunteers (chapter 10). Taken together, the results highlight the need for a general framework of modelling techniques, in personality-health research. I conclude that biopsychosocial models with excellent explanatory power, which are still parsimonious, can be achieved with LVM and its extensions. However, trait researchers will need to state more clearly the intended destinations of their work in order to attract contributions from, and share knowledge with, other disciplines.

<p>A well designed metal-based removable partial denture (MBRPD) is a cost-effective and a conservative method of rehabilitating a partially edentulous mouth. The MBRPD demands that the abbutment tooth provides support and/or retention while the abutment tooth, in turn, expects the MBRPD to transmit the forces axially and to be passive when fully seated. For vertical forces to be transmitted axially, occlusal rest seats have to be prepared on the abutment teeth to receive a cast metal rest of the MBRPD. The&nbsp / objective of this study was to compare occlusal rest seat preparations for metal-based removable partial dentures (MBPRD) prepared by dental students at the UWC Oral Health centres, to the corresponding cast metal rests and to determine action taken in response to discovered discrepancies between the rest seat preparation depth and the cast metal occlusal rset thickness.</p>

From a logical viewpoint, people must reason to as well as from interpretations in deductive reasoning tasks. There are two main interpretative stances (e.g., Stenning & van Lambalgen, 2004, 2005, 2008): credulous, the act of trying to infer the speaker's intended model; and sceptical, an adversarial strategy. A range of contextual factors in uence interpretation, but there are also differences between individuals across situations. Taking an individual differences approach, this thesis focuses on reasoning in relation to milder variants of the autism spectrum condition (ASC) phenotype in a typically developing (TD) population. Earlier work on discourse processing in ASC using the `suppression' task (van Lambalgen & Smid, 2004; Pijnacker et al., In press) shows that some aspects of reasoning to interpretations are different in the ASC population. Given that autistic traits involve impairment, e.g., in pragmatic language, and peaks of ability, e.g., in perceptual tasks, it was hypothesised that autistic traits would predict features of the inferences people in the TD population draw. Data were collected from university students on a range of reasoning tasks making it possible to investigate the extent to which interpretation is consistent across task within individuals. Tasks chosen were: conditional reasoning using the `suppression' task and Wason's selection task; one and two-premise Aristotelian quantifer reasoning; the Linda problem; and Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. Autistic traits were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), used previously to study autistic traits in TD individuals, and the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (Hurley et al., 2007). Autistic traits predicted patterns of inference in many of the tasks. The earlier suppression task result in ASC was replicated and extended in our TD population. Different dimensions of autistic trait related differentially to features of the inferences drawn. Some of the inferences drawn were recognisably related to the credulous versus sceptical distinction and correlated cross-task whilst others were seemingly related to more general topdown versus bottom-up processing preferences. These results provide further evidence of the existence of qualitative individual differences in deductive reasoning. They also show the importance of seeking cross-task correlates to move beyond studies of individual tasks and study reasoning to and from interpretations in the same individual.