Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Traditionally educational interpreting refers to educational interpreting for deaf students using Sign Language. Research that has been done in South Africa in spoken language educational interpreting represents pioneering work in this emerging discipline. One of the most important issues that interests policy makers and educators is the effectiveness of educational interpreting for teaching and learning purposes. This study investigates this issue with reference to contemporary ideas from academic literacy studies. Concepts such as affect, identity, accessibility and participation are investigated in order to describe possible relationships between educational interpreting and teaching and learning. The research is done against a discussion of pertinent concepts in interpreting theory, namely role, quality and professionalism. During a four week period educational interpreting was tested by way of a trial in two modules in the Law Faculty of the Stellenbosch University and with reference to three basic questions, namely: • Do students understand subject content better as a result of educational interpreting? • Do students identify better with the classroom situation because of educational interpreting? • Does educational interpreting help students to save time in the learning process? Data were gathered by way of action research and questionnaires, a focus group discussion, interviews and field observation. The research methodology included both qualitative and quantitative components. The results of the study lead to certain conclusions about the experience of educational interpreting in classrooms in the research context and whether educational interpreting can enhance teaching and learning in this context. Recommendations are made regarding the implementation of educational interpreting and further research in the field of Interpreting Studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tradisioneel verwys opvoedkundige tolking na tolking vir dowe studente deur middel van gebaretaal. Navorsing in gesproke opvoedkundige tolking is egter onlangs in Suid-Afrika begin; dit verteenwoordig pionierswerk in hierdie ontluikende studieveld. Een van die belangrikste kwessies waarin beleidmakers en opvoeders belangstel, is die effektiwiteit van opvoedkundige tolking vir onderrig en leer. In hierdie studie word ’n ondersoek na hierdie vraagstuk onderneem, met verwysing na kontemporêre idees uit akademiese geletterdheidstudies. Konsepte soos affek, identiteit, toeganklikheid en deelname word verken om uiteindelik moontlike verbande tussen opvoedkundige tolking en onderrig en leer te ondersoek en te beskryf. Die navorsing word gegrond op ’n verkenning van belangrike tolkteoretiese konsepte, naamlik rol, kwaliteit en professionaliteit. Opvoedkundige tolking is deur ’n proefneming binne die Fakulteit Regsgeleerdheid (US) in twee modules oor ’n tydperk van vier weke in klasse getoets met verwysing na drie basiese vrae, naamlik: Tradisioneel verwys opvoedkundige tolking na tolking vir dowe studente deur middel van gebaretaal. Navorsing in gesproke opvoedkundige tolking is egter onlangs in Suid-Afrika begin; dit verteenwoordig pionierswerk in hierdie ontluikende studieveld. Een van die belangrikste kwessies waarin beleidmakers en opvoeders belangstel, is die effektiwiteit van opvoedkundige tolking vir onderrig en leer. In hierdie studie word ’n ondersoek na hierdie vraagstuk onderneem, met verwysing na kontemporêre idees uit akademiese geletterdheidstudies. Konsepte soos affek, identiteit, toeganklikheid en deelname word verken om uiteindelik moontlike verbande tussen opvoedkundige tolking en onderrig en leer te ondersoek en te beskryf. Die navorsing word gegrond op ’n verkenning van belangrike tolkteoretiese konsepte, naamlik rol, kwaliteit en professionaliteit. Opvoedkundige tolking is deur ’n proefneming binne die Fakulteit Regsgeleerdheid (US) in twee modules oor ’n tydperk van vier weke in klasse getoets met verwysing na drie basiese vrae, naamlik:Tradisioneel verwys opvoedkundige tolking na tolking vir dowe studente deur middel van gebaretaal. Navorsing in gesproke opvoedkundige tolking is egter onlangs in Suid-Afrika begin; dit verteenwoordig pionierswerk in hierdie ontluikende studieveld. Een van die belangrikste kwessies waarin beleidmakers en opvoeders belangstel, is die effektiwiteit van opvoedkundige tolking vir onderrig en leer. In hierdie studie word ’n ondersoek na hierdie vraagstuk onderneem, met verwysing na kontemporêre idees uit akademiese geletterdheidstudies. Konsepte soos affek, identiteit, toeganklikheid en deelname word verken om uiteindelik moontlike verbande tussen opvoedkundige tolking en onderrig en leer te ondersoek en te beskryf. Die navorsing word gegrond op ’n verkenning van belangrike tolkteoretiese konsepte, naamlik rol, kwaliteit en professionaliteit. Opvoedkundige tolking is deur ’n proefneming binne die Fakulteit Regsgeleerdheid (US) in twee modules oor ’n tydperk van vier weke in klasse getoets met verwysing na drie basiese vrae, naamlik: • Kan tolking in klasse studente help om vakinhoud beter te verstaan? • Kan studente hierdeur beter met die klaskamersituasie identifiseer? • Word tyd sodoende in die leerproses bespaar? Deur ’n proses van deelnemende aksienavorsing is data ingewin deur middel van vraelyste, ’n fokusgroepbespreking, onderhoude en waarneming. As navorsingsmetodologie het die navorser van beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes gebruik gemaak. Na aanleiding van die resultate word afleidings gemaak oor die ervaring van opvoedkundige tolking in klaskamers binne die navorsingskonteks en of opvoedkundige tolking onderrig en leer binne hierdie konteks kan bevorder. Ten slotte word aanbevelings vir die implementering van opvoedkundige tolking en verdere navorsing in Tolkstudie gemaak.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Theses and dissertations constitute a substantial platform for the documentation and dissemination of research findings, and the professional presentation of such findings is crucial for maintaining scientific integrity. Highly effective fact finders may lack writing skills and experience, or they may simply encounter barriers when expressing ideas, and thus perhaps inadequately present what they have so adequately found. In short, adequate editing of theses and dissertations is essential. Whereas a multitude of guidelines is available for thesis and dissertation writing, there is little guidance available on the editing of such works. Thus, with the latter objective in mind, this thesis is dedicated to developing a practical model to editing postgraduate research papers. Despite a notable lack of theory in the field of thesis editing, which became apparent while reviewing the respective literature, the most suitable sources of theory were selected to provide a basis for developing a model for thesis editing. These sources, combined with insights from a practical dissertation editing assignment, allowed for the design of a model for the practical editing process of postgraduate research texts. The editing model is based on a process-oriented approach, i.e. one which focuses on the learning process of the student. Moreover, the model promotes a level of editorial intervention that conforms to the current perception of ethical intervention in thesis editing. Ethical intervention is currently being negotiated against the backdrop of such standards as the purpose of thesis writing as well as the requirement of originality of theses and dissertations. In a testing phase the model was applied in a thesis editing assignment and emerged as a valuable guide in the process of editing. It also proved practicable in all its major aspects. Nevertheless, since a single testing assignment is not sufficient to prove the general practicality of any model, the model is still to be considered a prototype and may have to undergo further refinement after additional comprehensive testing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tesisse en verhandelinge is 'n belangrike basis vir die optekening en verspreiding van navorsingsbevindinge, en die professionele aanbieding van sodanige bevindinge is noodsaaklik vir die behoud van wetenskaplike integriteit. Tog is kom hoogs doeltreffende navorsers soms minder bedrewe of ervare skrywers, of hulle bloot voor hindernisse te staan wanneer hulle hul gedagtes moet verwoord, wat tot die ontoereikende aanbieding van bevredigende bevindinge lei. Kortom die toereikende redigering van tesisse en verhandelinge is van die allergrootste belang. Hoewel daar etlike riglyne vir die skryf van tesisse en verhandelinge bestaan, is daar weinig leiding beskikbaar vir die redigering daarvan. Gedagtig hieraan is hierdie tesis daarop toegespits om 'n praktiese model vir die redigering van nagraadse navorsingstekste te ontwikkel. Ondanks 'n merkbare gebrek aan teorie op die gebied van tesisredigering, wat baie duidelik uit 'n oorsig van die betrokke literatuur blyk, is die mees toepaslike teoretiese bronne as grondslag vir die ontwikkeling van 'n model vir tesisredigering gekies. Met behulp van hierdie bronne, tesame met die insigte verkry uit 'n praktiese redigeeropdrag, kon 'n praktiese model vir die redigering van nagraadse navorsingstekste ontwerp word. Die redigeermodel berus op 'n prosesgerigte benadering, dit wil sê 'n benadering wat op die student se leerproses konsentreer. Daarbenewens argumenteer die model ten gunste van redaksionele ingrepe wat met huidige opvattings oor etiese tesisredigering strook. Dit geskied teen die agtergrond van die huidige gesprek oor etiese intervensie, wat onder meer teen die agtergrond van standaarde soos die doel van die tesis sowel as die oorspronklikheidsvereiste vir tesisse en verhandelinge gevoer word. Die model is tydens 'n toetsfase in 'n tesisredigeringsopdrag toegepas en blyk nuttige riglyne vir die redigeerproses te bied. Ook het al die kernkomponente daarvan geblyk prakties bruikbaar te wees. Aangesien 'n enkele toetsopdrag nie voldoende is om die algemene bruikbaarheid van 'n model te bewys nie, word die model steeds as 'n prototipe beskou en dit sal waarskynlik ná bykomende omvattende toetsing verder verbeter word.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Communication in a global context is seriously hampered by language barriers. These barriers pose special challenges to service delivery, particularly in the healthcare sector. Onsite interpreting is considered most conducive to enable effective communication. In South Africa, however, it is not practical and financially viable to employ onsite interpreters for all the possible language combinations. Telephone interpreting is proposed as an alternative to onsite interpreting and Folio Online’s InterTel service offers telephone interpreting in the Western Cape healthcare sector. This study gauges whether the InterTel service has the potential to contribute in any way to effective communication in the Western Cape healthcare sector. In South Africa, language barriers do not only exist in communication with tourists or immigrants, but also among the country’s own inhabitants. Furthermore, effective communication in the healthcare sector is particularly crucial. Miscommunication may lead to misdiagnosis and/or incorrect usage of medication, which in turn may result in death. The possible loss of life renders the issue of overcoming language barriers in the healthcare sector an important one. The aim of the study is to argue descriptively about InterTel telephone interpreting service as a viable solution to the communication difficulties between healthcare practitioners and patients in the Western Cape healthcare sector. The research had to be narrowed down and instead the study descriptively argues whether InterTel service contributes to communication in the Western Cape healthcare sector. The researcher conducted an interview with the Folio InterTel project manager and sent out questionnaires to the Folio telephone interpreters. Five transcribed recordings of conversations between healthcare practitioners, patients and Folio telephone interpreters were analysed. The findings of this study echo the findings of related studies reported in literature on telephone interpreting. The conclusion is that the Folio InterTel service makes a valuable contribution to more effective communication in Western Cape healthcare facilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommunikasie in ’n globale konteks word ernstig gekortwiek deur taalverskille. Hierdie verskille bied groot uitdagings vir die diensleweringsektor; meer spesifiek die gesondheidsorgsektor. Ter-plaatse tolking word beskou as mees bevorderlik vir betekenisvolle kommunikasie. In Suid Afrika is dit egter nie prakties en bekostigbaar om ter-plaatse tolke in diens te stel vir die groot verskeidenheid taalkombinasies nie en telefoontolking word as alternatief oorweeg. Folio Online bied die InterTel-telefoontolkingsdiens aan in die Weskaapse Gesondheidsektor. Hierdie ondersoek sal bepaal of die InterTel-diens die potensiaal het om effektiewe kommunikasie binne die Wes-Kaapse Gesondheidsektor te bevorder. Taalgapings in Suid Afrika kom nie soseer voor in kommunikasie met toeriste of immigrante nie, maar eerder tussen die land se inwoners. Voldoende kommunikasie in die gesondheidsektor is van kardinale belang. Misverstande kan tot verkeerde diagnoses en/of die verkeerde gebruik van medisyne lei, wat in uiterste gevalle aanleiding mag gee tot die dood van ’n pasiënt. Hierdie moontlike noodlottige gevolge plaas taalgapings in die gesondheidsektor onder die soeklig. Hierdie studie is ’n beskrywende argument wat ten doel het om te bepaal of Folio Online se InterTel-diens ’n lewensvatbare oplossing bied vir die kommunikasie-probleme tussen gesondheidspraktisyns en pasiënte in die Wes-Kaapse gesondheidsektor. Die navorsingsondersoek is gebaseer op ’n onderhoud met die Folio InterTel-projekbestuurder en vraelyste aan die onderskeie telefoontolke. Analises van vyf getranskribeerde opnames van gesprekke tussen gesondheidspraktisyns, pasiënte en Folio InterTel-telefoontolke vorm ook deel van die ondersoek. Die bevindings van hierdie studie toon ooreenkomste met die bevindings van ander relevante studies soos opgeteken in die literatuur oor telefoontolking. Daar is bevind dat die InterTel-diens, soos gelewer aan die Wes-Kaapse Gesondheidsektor, wel ’n waardevolle bydra maak tot die bevordering van kommunikasie.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study proposes a concept model for an electronic bilingual dictionary of sign language and Afrikaans (or English, or any other spoken language) that can be applied in practice by the De la Bat School for the Deaf in Worcester – or any school of similar organisation – to compile a bilingual dictionary in which it is not only possible to look up a sign via a written word but also to look up a sign even if the user does not necessarily know the written equivalent. This is important as it will mean that, for the first time in South Africa, a Deaf user would not have to be literate in any written language to use a dictionary in his or her own language. At the same time a hearing user would be able to look up a sign of which the meaning is unknown, for example when a sign is noticed in a conversation or an unknown context. The sign language dictionaries currently available in South Africa are little more than alphabetically arranged (or sometimes thematically arranged) lists in which the written language offers the only access to the content. As per introduction the first four chapters provide general discussions of sign language, the Deaf in South Africa, lexicography and sign language dictionaries. The discussions which follow in the remaining chapters focus on the decisions which have to be made in terms of the proposed dictionary’s content and design. These chapters contain recommendations regarding equivalent relations between sign language and Afrikaans, several outer texts which could be included in the frame structure, the characteristics of the electronic database from which the dictionary will be generated, as well as decisions that have to be made about the microstructure. In the last chapter the lexicographic model for an electronic bilingual Foundation Phase dictionary of South African Sign Language and Afrikaans is provided with complete examples. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie stel 'n konsepmodel voor vir 'n elektroniese tweetalige woordeboek van gebaretaal en Afrikaans (of Engels, of enige ander gesproke taal) wat deur die De la Bat Skool vir Dowes in Worcester – of enige ander skool of soortgelyke instansie – in die praktyk aangewend sou kon word om 'n tweetalige woordeboek saam te stel waarin dit nie slegs moontlik is om 'n gebaar via 'n geskrewe woord op te soek nie, maar ook om 'n gebaar op te soek sonder dat die gebruiker noodwendig die geskrewe ekwivalent ken. Dit is belangrik aangesien dit die eerste keer in Suid- Afrika sal beteken dat 'n Dowe gebruiker nie in enige geskrewe taal geletterd hoef te wees om 'n woordeboek in sy of haar eie taal te gebruik nie. Terselfdertyd sal 'n horende gebruiker wat gebaretaal leer in staat wees om 'n gebaar op te soek waarvan die betekenis onbekend is, soos wanneer 'n gebaar in 'n gesprek of onbekende konteks opgemerk word. Die gebaretaalwoordeboeke wat op die oomblik in Suid-Afrika bestaan, is weinig meer as alfabetiese (of soms tematiese) lyste waarin die geskrewe taal die enigste toegang tot die inhoud bied. Ter inleiding word algemene besprekings van gebaretaal, Dowes in Suid-Afrika, leksikografie en gebaretaalwoordeboeke in die eerste vier hoofstukke verskaf. Die besprekings wat in die hoofstukke daarop volg, fokus in meer besonderhede op die besluite wat t.o.v. die voorgestelde woordeboek se inhoud en ontwerp gemaak moet word. Dié hoofstukke bevat aanbevelings rakende ekwivalentverhoudings tussen gebaretaal en Afrikaans, verskeie buitetekste wat in die raamstruktuur gebruik sou kon word, die eienskappe van die elektroniese databasis waaruit die woordeboek gegenereer word asook besluite wat oor die mikrostruktuur geneem moet word. In die laaste hoofstuk word die leksikografiese model vir 'n elektroniese tweetalige grondslagfasewoordeboek van Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal en Afrikaans met volledige voorbeelde uiteengesit. / Nasionale Navorsingstigting / Harry Crosleystigting

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation two relatively under-researched areas within the scope of translation studies are investigated: the production process of translations and the sociological and cognitive aspects involved in this production process (as opposed to only studying the translation product). Process and sociological studies are currently on the forefront of research in translation studies and this dissertation attempts to contribute to these fields. The current study investigates the role of the various agents (among others the publisher, reviser and editor) involved in the production process of translations to illustrate how this process involves more agents than only the translator. Translation is proven to be a process involving a network of agents who work together to produce the final product, i.e. the target text. In this dissertation this interaction between agents is examined by making use of Latour's Actor-Network-Theory (ANT), a sociological theory that focuses on the network and links between agents within a production process. The production processes of literary translations that are analysed in this dissertation are Niggie – To hell with Cronjé (Ingrid Winterbach), Vaselinetjie – My name is Vaselinetjie (Anoeschka von Meck) and a selection of the "Stoffel tales" – In bushveld and dessert: A game ranger's life (Christiaan Bakkes). These texts were all translated by the literary translator Elsa Silke and published by NB Publishers in 2007, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The versions of the texts analysed are the source text, the concept translation, any other preliminary versions (manuscripts) and the completed published target text. These texts are analysed along with all available correspondence between agents to reconstruct the production processes in order to determine how translations are produced by means of interaction between different agents. This study is therefore greatly exploratory by nature and aimed at revealing the "invisible" of the production process of literary translations in order to contribute to and promote research within this under-researched field of translation studies. The main focus of this study is to analyse how each agent's inputs have a sociological impact on other agents and the production processes, as well as how their interaction and decisions impact the target text. The results are predominantly presented descriptively (within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies [DTS]) and concepts of Nord's Functionalism, Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory, Bourdieu's theory on the field of cultural production, Sharpe and Gunther's editing principles and Mossop's theory on editing and revision of translated texts are used to analyse and discuss the production processes of the three literary translations mentioned above. In conclusion a model is presented, based on these analyses, depicting a possible optimal production process for literary translations. A possible chronology of steps in the production process and means of interaction between agents are depicted by this model. With this proposed model this dissertation contributes to theory development within the field of translation studies and editing and revision theory. This model can be applied to production processes of literary translations to test if it is viable to apply in practice to ensure a more effective production process as well as a successful product (target text). If this model proves to be effective, it can eventually serve as a guideline for literary translation practice. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word twee studieterreine ondersoek wat in die verlede min binne die vertaalwetenskap nagevors is: die bestudering van die produksieproses van vertalings en die bestudering van die sosiologiese en kognitiewe aspekte betrokke by hierdie produksieproses (teenoor slegs die vertaalproduk). Die ondersoek van hierdie terreine is op die oomblik op die voorgrond in die vertaalwetenskap en hierdie proefskrif dra daartoe by om hierdie studieveld te verbreed. In hierdie proefskrif word daar gekyk na die rol van die verskillende agente, onder andere die uitgewers, redigeerders en reviseurs in die produksieproses van drie literêre vertalings om te illustreer dat die produksieproses van literêre vertalings nie slegs die insette van een agent, naamlik die vertaler, behels nie, maar dat dit 'n proses is wat uit 'n netwerk van agente bestaan wat saamwerk om die eindproduk (naamlik die doelteks) te produseer. Hierdie netwerk van verhoudings tussen agente in die produksieproses word ondersoek na aanleiding van Latour se sosiologiese Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) wat op die netwerk en skakels tussen agente binne 'n produksieproses fokus. Die produksieprosesse van literêre vertalings wat in hierdie proefskrif ontleed word, is Niggie – To hell with Cronjé (Ingrid Winterbach), Vaselinetjie – My name is Vaselinetjie (Anoeschka von Meck) en 'n keur uit die Stoffel-verhale – In bushveld and desert: A game ranger's life (Afgekort as In bushveld and desert) (Christiaan Bakkes) – almal tekste wat onderskeidelik in 2007, 2009 en 2008 by NB-Uitgewers verskyn het en deur die literêre vertaler Elsa Silke vertaal is. Die bronteks, die konsepvertaling, enige ander voorlopige weergawes (manuskripte) en die uiteindelike gepubliseerde doelteks word telkens saam met die beskikbare korrespondensie tussen die onderskeie agente bestudeer om die produksieprosesse te rekonstrueer en te bepaal hoe die vertaalprodukte deur middel van wisselwerking tussen onderskeie agente tot stand gekom het. Hierdie studie is dus grootliks verkennend van aard en het dit ten doel gestel om die "onsigbare" van die produksieproses van literêre vertalings bloot te lê ten einde verdere navorsing in hierdie onderontwikkelde been van die vertaalwetenskap te bevorder. Daar word hoofsaaklik gekyk na die wyse waarop elke agent se insette 'n sosiologiese impak op die ander agente sowel as die produksieprosesse en/of 'n tekstuele impak op die doelteks gehad het. Die resultate word hoofsaaklik deskriptief (vergelyk deskriptiewe vertaalstudies, DTS) aangebied en bespreek en daar word van konsepte uit Nord se funksionalisme, Even-Zohar se polisisteemteorie, Bourdieu se veldteorie, Sharpe en Gunther se redigeerbeginsels en Mossop se teorie oor redigering en revisie van vertalings gebruik gemaak om die analises uiteen te sit en te bespreek. Na aanleiding van dié analises word 'n model in die laaste hoofstuk aangebied wat 'n moontlike optimale produksieproses vir literêre vertalings voorstel. Die aanbevole chronologie van stappe in die produksieproses en die wisselwerking tussen agente word deur hierdie model voorgestel. Met die daarstelling van dié model dra die proefskrif dus tot teorieontwikkeling in die vertaalwetenskap en op die gebied van redigeer- en revisieteorie by. Hierdie model kan op die produksieprosesse van literêre vertalings toegepas word om te toets of dit wel in die praktyk werk om 'n effektiewe produksieproses te bewerkstellig en 'n geslaagde vertaalproduk te produseer. Indien wel, kan dit uiteindelik as 'n riglyn vir die literêre vertaalpraktyk dien.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most Afrikaans novels that are translated into French are piggyback or relay translations, which means translations of translations. Although piggyback translations have been done since the earliest times and are still being done, they are at best seen as a necessary evil and little research is done on this phenomenon – in fact so little that there is not even a uniform term among scholars to refer to this practice. Translation is the ideal space for different cultures to meet and interact, especially when the translation strategy is to foreignise by retaining cultural elements form the source culture in the translated text. Each translation is however adapted to a certain extent to its own target culture in order for the target public to have a better understanding of the text. When a translator works directly with the source text, he is in control about the way in which cultural references will be conveyed and explained to the target public. In the case of a piggyback translation the translator has to translate a “source text” that has already been adapted, or not, for a specific target public. The piggyback translator has to deal with a text where some cultural references might have been retained and others not. If the piggyback translator has no first-hand knowledge of the source culture, it means that he will not be able to distinguish which references have been adapted, nor to what extent they have been adapted. This study is an investigation into the French translations of two novels by Etienne van Heerden, namely Toorberg and Die swye van Mario Salviati. Le Domaine de Toorberg is a piggyback translation of Toorberg and Un long silence has been translated directly from the Afrikaans source text. The aim is to determine in which of the two French translations cultural transfer was the most successful. In translation studies great emphasis is placed on the fact that translators should not only be bilingual, but also bicultural, which means that the translator should understand both source and target cultures. In the case of the direct translation investigated here, the translator is not only bilingual, but he shows a South African and French biculturality. In the case of the piggyback translation however, the translator’s cultures are French and North American. This means that the piggyback translator has no first-hand knowledge of the source culture with the result that the cultural references are unknown to her. I hope to determine through this study whether piggyback translations are a viable method to present Afrikaans novels to (in this case) French readers and if not, whether alternative methods should be investigated, for example using translators who do not necessarily translate into their first language, as often suggested in translation studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meeste Afrikaanse romans wat in Frans vertaal word, is abbavertalings, dit wil sê, vertalings van vertalings. Alhoewel abbavertalings reeds vanaf die vroegste tye gedoen word en steeds gedoen word, word dit ten beste gesien as ʼn onvermydelike euwel en daar word min navorsing oor hierdie verskynsel gedoen – so min dat daar nie eens onder teoretici ʼn eenvormige term bestaan om daarna te verwys nie. Vertaling is ʼn ideale ruimte waar verskillende kulture mekaar kan leer ken, veral wanneer daar vervreemdend vertaal word en kulturele elemente van die bronkultuur in die vertaling behou word. Elke vertaling word egter tot ʼn mindere of meerdere mate aangepas vir sy eie doelkultuur sodat die teikenpubliek die teks beter kan begryp. Wanneer ʼn vertaler direk met die bronteks self werk, het hy beheer oor die manier waarop kulturele referente oorgedra en verduidelik gaan word aan die teikenpubliek. In die geval van ʼn abbavertaling moet die vertaler egter ʼn “bronteks” vertaal wat reeds aangepas is vir ʼn spesifieke teikenpubliek, wat kulturele ooreenkomste toon met sy eie teikenpubliek, of nie. Die abbavertaler het dus te doen met ʼn reeds aangepaste teks waarin sommige kulturele referente behou is en ander nie. Indien die abbavertaler geen eerstehandse kennis het van die bronkultuur nie, beteken dit dat hy nie kan onderskei watter referente aangepas is nie, en ook nie tot watter mate hierdie referente aangepas is nie. In hierdie studie word ondersoek ingestel na die Franse vertalings van twee romans van Etienne van Heerden, naamlik Toorberg en Die swye van Mario Salviati. Le Domaine de Toorberg is ʼn abbavertaling uit die Engelse vertaling van Toorberg en Un long silence is direk uit die Afrikaanse bronteks vertaal. Die doel is om vas te stel in watter een van die twee Franse vertalings kulturele oordrag die suksesvolste plaasgevind het. In vertaalteorie word daar deesdae klem gelê op die feit dat vertalers nie net tweetalig moet wees nie, maar ook bikultureel, dit wil sê die vertaler moet die bron- sowel as doelkultuur verstaan. In die geval van die direkte vertaling wat in hierdie studie bestudeer is, is die vertaler nie net tweetalig nie, maar hy het ook ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse en Franse bikulturalteit, maar in die geval van die abbavertaling het die vertaler ʼn Franse en Noord-Amerikaanse kultuurkombinasie. Dit beteken dat die abbavertaler geen eerstehandse kennis dra van die bronkultuur nie met die gevolg dat die kulturele referente vir haar vreemd is. Ek hoop om deur hierdie studie vas te stel of abbavertalings wel ʼn lewensvatbare metode is om Afrikaanse romans (in hierdie geval) aan ʼn Franse leserspubliek bekend te stel, en indien nie, daar alternatiewe metodes is wat ondersoek behoort te word, byvoorbeeld deur vertalers te gebruik wat nie noodwendig, soos die vertaalteorie meestal voorskryf, in hulle eerste taal vertaal nie.

One of the main aims of this thesis is to examine the translational situation of popular fiction in post-industrial Japan. Specifically, the goal is to uncover two main aspects surrounding the phenomenon of translationese, the language used in translation. One aspect to be investigated is the characteristic features of Japanese translationese, and the other is readers’ attitudes toward translationese. This research is conducted within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (Toury, 1995). The literature review includes a background of how translationese has been approached previously and how methods from different fields (e.g., corpus linguistics, sociolinguistics) can be used in the research of translation. Through the review of the historical background of Japanese translationese and the development of Japanese writing styles, it is revealed that the translation norm in Japan had been very closely oriented toward the original text. In the text analysis, the corpora consist of translations from English and non-translations (i.e., originally written in Japanese) in the genre of popular fiction. The goal of the text analysis is to determine whether the features of translationese are actually characteristics of translationese. The features selected for this examination include the following: 1) overt personal pronouns; 2) more frequent loanwords; 3) female specific language; 4) abstract nouns as grammatical subjects of transitive verbs; and 5) longer paragraphs. Two features (third person pronouns and longer paragraphs) are shown to be characteristic of translationese, while others were proven otherwise or questionable (loan words, female language, abstract nouns as subjects of transitive verbs). Findings from the investigation of readers’ attitudes can help identify what constitutes the “norms” of translation (Toury, 1995, 1999) in Japanese society. Readers appear to be able to tell the difference between translation and non-translation. However, readers’ attitudes toward both translationese and non-translationese are more or less neutral or slightly positive. This may indicate that Japanese translationese has become integrated into the contemporary Japanese writing system and that readers do not regard translationese as overtly negative. This study shows that the major translation norm is becoming more domesticated translation in popular fiction, with the focus on making translations easier for the readers. / Translation Studies

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This thesis investigates lexical simplification as a translation universal and how it is accounted for in the English-to-French legal translation of Latinisms. Within descriptive and functional approaches to translation, this thesis reveals that Latinisms are reproduced when they are accepted and not lexicalized in the target language or substituted by functional and semantic equivalents of the target language or system. It is posited that the lexical simplification of ST Latinisms as rendered by the English-to-French legal translator is dictated by system-specific, convention-specific, function-specific rather than translationspecific features. Of all corpus texts, source-text English uses the most Latinisms, but the French translators, unlike the non-translated French producers, tend to use Latinisms to a higher extent. Lexical simplification is hypothesized as viable when languages of similar sociolinguistic and lexical power and equal status render differently the lexical entities of the source text in simplified target text (compared to its non-translation similar text).

Maya Abu al-Hayyat (born 1980) is a Palestinian poet who thematizes motherhood, love, war/revolution, grief, and political hypocrisy in her poetry. In the context of Palestinian literature, she fits within a tradition of Resistance Literature, yet redefines it. Given that al-Hayyat has not been widely translated into English, this thesis presents 33 translations of her poems taken from her three poetry collections: Mā qālathu fīhī (Thus Spake the Beloved, 2007), Tilka al-ibtisāma-- dhālika al-qalb (This Smile, That Heart, 2012), and Fasātīn baytīyya wa ḥurūb (House Dresses and Wars, 2016). Throughout these three collections the poet shifts her use of vocalization and her poetic techniques. As argued throughout, translating al-Hayyat into English is important because it marks a shift from resistance as a uniform, collective experience to an individual and multifaceted one. Additionally, in this thesis I argue that the speakers in al-Hayyat's poetry are anxious agents. I interpret the speakers’ anxiety as manifested in the body and caused in part by living under occupation. The speakers are agents because they criticize patriotic motherhood and gender-based inequality. Finally, I explain how the translation concepts of renarration and the deformation zone inform each other because they force the translator confront their position in society and to the text. These terms are significant because they address the anxiety of translators potentially enacting orientalist violence and catering to American poetry values when translating Arabic women's poetry into English.