Introduction.: The evaluation and improvement of the quality of health care services begins with the knowledge about the trends and causes of diseases. Purpose: To describe the morbidity and mortality patterns for the under-5 year old children who were admitted in 11 district hospitals in Eastern Cape Province from 2000 to 2004. Methods: Descriptive study where a multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 11 district hospitals. There were 25,122 causes of paediatric ward admissions (2000 to 2004) among under-5 children from ward register were reviewed and ICD-10 coded. Findings: Pre-transitional causes were the leading causes of morbidity (68.4%) and mortality (74.2%) especially diarrhoeal lower respiratory tract infections and protein-energy malnutrition. There was particularly among male high infant morbidity and mortality rates observed from 2000 to 2004. Non-communicable diseases (8% morbidity and 4.2% mortality) and injuries (10% morbidity and 4.4% mortality) appeared to be of less public health concern among the under-5 children. Majority of under-5 mortality (43.4%) occurred within 24 hours of admissions (23.7% died on arrival). Influential variables for morbidity and mortality were region (Eastern), age (infants), year admitted and broad classification of the diseases (group I causes). There was a constant increase in morbidity and mortality which was observed during studied period. Conclusion: Pre-transitional causes (especially diarrhoeal, lower respiratory tract infections and protein energy malnutrition) were of public health concern among the under-5 children and their magnitude has increased over the years studied. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Clinical Epidemiology / unrestricted

Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Mater of Arts in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1992. / Hierdie studie poog om 'n studie van bestaande navorsingsliteratuur in verband met oorskakelingsoorde te onderneem ten einde die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sulke inrigtings as 'n struktuur te beskryf en die funksie van die inrigtings uiteen te sit. = The establishment and efficient functioning of transitional havens may be instrumental in preparing the prisoner, who is still under sentence and whose treatment programme makes provision for admittance to such an institution, for reintroduction into free society. The objective of this study was to undertake an investigation of existing research literature relating to transitional havens, in order to describe the origin and development as well as the structure and functioning of these institutions. Arising from the "reintegration model" with its emphasis on community treatment and community integration, the prisoner is assisted and supported towards returning to society as a responsible and accountable person.

One of the biggest unsolved problems of modern physics is the turbulence phenomena in fluid flow. The appearance of turbulence in a flow system is regularly determined by velocity and length scales of the system. If those scales are small the motion of the fluid is laminar, but at larger scales, disturbances appear and grow, leading the flow field to transition to a fully turbulent state. The prediction of transitional flow is critical for many complex fluid flow applications, such as aeronautical, aerospace, biomedical, automotive, chemical processing, heating and cooling systems, and meteorology. For example, in some cases the flow may remain laminar throughout a significant portion of a given domain, and fully turbulent simulations may produce results that can lead to inaccurate conclusions or inefficient design, due to an inability to resolve the details of the transition process. This work aims to develop, implement, and test a new model concept for the prediction of transitional flows using a linear eddy-viscosity RANS approach. The effects of transition are included through one additional transport equation for v2 as an alternative to the Laminar Kinetic Energy (LKE) framework. Here v2 is interpreted as the energy of fully turbulent, three-dimensional velocity fluctuations. This dissertation presents two new single-point, physics-based turbulence models based on the transitional methodology mentioned above. The first one uses an existing transitional model as a baseline which is modified to accurately capture the physics of fully turbulent free shear flows. The model formulation was tested over several boundary layer and free shear flow test cases. The simulations show accurate results, qualitatively equal to the baseline model on transitional boundary layer test cases, and substantially improved over the baseline model for free shear flows. The second model uses the SST k-w fully turbulent model and again the effects of transition are included through one additional transport equation for v2. An initial version of the model is presented here. Simplicity of the formulation and ease of extension to other baseline models are two potential advantages of the new method.

No / The quinone based bioreductive drug apaziquone (EO9) failed to demonstrate efficacy in previous phase II studies following intravenous administration. We determined the dose of apaziquone that can be safely administered intravesically and explored its activity for superficial bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Six patients with multifocal, Ta/T1 and G1/G2 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder received escalating doses of apaziquone formulated as EOquin¿ (0.5 mg/40 ml up to 16 mg/40 ml) weekly for 6 weeks. A further 6 patients received weekly apaziquone at the highest nontoxic dose established. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in urine and blood, and the pharmacodynamic markers NQO1 (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinone oxidoreductase-1) and glucose transporter 1 were also characterized. Efficacy was determined against a marker lesion. Local toxicity (grades 2 and 3 dysuria, and hematuria) was observed at doses of 8 mg/40 ml and above but 4 mg/40 ml was well tolerated with no systemic or local side effects. Apaziquone in urine increased linearly with the dose but no apaziquone was detected in plasma. In 8 of 12 patients complete macroscopic and histological disappearance of the marker lesion occurred. A correlation between response and NQO1 and/or glucose transporter 1 expression could not be established. Intravesical administration of 4 mg/40 ml apaziquone was well tolerated and had ablative activity against superficial bladder cancer marker lesions.

What do we owe to each other in civil society? And what do we owe to each other specifically in the aftermath of a large-scale moral transgression that implicates or impacts a large portion of the population? This dissertation, which takes place at the intersection of political and moral philosophy, begins with this question. I argue that in order to make sense of our social and political obligations under the circumstances of so-called transitional justice, we must first interrogate the moral grounding of those obligations — an activity that is all too easy to overlook or engage in non-reflectively. I argue that while a consequentialist approach to ethical value underlies our intuitions in transitional justice as presently practiced, a contractualist approach offers a promising alternative. On my account, a contract-based approach is especially well-suited to transitional moments, not only because it conveys the collaborative nature of the transitional project, but because it reifies the agency and autonomy of previously victimized individuals. Chapter I draws out the distinction between transitional justice as an array of formal mechanisms and practices (‘formal transitional justice’) and transitional justice as a collection of intuitions about response to grievous wrongdoing (‘ideal transitional justice’). Our ideas about transitional justice influence and shape the form it ultimately takes on the world stage, and those ideas are informed in large part by our moral intuitions. To that end, I introduce the notion of ‘transitional ethics’ as a complement to transitional justice. In Chapter II, I make the case that a thorough exploration of transitional ethics requires us to investigate the suitability of various ethical approaches for the transitional moment. While virtue ethical and deontological approaches fail to resonate robustly with the unique demands of the transitional moment, consequentialist and contractualist approaches succeed. Indeed, the former is already implicitly present in most scholarly theorizing about transitional justice, but the latter deserves increased attention. It is with this consideration that the remainder of the dissertation is concerned. Chapter III considers the impact of a contractualist transitional ethic on victim experiences, and makes the case that the contractualist emphasis on relationships lends itself particularly well to the reification of their moral worth and dignity. Chapter IV turns towards perpetrators, particularly to cases of ‘complex’ perpetrators who themselves may also be victims in some sense or another. Chapter V engages with the final puzzle: how can we hold wrongdoers retributively accountable (if indeed such a thing is desirable) when we orient our approach to transitional justice around the recognition of personal dignity? I argue that the recognition of personal dignity, which contractualism emphasizes, is not incompatible with accountability. Rather, conceiving of perpetrators as signatories to the social contract protects their fundamental rights while emphasizing their civil responsibilities.

<p> Mixed transitional finite elements, which enable the simultaneous use of the three-node triangular mixed and eight-node isoparametric displacement finite elements, are developed to reduce the amount of computer storage required in the mixed finite element method. Numerical testing of the simultaneous use of the above mixed, mixed transitional and displacement finite elements are also carried out to investigate numerical instability, orientation problems and convergence in the energy sense. The examples of a plane stress cantilever subjected to parabolically varying end shear and a plane strain, square plate with a circular hole in the middle are analyzed and the results obtained are found to be in very good agreement with those reported in the literature.</p> <p> The three-element scheme above is then applied to problems in linear elastic fracture mechanics. The energy release rate approach using the direct derivative method is incorporated to compute the Mode I stress intensity factor KI. Two plane stress isotropic rectangular plates with symmetric edge cracks and a central crack, respectively, and a plane stress orthotropic square plate with a central crack are analyzed. The stress intensity factors obtained are in excellent agreement with the available numerical results, and with significant reduction in computer storage requirements compared to that of the mixed finite element method alone.</p> <p> Mixed mode linear elastic fracture problems are also considered. In this case, Ishikawa's scheme of decomposing the near crack tip stress and displacement fields is used along with the direct derivative method to compute the mixed mode stress intensity factors KI and KII. The stress intensity factors KI and KII obtained for a deep cantilever with an edge crack subjected to end shear are within 0.62 and 3.74 percent of the numerical results reported in the literature. The prediction of the branching angles for crack extensions are examined and the criterion of maximum energy release rate is used along with Ishikawa's scheme to calculate the angles of crack branching for a plane stress square plate with an oblique crack, subject to uniaxial tension. Good agreement with the results using the maximum stress criterion is observed.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Despite the signing of the 2005 Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the two decades of South-North Sudan war; and the 2015 Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan, to end the current civil war, armed conflicts persist in South Sudan. Two key inadequacies of the liberal peacebuilding model, applied to address modern conflicts in Africa and across the globe are its insistence on international justice instruments such as the International Criminal Court, and the failure to recognize the role of local approaches and to incorporate them into peacebuilding intervention policies. This has resulted in failures to address the grievances and bitterness of war affected people and to reconcile divided communities. This study examines the potential and limits of applying local approaches to post-conflict peacebuilding in South Sudan. Based on empirical data obtained through qualitative case study conducted in South Sudan over five months in 2016, the findings reveal that despite the wide use of local institutions and justice mechanisms, many challenges exist, that pose serious difficulties in solely applying these strategies to transitional justice. However, for the liberal peacebuilding model to address the root causes of internal conflicts and build sustainable peace, local strategies could provide a significant complementary contribution, since dealing with the past entails more than retribution and truth seeking. The study has wider implications in practical and theoretical considerations for ongoing armed conflicts in Africa and other parts of the world.

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