Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Henrique Costa Pinheiro.pdf: 2854886 bytes, checksum: a56fe59d5aabb7763901adeb614ad703 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work depicts transmission line modeling for lightning strike time domain simulation. It is studied and presented the main mechanisms associated to lightning formation and striking high-voltage transmission lines and wave propagation theory concerned to the hit point. Following, it is presented and analyzed transmission lines, shield wires and tower models available in the used ATPDraw computer program. Finally, a complete model is constructed taking into account a real utility transmission branch (ELETRONORTE-Ma), including transmission lines, respective towers and shield wires, through computational models available in the ATPDraw computer program. Computer simulations are carried out and the final model is tested for different scenarios: a standard lightning striking a transmission tower; a standard lightning striking a transmission tower with lower tower foot resistance; lightning striking transmission tower for different soil conditions (dry and humid); insulation strength analysis taking into account different hit points (middle of a shield wire and at the top of a transmission tower). The results show that the model behaved as expected. / Este trabalho aborda a modelagem de linhas de transmissão para análises e simulações no domínio do tempo de transitórios eletromagnéticos resultantes de descargas atmosféricas incidentes. É estudado e apresentado os principais mecanismos associados à formação das descargas atmosféricas, os aspectos relevantes à incidência de descargas em linhas de transmissão e os seus mecanismos de propagação em relação ao ponto de incidência. Em seguida é apresentado e analisado modelos de linhas de transmissão, cabos pára-raios e de torres disponíveis para uso no programa computacional ATPDraw. Por fim, é elaborado um modelo de um trecho real da ELETRONORTE MA incluindo linha de transmissão, suas torres e seus cabos pára-raios, através de modelos disponíveis na versão usada do programa ATPDraw. São realizadas simulações computacionais, onde o modelo é testado para vários cenários: surto atmosférico na forma de onda padrão incidindo sobre uma torre; surto atmosférico na forma de onda padrão incidindo sobre uma torre com resistência de dispersão reduzida; surtos atmosféricos incidentes sobre torres nos cenários de solos secos e úmidos; e impactos nos isolamentos no meio do vão e em uma torre de um surto atmosférico incidente nos cabos pára-raios. Para todos os testes realizados, a resposta do modelo esteve de acordo com o comportamento esperado.

Este trabalho, desenvolvido junto ao Grupo de Novos Materiais e Dispositivos (GNMD) pertencente ao Laboratório de Microeletrônica (LME) da Universidade de São Paulo, apresenta a modelagem de um defasador passivo miniaturizado com baixas perdas para aplicações em ondas milimétricas (mmW-milimeter waves). Este defasador é baseado em um conceito inovador utilizando sistemas micro-eletromecânicos (MEMS) distribuídos e linhas de transmissão coplanares de ondas lentas. Este conceito é proposto no projeto Jovem Pesquisador FAPESP (Processo no. 2011/18167-3), ao qual este projeto está vinculado. A defasagem neste tipo de dispositivo é conseguida pela liberação das fitas da camada de blindagem de uma linha de transmissão tipo S-CPW (Shielded-Coplanar Waveguide). As fitas liberadas podem ser movimentadas eletrostaticamente, o que praticamente não consome energia. Este projeto pretende projetar um defasador para fabricação com a tecnologia do Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Adicionalmente, este trabalho apresenta resultados experimentais de um processo de fabricação IN-HOUSE baseado na metodologia de integração por flip-chip. A tecnologia de integração implementada é baseada na soldagem de um chip sobre um substrato, no qual são construídos uma nova geração de pilares de cobre finos, cujo espaçamento entre pilares é menor que 100 ?m. Essa redução nas dimensões pode ser usada com a nova geração de dispositivos de comunicações na faixa das mmW. Em termos de fabricação, foram obtidos pilares de cobre altamente miniaturizados com uma altura significativa e uniforme que permite a integração com o chip. Além do mais, os resultados obtidos representam avanços significativos no processo de fabricação que será usado como tecnologia de integração híbrida em um interposer baseado em substrato de alumina nanoporosa (MnM-Metallic Nanowire Membrane). Esse interposer desempenha um papel indispensável no GNMD, já que atualmente estão sendo estudadas suas propriedades elétricas e já foram construídos dispositivos sobre o substrato com resultados promissores. / This work, performed at the New Materials and Devices Group (GNMD) of the Microelectronics Laboratory of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, presents the modeling of a miniaturized passive phase shifter with low losses for applications in millimeter waves. It is based on an innovated concept, which uses distributed MEMS phase shifters and slow-wave coplanar wave guides. Such concept is proposed under the FAPESP Youth Researcher project (Process number 2011/18167-3). The phase shifter on this kind of device is achieved by releasing the shielding layer of the Shielded-Coplanar Waveguide. The released ribbons are electrostatically displaced, which does not consume energy. The aim of this project is to design a phase shifter for fabrication with the technology available at the Microelectronics Laboratory. Additionally, this work presents experimental results of a flip-chip fabrication process. This technology is based on next generation of fine pitch copper pillar bumping, with pillar pitch of less than 100 ?m that support next generation of communication devices at the millimeter wave frequency range. From the fabrication point-of-view, highly miniaturized copper pillars with appropriate thicknesses were obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained represent a significant advance in the fabrication process that will be used as a hybrid integration technology on an interposer based on a nanoporous alumina substrate (MnM-Metallic Nanowire Membrane).

[pt] Este trabalho discute técnicas para simulação de redes elétricas com ênfase em operação em tempo real. As redes possuem linhas de transmissão como elementos a parâmetros distribuídos, enquanto redes RLC correspondem aos elementos concentrados, se bem que muitos dos resultados não se restringem só a estes tipos de elementos. A modelagem de linhas de transmissão é considerada primeiro, sob o ponto de vista da comparação entre dois modelos da literatura, caracterizando sua adequação para simulação em tempo real. Desta comparação resulta uma combinação de procedimentos como adequada à simulação. Na seqüência, é apresentado um novo algoritmo de integração numérica, baseado na descrição de estado de rede e em filtragem digital multitaxa. O novo algoritmo mostrou que pode reduzir o esforço computacional da simulação da rede, ao mesmo tempo que melhorou a qualidade das mesmas. O próximo objetivo relaciona-se com as oscilações numéricas, causadas pelo uso da Integração Trapezoidal em algumas configurações de rede. Um método de análise, baseado em teoria de rede e processamento digital de sinais é desenvolvido. A Partir dele são identificadas as configurações de redes, passíveis de gerações numéricas na sua contraparte digital. Métodos convencionais de eliminação das oscilações numéricas são analisados, incluindo no método o sistema multitaxa. Em todos os casos o sistema novo apresentou melhores resultados, sendo que seu uso apropriado, pode, por se, eliminar as oscilações numéricas. Alguns casos ilustrativos de redes de sistemas de potência estão incluídos, sendo desenvolvidos em linguagem MATLAB. Eles indicam que a combinação do modelo sugerido para linha de transmissão com o novo método de integração numérica multitaxa, permite a simulação da rede com reduzido esforço computacional e portanto aumentar a possibilidade de simulação de redes complexas em tempo real. / [en] This work discusses techniques for electrical network digital simulation, emphasizing real time operation. The networks contain transmission lines as distributed elements and RLC elements as lumped parameters, although many of the results are not restricted to these elements. Transmission line modeling is considered first, comparing two of the methods found in literature from the real time simulation point of view. The convenience of their use is subject of analysis, leading, later on, to suggest a blend of approaches for real time simulation. In the sequence of the work, it is introduced a new numerical integration algorithm, based on network state space description and multirate digital filtering. The new integration method reduces the simulation computational complexity while simultaneously improving its accuracy. Next, the focus is on numerical oscillations caused by the Trapezoidal Integration approach in some network configurations. It is presented a method to identify electrical network configurations that might generate numerical oscillations in their digital counterparts. The method is a result of both, network and digital signal theory. Conventional and new techniques are applied in order to eliminate the numerical oscillations. The new multirate approach improves convetional techniques results, while properly used eliminates by itself the numerical oscillations. Some power systems network illustrative cases are included, using the new integration method and the proposed digital transmission line model. It is shown that this combination produces improved performance, final accuracy and reduced computational effort, resulting appropriate for real time simulations.

Avec la miniaturisation de plus en plus poussée des composants sur silicium, certains phénomènes, connus sous le nom des problèmes de la Compatibilité Électromagnétique peuvent surgir, ils sont les principales causes de la reconception des systèmes intégrés. Ce travail de thèse consiste à développer une méthodologie d'analyse prédictive de la compatibilité électromagnétique pour les systèmes électroniques, par anticipation design. Afin d'aboutir à ce modèle prédictif, différents champs d'investigation ont été mise en place afin d'appréhender l'ensemble du problème. Premièrement, nous avons développé une méthode de prédiction des parasites du boîtier électronique appelée « MCTL Matrix Method ». Cette méthode est issue du principe du prototypage virtuel du boîtier et elle est basée sur des lignes de transmission multiconducteurs. Deuxièmement, nous avons proposé une méthodologie d'analyse de l'immunité du système complet dès les premières phases de la conception. / Modern electronic systems require a high-level of integrations. As a result, some phenomena which are known as ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) issues are arising, and they are the major causes of system redesign. This main objective of this work is to develop a predictive methodology for systems immunity. To do so, different fields have been investigated: first, we have developed a predictive method for package parasites called “MCTL Matrix Method” which is based on a virtual package prototyping and Multiconductor transmission lines. Then we have proposed a new methodology for system immunity at the earliest design stages.

In the thesis presented, three novel uni-planar left handed transmission lines based on Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRR) and Complementary Spiral Resonator (CSR) metamaterial particles are proposed for the first time and successfully applied for the performance enhancement of conventional coupled line filters and the design of a full scan leaky wave antenna. Based on the implementation of Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRR) a fully planar Composite Right left handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) plus a Dual Composite Right Left Handed transmission line (D-CRLH-TL) are proposed, designed and studied. The CRLH transmission line is realized loading a microstrip host line with CSRR metamaterial particles and capacitive gaps on the conductor strip of the line, while the D-CRLH transmission line is built bridging the capacitive gaps between the CSRR's with inductive connections to induce dual propagation properties in the structure. A further performance enhancement is achieved by a second proposal based on the implementation of Complementary Spiral Resonators (CSRs). The studies applied to the structure reveal that conditions for D-CRLH propagation are created in a transmission line composed only by CSR metamaterial resonant particles as the result of the unique electromagnetic properties acquired by the CSRs etched on the conductor line of a microstrip waveguide. The CSRR/CSR based D-CRLH transmission lines proposed are applied in the design of two enhanced coupled line filters. The implementation is possible for the first time in this work as result of the highly versatile layout features of the left handed transmission lines proposed which among other important geometrical features, allows couplings in both sides of the structure. Enhanced filtering features are reached by the metamaterial based coupled line filters proposed in terms of selectivity and size reduction in comparison with conventional coupled line filters. In the case of the CSRR loaded metamaterial coupled line filter a size reduction of 49% is achieved compared with a filter of similar performance. A further enhancement is reached by the second coupled filter proposed based on CSR metamaterial resonant particles. The CSR coupled filter proposed reach a roll off rate improvement of 8 dB/GHz and size reduction of 43% in comparison with a conventional coupled line filter of the same order. When this is compared against a conventional coupled line filter of similar performance but higher order, a remarkable size reduction of 77% is achieved by the proposed CSR coupled line filter. Finally, the CSR loaded D-CRLH transmission line is applied in the design of a fully planar leaky wave antenna. Using the CSR structures etched on the conductor line of a microstrip as part of the radiation mechanism altogether with the D-CRLH propagation features of the structure. A full scan radiation pattern is created with backward, forward and broadside radiation as result of the left handed propagation band, right handed propagation band and the balanced transition between them. Two leaky wave antennas are designed to operate at the centre frequencies of 12.5GHz and 6.0GHz. In order to corroborate the performance the CSR D-CRLH leaky wave antenna operating at 6.0GHz is fabricated and measured showing a scanning range of 30 deg with a maximum gain of 13.2 dBi.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T07:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_LeandroCostaFerreira_M.pdf: 6148500 bytes, checksum: bf5007e253bf40d848b0494ce01ead56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente trabalho está inserido num contexto de busca de novas fontes de energia elétrica e de aproveitamento de grandes potenciais energéticos localizados distantes dos principais centros de carga. Para estes, alternativas não convencionais de transmissão também são exigidas, nas quais se insere a transmissão em linhas de pouco mais de meio comprimento de onda, distância de pouco mais de 2500km no sistema brasileiro à 60Hz. Como este tipo de transmissão nunca foi implementado, trata-se de uma proposta inovadora, pouco explorada e que exige ensaios elementares para testar-se a viabilidade, vantagens e desvantagens frente a outras alternativas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Esta dissertação visa investigar alguns aspectos referentes à tal método de transmissão de grandes montantes de potência em distintos cenários de interligação entre as regiões Norte e Sudeste do Brasil do SIN (sistema interligado nacional). Três distintos corredores compostos por linhas de pouco mais de meio comprimento de onda foram ensaiados. Inseridos conectando a usina de Belo Monte no Pará a Assis-SP na rede de 500kV, percorrendo 2664 km. Cada um dos corredores é composto por: três linhas de 800 kV e 4846 MW de potência característica (SIL); um segundo com duas das mesmas linhas de 800kV e um terceiro com duas linhas de 1000 kV e 8100 MW de potência característica. Cada aspecto é ensaiado em seis diferentes situações de carregamento do SIN e de fluxo de potência pelo corredor, abrangendo cenários de alto, médio e baixo carregamento das linhas assim como mudanças no sentido do fluxo entre Norte e Sudeste. Dentre os aspectos abordados estão: a avaliação e redução das perdas manipulando a potência característica operacional das linhas; o controle do carregamento do corredor através do uso de transformadores defasadores não convencionais; a inserção de cargas e geração em pontos intermediários deste e o controle do fluxo de potência reativa. Por fim, o estudo não aborda aspectos transitórios e é realizado com o auxílio do ANAREDE, software elaborado pelo CEPEL / Abstract: This work is placed in a search for new sources of power and exploitation of large energy potential located far from major load centers. For the second scenarios, alternate non-conventional transmission are also required, in which half wavelength transmission lines are inserted, resulting in a distance of just over 2500km for the 60Hz brazilian electrical system. Since this type of transmission has never been implemented, it is an innovative solution and few explored, requiring elementary studies to test the feasibility, advantages and disadvantages compared to other alternatives for bulk electric power transmission. This thesis aims to investigate some aspects related to such transmission method for large amounts of power into distinct scenarios of interconnection between the North and Southeast of Brazil's SIN (Brazilian National grid). Corridors consisting of three distinct lines of just over half wavelength were tested. Inserted connecting Belo Monte hydro power plant in Para to Assis in São Paulo through the 500kV network, covering 2664 km, each corridor is composed: by three lines of 800 kV and 4846 MW of Surge Load Impedance (SIL), the second one by two of the same 800kV lines and a third by two lines of 1000 kV and 8100 MW SIL. Each aspect is tested in six different SIN load situations and power flowing through the corridor, covering scenarios of high, medium and low lines loading as well as changes in flow direction between North and Southeast. Among the issues tackled are: evaluation and reduction of losses by manipulating operating lines SIL; line load controlling using non-conventional phase shift transformers; inserting loads and generation at intermediate points of the lines and control of reactive power flow. Finally, the study does not handle with transient aspects and is accomplished with the aid of ANAREDE, software developed by CEPEL / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Este trabalho tem por meta focalizar a adaptação necessária na metodologia de planejamento atual, norteada segundo uma ótica determinística e conservadora, afim de permitir a elaboração de Programas de Obras de Transmissão/Subtransmissão, condicionados por limitações de teto no montante de investimento a curto e médio prazos. Para tanto, como tema central, busca-se desenvolver uma base conceitual e metodológica, para permitir uma exploração maximizada das possibilidades de carregamento de equipamentos e instalações do sistema de transmissão, contemplando a especificação das ferramentas computacionais necessárias para dar consequência prática à proposta. Considerando o potencial de análise proporcionado por métodos e técnicas de natureza probabilística, aplicados ao planejamento de Sistemas Elétricos, a espinha dorsal da evolução metodológica delineada no texto repousa sobre a avaliação de confiabilidade global e quantificação de riscos operativos. O texto foi estruturado em 8 capítulos onde, a partir de um capítulo introdutório, enfoca-se sequencialmente os temas: * Conceitos e Metodologias para Maximização do Carregamento de Transformadores de Potência. * Conceitos e Metodologias para Maximização do Carregamento de Linhas aéreas de Transmissão. * Impacto das Restrições Financeiras no planejamento e possibilidade de atuação a nível técnico para administrar o conflito entre qualidade de serviço e recursos limitados. * Conceitos e Metodologias para relaxação dos Critérios limitantes para o carregamento máximo de componentes do sistema, em ambiente de severas restrições financeiras, no horizonte de curto prazo. * Resultados obtidos em aplicações concretas a situações do Setor Elétrico, visando caracterizar o alcance do ferramental preconizado nos capítulos anteriores. * Critérios e Procedimentos para Padronização de Subestações e Linhas de Transmissão , coerentes com os conceitos de maximização de carregamento introduzidos nos dois primeiros capítulos. Ao final do texto, incluiu-se um capítulo de \"Conclusões\", com o objetivo de sumarizar os aspectos mais relevantes abordados no texto, assim como indicar linhas de ação e novos desenvolvimentos, necessários para permitir a efetivação prática da metodologia proposta. / An important problem posed to power system planners in developing countries is now becoming commonplace, even in developed countries, and concerns on how to fit an expansion plan into a tight budget, with the least reduction in reliability levels. This problem is known as power system planning under financial constraints and a series of methods is now available to deal with it. So, this work addresses the necessary adjustments in order to permit the Transmission / Sub-transmission Expansion Program establishment when there are investments constraints in a medium/short term range. The main emphasis is on the development of a methodological and conceptual framework, aiming at a maximizes exploration of the loading capability of transformers and transmission lines of the power network. In this context, a new methodological framework for transmission system planning in a financial constrained environment is presented. The proposed approach combines transmission projects priority evaluation and ranking as well as criteria flexibilization, being particularly suitable for short-term planning. The problem to be faced is to operate the system after a project postponement, while the service quality is kept so adequate as it is possible. One of the main issues to be focused is the transmission system uprating since a maximized equipment utilization can contribute to avoid a more significant restriction to the costumers. Therefore, a detailed description of the models for transmission lines and transformers loading limits assessment is presented, with emphasis on the main concepts and the application of probabilistic tools to circumvent the inherent conservatism of deterministic methods. A summary of the contents is presented in what follows: * Concepts and Methodology for Transformers loading maximization. * Concepts and Methodology for Transmission Lines loading maximization. * Financial Restrictions impacts on Expansion Planning Process and the possibilities to manager the conflict between service quality and investment constraints. * Concepts and Methodologies to the relaxation of Criteria that limits the loading capability of transmission lines, aiming at short term Planning under severe financial restrictions, * Obtained results in concrete applications of the proposed methodology and computational tools to Brazilian Electric Power System. * Methods and Criteria to standardization of Substations and Transmission Lines, according the main issues formerly introduced. * Conclusion and Future Research.

Tato dizertační práce se zabývá modelováním mikrovlnných polovodičových struktur. Stále vyšší pracovní kmitočty komunikačních systémů zvyšují nároky na aktivní prvky a přenosová vedení, realizované zpravidla v monolitické integrované podobě. Přenosová vedení s rozprostřeným zesílením představují perspektivní řešení nejen jako zesilovací prvky, ale také jako aktivní napáječe mikrovlnných antén. V součastné době neexistuje vhodný softwarový nástroj pro jejich efektivní simulaci a návrh. První část této práce je zaměřena na implementaci termodynamické formulace modelu driftu a difuze pro numerickou simulaci transportních procesů polovodičových struktur v komerčním programu COMSOL Multiphysics. Další část je věnována implementaci Gunnova jevu v makroskopické aproximaci a vypracování simulační procedury pro analýzu struktur využívajících tento jev. Poslední část je věnována návrhu a analýze aktivních přenosových vedení a zlepšení jejich vlastností.

El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es proponer herramientas y procedimientos para aplicar la gestión de riesgos durante la Construcción de Líneas de Transmisión de Alta Tensión para la empresa Transporte de Energía SAC, basándose en las buenas prácticas del Practice Standard for Project Risk Management (Project Mangement Institute, 2009); de esta guía se han tomado conceptos, técnicas y herramientas que han permitido a elaborar la presente propuesta. Asimismo, se han tomado conceptos de la guía para la elaboración de caso de negocio A Guide to Structure and Content (Schmidt, 2003). Este trabajo de investigación ha tomado como referencia a una empresa peruana llamada Transporte de Energía SAC especializada en ejecución de obras y servicios de operación y mantenimiento de líneas de transmisión, subestaciones y equipos de alta tensión en todo el país. Asimismo, Transporte de Energía SAC posee conocimiento del mercado local y cuenta con experiencia en desarrollo de proyectos en Perú y otros países del mercado de Sudamérica. Además, cuenta con personal con la experiencia necesaria para trabajar bajo una nueva gestión de riesgos. Para culminar, es preciso indicar que la propuesta se elaboró teniendo como referencia información histórica de la organización, la que se analizó para, finalmente, proponer el presente trabajo de investigación. / The objective of this research work is to propose tools and procedures to apply risk management during the Construction of High Voltage Transmission Lines for Transporte de Energía SAC, based on the good practices of the Practice Standard for Project Risk Management (Project Mangement Institute, 2009). Concepts, techniques and tools have been taken of this guide, that have allowed to elaborate this proposal. Also, concepts have been taken from the guide Business Case Essentials: A Guide to Structure and Content (Schmidt, 2003). This research work has taken as a reference the Peruvian company Transporte de Energía SAC, this company is specialized in operation and maintenance services for transmission lines, substations and high voltage equipment throughout the country. Transporte de Energía SAC has knowledge of the local market and has experience in developing projects in Peru, and other countries in the South American market. In addition, it has a staff with the necessary experience to work under a new risk management To conclude, it is necessary to indicate that the proposal was elaborated taking as reference historical information of the organization, which was analyzed to, finally, propose the present research work. / Tesis

Passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors are used in every electronic system. These are the very basic components which affect the system performance at higher frequencies and it is necessary to understand and model the behavior of these components in a very accurate manner. This work focuses on utilizing Printed Circuit Board (PCB) test boards, or fixtures, made of FR4 for characterizing Surface Mount Device (SMD) components. Agilent's Advanced Design System (ADS) microwave circuit simulation software was used for designing the microstrip transmission lines as well as for generating the layout for manufacturing of the PCB. SMD resistors, capacitors and inductors were soldered into the fixture and then measured using the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The calibration kit was developed in ADS. The measured data were calibrated using the TRL (Thru-Reflect-Line) calibration algorithm. A calibration kit consisting of through, three transmission lines of various lengths, open and short was designed and manufactured. Calibration procedures were performed using Cascade Microtech's WinCal XE software. Based on our experience, TRL calibration did not perform to its full potential due to errors in the value of the characteristic impedance of microstrip transmission line. This impedance is ideally assumed to be 50 Ohm, but our lines had characteristic impedance of around 49 Ohm. Simple models for the resistors and capacitors were developed by our collaborators at the University of Zagreb and we developed the model for the inductors. We used ADS for simulations and comparison with the measured data. Extensive optimization of these models was done so as to fit the measured and modeled data. As the frequency goes above 4 GHz models and measurements don't match due to the limitations of the PCB material, the increasing effects of the parasitics and calibration artifacts. This work shows how and when we can use inexpensive FR4 PCB for the characterization of the passive SMD components in the low GHz frequency range. It also examines the range of operating frequency of SMD components, verifies the parameters extracted from the simple model and tests the TRL calibration algorithm.