O Protocolo de Quioto foi ratificado em Fevereiro de 2005 e com isso um mercado que vinha caminhando sem regras formais, contando com o pioneirismo de algumas empresas interessadas em aprender a lidar com esta nova commodity e preocupadas com a sua imagem corporativa, passou de fato às vias da formalidade. Assim, uma vez que o mercado de Reduções Certificadas de Emissões (RCEs) possui um arcabouço institucional estabelecido, é interessante estudar com base na Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT), como os custos de transação induziram modos alternativos de governança, em particular os contratos entre empresas proponentes de projetos de MDL (Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo) e os canais de comercialização constituídos por organizações multilaterais. E esse estudo, conforme as recomendações de Williamson (1993; 1991; 1985), foi feito analisando as características das transações em termos de especificidade de ativos, freqüência e incerteza, dados os pressupostos comportamentais dos agentes (racionalidade limitada e oportunismo). Para tanto, a pesquisa lançou mão do método do estudo de caso para obter informações privadas sobre as transações de RCEs, e seus respectivos contratos, entre as empresas brasileiras e uma organização multilateral, o Banco Mundial. Um resultado é que, diferente das relações via mercado, as empresas brasileiras se beneficiaram - em termos de redução dos custos de transação - da transação de RCEs (via contrato) com o Banco Mundial, já que este exerce todas as funções de um típico canal de distribuição, exceto a de aquisição dos direitos de propriedade sobre os créditos. / The Kyoto Protocol was approved in February 2005 and the carbon market that was without rules, played by some pioneer companies interested in learning by doing with this new commodity and worried about their corporate image, started working in the ways of the formality. As the market of Certified Emissions Reduction (CER) has already an established Institutional Environment, it’s interesting to study, based on the Transaction Costs Economics (TCE) theory, how the transaction costs induced alternative ways of governance, in particular the contracts between Brazilian companies – with CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects - and the commercialization channels in multi-lateral organizations. This study, as the recommendations of Williamson (1993; 1991; 1985), was made analyzing the characteristics of the transactions in terms of asset specificity, frequency and uncertainty, considering the human behavior assumptions (limited rationality and opportunism). For this, the research used the case studies method to obtain private information about the transactions of CER, and their contracts, between Brazilian companies and a multi-lateral organization, the World Bank. A result is that, differently of the spot market relationship, the Brazilian CDM projects benefited - in terms of reduction of transaction costs – with the CERs transactions (contracts) involving the World Bank, since this bank realizes every distribution channel functions, except the acquisition of CERs property rights.

O objetivo principal da presente tese é realizar um estudo empírico acerca do efeito da incerteza sobre a forma de organização econômica da indústria petroquímica brasileira, que se caracteriza pela forte presença de integração vertical. Para tal, adotou-se como referencial teórico a Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT). Inicialmente, foram desenvolvidos alguns conceitos e temas que seriam úteis à posterior construção de variáveis e ao próprio formato do exercício empírico. Desta forma, abordaram-se as principais visões da literatura para os conceitos de integração vertical e incerteza, assim como se apresentaram os principais pontos da ECT. O exercício empírico elaborado consistiu na realização de cross sections que visavam captar um retrato do desenho organizacional da indústria em tela em dois instantes: 1989 e 1999. O primeiro corresponde ao momento imediatamente anterior ao início de diversas transformações que iriam modificar o ambiente institucional no qual as empresas petroquímicas nacionais atuavam. Estes acontecimentos foram a abertura comercial do governo Collor, a privatização do setor e o Plano Real. O pressuposto assumido é que estas mudanças representaram um aumento permanente do grau de incerteza a que as empresas petroquímicas nacionais estavam sujeitas. A segunda cross section refere-se ao ano de 1999, dez anos após. As várias amostras constituídas foram compostas por transações envolvendo produtos petroquímicos. Dois grupos de transações foram construídos. O primeiro com transações entre petroquímicos de 1a geração e petroquímicos de 2a geração. O segundo com transações entre petroquímicos de forma geral, sem referência à posição exata na cadeia produtiva. O principal resultado obtido refere-se aos coeficientes estimados para variável representativa da incerteza. A despeito de todas as dificuldades relacionadas à mensuração deste conceito, a variável apresentou o comportamento previsto. Nas estatísticas descritivas, verificou-se um incremento da incerteza em 1999 relativamente a 1989. Nas regressões, os coeficientes estimados foram na maioria das vezes significantes e apresentaram o sinal esperado. Com relação aos demais resultados, observou-se que aqueles referentes a cross section de 1989 foram mais consistentes do que os da cross section de 1999, o que reforça o argumento de que o setor petroquímico nacional atravessa mudanças ainda não concluídas, razão pela qual não permitiram que um novo desenho de organização econômica fosse claramente estabelecido. / The main purpose of the present thesis is to perform an experimental study about the effect caused by uncertainty on the economic organization of the Brazilian petrochemical industry, which is characterized by a strong presence of vertical integration. For that, the Economy of Transaction Costs (ECT) was adopted as theoretical reference. Initially, some concepts and essays, that would be useful to the posterior variable construction and to the form of the experimental exercise, were developed. Thus, the main viewpoints in literature for the concepts of vertical integration and uncertainty, as the main topics of ECT presented, were discussed. The elaborated experimental exercise consisted in performing cross sections that aimed getting a picture of the organizational design of the industry in question in two different moments: 1989 and 1999. The first one corresponds to the moment immediately before the start of several changes that would alter the institutional environment in which the national petrochemical companies actuated. These happenings were the commercial opening of the Collor government, the privatization of this sector and the Real Plan. The assumed conjecture is that those changes represented a permanent increase of the uncertainty level to which the petrochemical industries were subject. The second cross section is related to 1999, ten years later. The several samples were composed by transactions involving petrochemical products. Two transaction groups were constituted. The first one comprises transactions between 1st and 2nd generation petrochemicals. The second one comprises transactions between general petrochemicals, with no reference to the exact position in the productive chain. The main result obtained refers to the estimated rate for the variable that represents uncertainty. In spite of all difficulties related to measuring this concept, the variable presented the foreseen behavior. In the descriptive statistics, it could be verified an increase of uncertainty in 1999 relatively to 1989. In the regressions, the estimated rates were most of the times significant and presented the expected sign. As for the further results, it was observed that those related to the cross section of 1989 were denser than those of the cross section of 1999, which reinforces the argument that the national petrochemical sector is going through changes not yet concluded, reason why a new design of economic organization has not been clearly established.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-30T13:54:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mirian Rosa Pereira - 2016.pdf: 2287245 bytes, checksum: 164c3d1003c6a54a02fb129baf6c3c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-30T13:54:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mirian Rosa Pereira - 2016.pdf: 2287245 bytes, checksum: 164c3d1003c6a54a02fb129baf6c3c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T13:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mirian Rosa Pereira - 2016.pdf: 2287245 bytes, checksum: 164c3d1003c6a54a02fb129baf6c3c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Considering the importance of family farming in Brazil and its characteristics related to form of organization of work and food production and their interrelations with the market, this paper aims to describe the marketing channels and the influence of transaction costs in the choice of channels by the producers of the settlement Olga Benário located in the city of Ipameri-GO. This analysis is made by the survey data about the marketing channels used by family farmers of the community, supported by the conceptual theoretical foundation of Economy of Transaction Costs. The proposed research is qualitative descriptive character, through which will be sought see which marketing channels are used by family farmers of the settlement Olga Benário and which transaction costs imply the choice and use of these channels. The research method adopted is the Case Study. To carry out the data collection, questionnaires were administered together ten producers and key community people and interviews with the presidents of the associations. The type of sampling is not probabilistic typicality and the results show that transaction costs influence the decision to choose the channels, especially the cost of information on prices and that the channels levels used by these producers only vary from zero to an intermediary. / Considerando a importância da Agricultura Familiar no Brasil e suas características relacionadas a forma de organização do trabalho e da produção de alimentos e suas inter-relações com o mercado, este trabalho objetiva descrever os canais de comercialização e a influência dos custos de transação na escolha dos canais por parte dos produtores do Assentamento Olga Benário localizado no município de Ipameri-GO. A presente análise é constituída mediante o levantamento de dados sobre os canais de comercialização utilizados pelos produtores rurais familiares daquela comunidade, tendo como suporte a fundamentação teórica conceitual da Economia dos Custos de Transação. A pesquisa proposta é qualitativa de caráter descritivo, por meio da qual buscar-se-á verificar quais os canais de comercialização são utilizados pelos produtores familiares do Assentamento Olga Benário e quais os custos de transação implicam na escolha e utilização destes canais. O método de pesquisa adotado é o Estudo de Caso. Para a realização da coleta de dados, foram aplicados questionários junto a dez produtores e pessoas chave da comunidade e entrevistas com os presidentes das associações. O tipo de amostragem é a não probabilística por tipicidade e os resultados apontam que os custos de transação influenciam na decisão de escolha dos canais, principalmente o custo de obter informações sobre preços e que os níveis de canais utilizados por estes produtores variam apenas de zero a um intermediário.

O trabalho tem por objetivo à análise jurídica do plano de recuperação e suas consequências práticas, questionando até que ponto o objetivo de um acordo imposto será alcançado, tendo em vista os diferentes interesses em jogo. A primeira parte é dedicada ao exame das disciplinas da recuperação, traçando um histórico evolutivo deste instrumento a partir da concordata. Neste ponto, são apresentadas as teorias quanto a sua natureza jurídica. A segunda parte, por sua vez, aponta breves considerações de como o direito alienígena disciplina a recuperação. Na terceira parte, o trabalho analisa a recuperação como jogo estratégico, pois existem riscos inerentes a sua execução. Isso porque, do ponto de vista econômico, o plano de recuperação, por ser contrato incompleto, impõe riscos, por portar variáveis não previstas, como por exemplo, a mudança de política econômica ou a crise financeira mundial. Assim sendo, o trabalho analisa as possibilidades de renegociação dos termos do plano, bem como as soluções que podem ser usadas quando da incompletude. Neste sentido, analisa os mecanismos da arbitragem, da governança coorporativa e da cláusula hardship, além dos princípios da boa-fé objetiva, função social do contrato, função social da empresa e teoria da imprevisão. Como a recuperação judicial e extrajudicial representam meios de reestruturação que beneficiam a coletividade de interessados: estando de um lado o devedor que pretende obter prazos para o cumprimento de suas obrigações; de outro lado os credores que visualizam uma forma de obter seus créditos, ainda existem outros (credores) que poderão discordar da proposta. Para sanar esta possibilidade (do credor buscar a solução individual de seus interesses em contraposição àqueles coletivos dos credores) a Lei 11.101/05 criou a modalidade impositiva, na qual se impõe aos dissidentes o acordo dos que aderiram voluntariamente. Por este motivo, há divergências quanto a natureza jurídica do plano de recuperação. Neste sentido, a quarta parte do trabalho traz considerações quanto a natureza jurídica dos planos de recuperação judicial e extrajudicial. / The aim of this work is assess the legal analysis of a judicial recovery plan and its practical consequences, questioning to what extent the objective of an agreement will be reached if come into force, given the different interests at stake. The first part deals with the consideration of the disciplines of recovery, tracing the evolutionary history of this instrument from a point of concordata. At this point, theories as to their legal nature are presented. The second part, in turn, brings brief considerations of how the foreign laws discipline the recovery. In the third part, the paper examines the recovery as a strategic game, since there are risks inherent in its execution. From an economic point of view, these risks arise from an incomplete contract carrying unforeseen variables, for instance, the change in the economic policy as well as the world wide financial crisis. So, the paper analyzes the possibilities of renegotiating the terms of the plan, as well as solutions that can be used when the incompleteness. In this sense, analyzing the mechanisms of arbitration, corporate governance and the hardship clause, in addition to the principles of objective good faith, the contract´s social function, the company\'s social function and theory of unpredictability. As the judicial and extrajudicial´s recovery represents means of restructuring, which benefits the collective of the people involved: on one side the debtor who wishes to obtain deadlines for compliance with its obligations, on the other side creditors who see a way to get their credits back, and also there are others (creditors) who may disagree with the proposal. To address this possibility (the creditor seeking the solution of his individual interests as opposed to those collective interests of creditors) Law 11.101/05 created the imposing form, which is imposed on dissidents, the agreement of those who joined voluntarily. For this reason, there are differences of opinion about the legal nature of the recovery plan. In this sense, the fourth part of the work brings the legal considerations in plans and extra-judicial recovery.

Euroregionen wird in Europa ein gewichtiger Beitrag zum länderübergreifenden Zusammenwachsen europäischer Grenzregionen beigemessen. Im internationalen Wettbewerb um fortschreitende wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, liefert Regionalmarketing einen Ansatz, um sich von anderen Regionen abzuheben und eigenständige regionale Wertschöpfungskreisläufe zu etablieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich mit den Erfolgsfaktoren und Problemfeldern von Regionalmarketing und regionalen Marketinginitiativen in Euroregionen in Deutschland und Polen auseinander. Im Zuge der Forschung wird als Fallbeispiel die Euroregion Spree-Neiße-Bober mit ihren deutschen und polnischen (Teil-) Märkten betrachtet. Im Einzelnen gliedern sich die Kapitel wie folgt: Das erste Kapitel widmet sich den Euroregionen. Sodann wird die Untersuchungsregion, die Euroregion Spree-Neiße-Bober, mit ihren deutschen und polnischen Teilregionen vorgestellt und der Forschungsstand im Forschungsgebiet des Regionalmarketings präsentiert. Im folgenden Kapitel wird die Transaktionskostentheorie als ökonomischer Ansatz der neuen Institutionenökonomik dargestellt. Darauf basierend wird das analytische Modell der Arbeit abgeleitet und die Untersuchungsmethodik vorgestellt. Sodann werden in Kapitel 7 und 8 die Forschungsergebnisse auf der Basis der Produzenten, Dienstleister-, Einzelhandels- und Händlerbefragung erläutert. In Kapitel 9 werden die Forschungsergebnisse für die gesamte Euroregion Spree-Neiße-Bober synthetisiert, neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse präsentiert und Empfehlungen für vertiefende Forschungsarbeiten gegeben. Die Arbeit schließt mit Handlungsempfehlungen und der Skizzierung der Entwicklungsperspektiven für grenzüberschreitende Marketinginitiativen ab. / A weighty contribution to the cross-border integration of European border regions is measured in so called „Euroregions“ in Europe. In the international competition for progressive economic development, regional marketing provides an approach to differentiate themselves from other regions and to establish independent regional value creation cycles. The present work deals with the success factors and challenges of regional marketing and regional marketing initiatives in Euroregions in Germany and Poland. In the context of research a case study is undertaken in the Spree-Neiße-Bober Euroregion paying tribute to its different German and Polish (partial) markets. In particular, the chapters are divided as follows: the first chapter is devoted to European cross-border and Euroregions. Then, the study region, the Spree-Neiße-Bober Euroregion is introduced and the present state of research in the field of regional marketing displayed. The following chapter describes the transaction costs theory before the analytic model is derived and the investigation methodology introduced. In chapter 7 and 8 the research results show the effects of regional marketing on producers, service providers, food manufacturers and traders in Germany and Poland. In the final chapter 9 the results of the research are synthesised, new scientific knowledge is presented and recommendations is given for deepening research projects. The work concludes with action recommendations and the sketching of the developing perspectives for international marketing initiatives.

The fact that people prefer to hold domestic equities than foreign ones is still a puzzle for most economists. Although many factors are seemed to be reasonable explanations, two factors, non-traded goods and transaction costs, are usually regarded as the main ones to explain the puzzle. In spite of their importance, the question of which factor has better ability of explaining the puzzle has been the central issue among economists for a long period. In this paper, we will not only try to clarify the issue by examining the role of each factor playing in the puzzle, but also attempt to find out the reasons of disagreements among economists. A modern intranational macroeconomics approach will also be adopted to verify the discussion in this paper. Without surprise, it seems that a model with transaction costs has better ability to explain the puzzle since it's more general in classifying the tradability of goods.

<p>The main objective of this study was to identify ways in which transaction costs can be lowered to improve small-scale farmers&rsquo / participation in and returns from agricultural output markets, with specific reference to small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo province. This study hypothesizes that transaction costs are lower in informal spot markets and increase when small-scale farmers sell in more structured markets (formal markets). This study builds on transaction cost economics (TCE) to demonstrate how to overcome transaction cost barriers that small-scale mango farmers face in the agro-food markets. The approach to collect primary information was sequenced in two steps: first, key informant and focus group interviews were conducted and, secondly, a structured survey instrument was administered in two districts of Limpopo. A total of 235 smallscale mango farmers were interviewed. A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the impact of transaction costs on the likelihood of households&rsquo / participation in formal (=1) and informal (=0) agro-food markets. STATA Version 10 was used to analyse the data. This study found that a larger proportion of male than female farming households reported participation in the formal markets, suggesting deep-seated gender differentiation in market participation. The average age of small farmers participating in formal markets is 52, compared to 44 for those in informal markets, implying that older farmers might have established stronger networks and acquired experience over a longer period. Farmers staying very far from the densely populated towns (more than 50 km) participate less in the formal markets than those staying closer (0 &ndash / 25 km and 26 &ndash / 49 km), which implies that the further they are from the towns, the less the likelihood of farmers selling in the formal markets. Farmers who own storage facilities and a bakkie (transportation means) participate more in formal markets compared to those who do not own these assets, which suggests that these farmers are able to store mangoes, retaining their freshness and subsequently delivering them to various agro-food markets on time. Households that participate in formal markets have high mean values of income and social grants. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo / s participation in the markets is less as income and social grants increase. This suggests that households do not invest their financial assets in order to overcome market access barriers. A large proportion of households that own larger pieces of arable land participate in the formal markets, which implies that they are able to produce marketable surplus. Households that have a high mean value (in Rand) of cattle participate more in formal markets than in informal markets. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo / s participation in the markets does not change with an increase in the value of its livestock. These findings suggest that households do not sell their cattle in order to overcome market access barriers. Reduced transaction costs for small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo should improve their participation in and returns from the agro-food markets. Policy interventions to support this need to focus on: access to storage and transportation facilities, enforcement of gender equity requirements in existing policies, and better access to information about markets.</p>

As a consumer, you can use cards for payment more or less everywhere you go, however, it is not certain that the card can be used for all purchases. When a customer pays with card there arises a card transaction fee charged to the merchant. This is a big problem for businesses where transactions with small amounts are a large portion of sales. An observation at the beginning of this study showed that seemingly similar merchants have chosen to solve this problem in different ways. Some merchant’s refuses card purchases below a certain amount, while others accept card with any purchase. This study aims to create understanding why there is a difference between these merchants. Fifteen different merchants in kiosks, shops, cafes and convenience stores were interviewed. To analyze the collected data the investigator’s used “The Balanced Scorecard”. The model’s purpose is to illustrate a way of thinking of performance management and which factors are of importance. The responses from the interviews were categorized into “The Balanced Scorecards” four perspectives in order to see differences, similarities and patterns. The survey shows two distinct patterns. The six merchants who chosen not to have a threshold for card payments says that service towards the customers is the most important factor behind the decision. These merchants are aware that some purchases are unprofitable but they see a better financial result in future if their customers are satisfied. All of the other nine merchants who have a threshold indicate financial motives as a basis for their decisions. These merchants are more likely to see the effect to the individual transaction in which the nonprofitability of each purchase gives an inferior total result and therefore should be avoided.

Following sound economic theory, paper mills vertically integrate into pulp production, partly because internalizing the production of their inputs allows them to avoid transaction costs. Higher market concentration, a proxy of higher asset specificity and transaction costs, should encourage vertical integration in the pulp and paper industry. However, this relationship has not been robust in previous studies or in our replication with updated FPL-UW data. Upon a deeper analysis of the data, this study should clarify the mechanism by which transaction cost can induce vertical integration in this particular industry, which does not have well-defined intermediate goods markets. In order to specify the pulp markets where paper mills are likely to trade, we construct a mill-specific concentration measure as a substitute to traditional regional concentration measures. We also narrow our sample to mills producing free sheet paper, the most profitable paper grade in this industry. With such model refinement, this research exhibits a significantly positive correlation between transaction cost and vertical integration.

<p>The main objective of this study was to identify ways in which transaction costs can be lowered to improve small-scale farmers&rsquo / participation in and returns from agricultural output markets, with specific reference to small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo province. This study hypothesizes that transaction costs are lower in informal spot markets and increase when small-scale farmers sell in more structured markets (formal markets). This study builds on transaction cost economics (TCE) to demonstrate how to overcome transaction cost barriers that small-scale mango farmers face in the agro-food markets. The approach to collect primary information was sequenced in two steps: first, key informant and focus group interviews were conducted and, secondly, a structured survey instrument was administered in two districts of Limpopo. A total of 235 smallscale mango farmers were interviewed. A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the impact of transaction costs on the likelihood of households&rsquo / participation in formal (=1) and informal (=0) agro-food markets. STATA Version 10 was used to analyse the data. This study found that a larger proportion of male than female farming households reported participation in the formal markets, suggesting deep-seated gender differentiation in market participation. The average age of small farmers participating in formal markets is 52, compared to 44 for those in informal markets, implying that older farmers might have established stronger networks and acquired experience over a longer period. Farmers staying very far from the densely populated towns (more than 50 km) participate less in the formal markets than those staying closer (0 &ndash / 25 km and 26 &ndash / 49 km), which implies that the further they are from the towns, the less the likelihood of farmers selling in the formal markets. Farmers who own storage facilities and a bakkie (transportation means) participate more in formal markets compared to those who do not own these assets, which suggests that these farmers are able to store mangoes, retaining their freshness and subsequently delivering them to various agro-food markets on time. Households that participate in formal markets have high mean values of income and social grants. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo / s participation in the markets is less as income and social grants increase. This suggests that households do not invest their financial assets in order to overcome market access barriers. A large proportion of households that own larger pieces of arable land participate in the formal markets, which implies that they are able to produce marketable surplus. Households that have a high mean value (in Rand) of cattle participate more in formal markets than in informal markets. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo / s participation in the markets does not change with an increase in the value of its livestock. These findings suggest that households do not sell their cattle in order to overcome market access barriers. Reduced transaction costs for small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo should improve their participation in and returns from the agro-food markets. Policy interventions to support this need to focus on: access to storage and transportation facilities, enforcement of gender equity requirements in existing policies, and better access to information about markets.</p>