The thesis describes the results of research work on techniques for high speed data transmission (2.4 kbit/s) over voice-band HF radio channels. This work has been carried out using extensive computer simulation of the various transmission techniques and the HF radio channels. Firstly, the characteristics of HF radio channels are discussed in detail and an HF channel model, suitable for computer simulation, is developed. The first of two techniques for high data rate transmission over HF links is then introduced, namely, multi-channel (or parallel) DPSK transmission. Parallel transmission is a well known technique in this application but it has been studied and simulated, in order to compare its performance with that of the second, more novel, transmission technique. This is a single channel system employing 4 point QAM signalling at the transmitter and maximum likelihood detection at the receiver. Initially, the parallel system is compared with an idealised serial system employing optimum Viterbi detection at the receiver with all other functions of the serial function assumed perfect. However, having shown the vastly superior performance of this serial system, a more practical serial modem is gradually developed, with further performance comparisons at each stage in this development. The final comparison is made with a very practical form of serial modem in which all practical receiver functions are simulated. Theseinclude a simpler, adaptive near maximum likelihood detector, receiver filtering, channel estimator, carrier phase tracking, timing synchronisation and automatic gain control. Finally, the design and implementation of the serial modem is studied and details of the complexity of a digital, processor-based, realisation are given.

Cette étude s’est focalisée sur la compréhension des mécanismes de déformation et d’endommagementd’un superalliage à base de Nickel (Udimet 720Li) utilisé pour la confection de disques de turbine hautepression soumis à des sollicitations monotones et cycliques à des températures inférieures à 500 °C.L’amorçage de fissures de fatigue à 20 °C et 465 °C a été systématiquement observé suivant des facettescristallographiques pour différents états métallurgiques. Une étude quantitative des traces de glissementplastique en surface a permis de montrer que cet endommagement est la conséquence d’une nontransmission de la déformation plastique entre grains voisins. Plus précisément, un mécanisme de rotationcristalline localisée au sein de micro-volumes à l’extrémité de bandes de glissement dans le grain voisin aété identifié à l’origine des fissures.Les configurations cristallographiques favorisant ce processus impliquent notamment les relations entresystèmes de glissement de part et d’autre du joint de grains (angle de TWIST), ou encore la présence d’uneprécipitation fine participant au confinement des bandes de glissement. / This study contributes to the understanding of the deformation and damage mechanisms in a Nickelbasedsuperalloy (the Udimet 720Li) used for the manufacturing of aeroengines high pressure turbinedisks submitted to monotonic and cyclic loadings at temperatures below 500 °C under service conditions.Fatigue crack initiation at 20 °C and 465 °C was systematically observed at large crystallographic facetswhatever the microstructure. An extensive quantitative study of the slip activity at the surface showed thatcrack initiation results from a difficult slip transmission between neighbouring grains. In more details, alocalized crystallographic rotation confined in micro-volumes detected at the tip of slip bands interactingwith the grain boundary were identified to trigger crack initiation.The crystallographic configurations favouring such a process are closely related to the TWIST anglebetween active slip systems on each side of the grain boundary and to a dense and fine precipitationconfining the plasticity.Mots-clés

Cette thèse a comme contexte une longue expérience avec l'improvisation dans la danse pour des enfants et des jeunes l'autiste considéré dans la région de la Bretagne. De cette pratique, il existait une recherche théorique énorme dans ce domaine. Quand on a considéré ces deux aspects, la thèse confronte la doctrine avec les rapports des gens qui vivent avec des autistes, les membres de la famille, des danseurs professionnels, des éducateurs et les gens du domaine de la santé mentale. Ceci n'est pas un projet thérapeutique. Nous pouvons dégager que l'autiste a non seulement la possibilité réelle et le droit de faire une pratique artistique mais aussi qu'ils peuvent nous enseigner beaucoup. Le but de ce travail n'est pas de créer un type de hornbook. Il a pour but d'offrir des éléments de base pour les professionnels de ce domaine afin qu'il/elle puisse créer sa propre méthodologie.Ainsi, ce professionnel conduira le processus jour après jour. Il procédera étape par étape. C'est pourquoi il a été non seulement nécessaire d'avoir une profonde observation de l'autiste, mais aussi de favoriser un environnement approprié pour lui. Des éléments fondateurs de cette danse nous pouvons deviner une certaine attitude qui est éthique et esthétique. Si même que, c'est une attitude qui représente l'abandon, d'assumer, vous devez le guider d'une autrefaçon, par exemple, lors de projets précontraints. La thèse lève quelques questions qui n'ont pas été encore travaillées, par exemple, dans l'univers de danse et le nouveau but de négocier avec l'autiste. En fait, si nous considérons que la danse contemporaine est décrite comme une philosophie démocratique et un égalitariste, le projet de cette thèse suit non seulement cette idée, mais aussi d'étudier aussi profondément ces idéaux. / This thesis has as a background a long experience with improvisation in dancing for children and young people considered autist in the Brittany region. From this practice, it was starting a vast theoretical research in this field. When these two aspects were considered, the thesis confronts the doctrine with the reports about the people who live with autists, their family members, professional dancers, educators and people from the mental health area. This is not a therapeutic project. We can clear understand the autist not only has the real possibility and the right of doing an artistic practice but also they can teach us a lot. The purpose of this work is not to create a type of hornbook. It aims to offer basic elements for the professional of this area in a way he/she can create his/her own methodology. In this way, this professional will conduct the process day by day. He will make up a step and a new step. That’s why it was not only needed to have a deep look at the autist, but also promote an appropriate environment for him/her. The founding elements of this dance we can point out the assumption of a certain attitude that is ethical and aesthetic. So even that, it is an attitude that represents the abandon to assume that you have to guide the other in one way, for example, in precast projects. The thesis raises some questions that have not been investigated yet, for instance, in the dance universe and the new purpose of dealing with the autist. In fact, if we consider that the contemporary dance is described as a democratic philosophy and equalitarian; the project thisthesis approaches not only follows this idea but also study deeply these ideals. / Essa tese tem como pano de fundo uma longa experiência de dança improvisação com crianças e jovens ditos autistas na região da Bretanha francesa. A partir dessa prática, foi-se abrindo um vasto campo de pesquisa teórica. Relacionando essas duas dimensões, a tese confronta a doutrina com relatos de vivências com pessoas ditas autistas, seus familiares e profissionais da dança, da educação e da saúde mental. Não se trata, no entanto, de um projeto terapêutico. Entende-se que a pessoa autista não apenas tem a possibilidade concreta e o direito de realizar uma prática artística, como tem muito a nos ensinar. E não se trata, igualmente, de construir uma espécie de cartilha. Pretende-se propiciar ao profissional da área elementos básicos para criar sua própria metodologia. Desse modo, será ele quem irá – em seu dia a dia com o outro – inventar, a cada passo, um novo passo. E para isso, naturalmente, fazse necessário não só um olhar diferenciado para a singularidade daquela pessoa, como a criação de um ambiente propício. Dentre os elementos fundantes dessa dança destaca-se a assunção de uma certa postura, que é ética sem deixar de ser estética. Por isso mesmo, é umapostura que envolve abandonos – seja da pretensão de guiar o outro num certo sentido, seja da elaboração de projetos premoldados. A tese procura levantar questões ainda pouco exploradas no universo da dança e propor novas formas de se relacionar com a pessoa dita autista. Na verdade, se considerarmos que a dança contemporânea se caracteriza – dentre outros aspectos – por uma filosofia democrática e igualitária, o projeto que esta tese aborda não apenas transita por esses caminhos, como aprofunda aqueles ideais.

Le sperme est le vecteur principal de dissémination du VIH. Des travaux récents indiquent la présence de facteurs dans le liquide séminal (LS) des hommes non infectés qui modulent l'infectivité par le VIH de cellules in vitro. Nous avons préalablement montré que les principaux organes génitaux mâles qui contribuent à l'élaboration du sperme sont infectés par le VIH, ce qui modifie probablement la composition du LS des hommes VIH+. Pour preuve, des différences significatives dans les profils cytokiniques ont été mises en évidence dans le LS d'hommes VIH+ par rapport à celui d'hommes sains. Dans ce contexte, mes travaux de thèse se sont articulés autour de 3 axes : Effet du sperme d'hommes infectés par le VIH-1 sur l'infection des lymphocytes T CD4+ : nous avons comparé, pour la première fois à notre connaissance, l'effet du LS d'hommes infectés versus celui d'hommes sains sur l'infectivité par le VIH dans des modèles cellulaires. Nous avons mis en évidence un effet différentiel du LS d'hommes séropositifs par rapport au LS d'hommes séronégatifs. L'effet stimulateur observé du LS d'hommes VIH-non-infectés sur l'infection par le VIH-1 des cellules T CD4+ est significativement diminué pour les LS d'hommes VIH+. Cet effet différentiel serait au moins en partie lié à la surexpression de certaines cytokines dont RANTES et à la sous expression à la membrane du corécepteur CCR5. Effet du LS sur l'infection d'explants cervicaux et colo-rectaux : les muqueuses cervivo-vaginale et colorectale représentent des portes d'entrée majeures du virus dans l'organisme et sont donc des modèles particulièrement physiologiques. Nous avons montré que le LS induit une diminution de l'infection ex vivo des tissus exocervicaux alors qu'aucun effet n'est observé sur l'infection des tissus colorectaux. Fractionnement du liquide séminal et identification des facteurs à activité biologique sur l'infection par le VIH-1 : nous avons débuté une approche protéomique qui nous a permis de décomplexifier le LS par fractionnement grâce à des HPLC successives, de sélectionner des fractions biologiques actives et d'identifier des protéines candidates, par spectrométrie de masse, potentiellement responsables d'un effet inhibiteur sur l'infection par le VIH-1. Sur la base de la littérature et de nos résultats, il apparaît clairement que le LS est un fluide biologique complexe dont l'effet global sur l'infection résulte de la somme des activités biologiques de facteurs stimulateurs et inhibiteurs. En outre, l'effet du sperme sur l'infection est dépendant du modèle d'étude cellulaire ou tissulaire, et du statut sérologique du donneur. En effet, les différences de composition (cytokines, peptides antimicrobiens…) entre les spermes d'hommes infectés ou non aboutissent à des modifications dans la modulation de l'infection VIH-1 par le sperme via des mécanismes directs ou indirects qui ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives d'études. / Semen represents the main vector of HIV transmission. Several studies have recently shown that, in addition of being a carrier of HIV particles and infected cells, seminal fluid (SF) could modulate the efficiency of HIV infection of target cells through its intrinsic properties. These studies were all performed with SF from uninfected donors. But the composition of SF from HIV-infected men significantly differs from that of HIV-infected men, as demonstrated by studies on SF cytokines content, and microbiome. In addition, we showed that semen-producing organs are infected by HIV which most probably influences their seminal secretions. As a matter of fact, the volume of the ejaculate of HIV+ donors is generally less than that of uninfected men. In this context, my thesis was articulated around 2 axes: Effect of SF from HIV infected men on HIV-1 infection of Lymphocytes T CD4+: the effect of SF from HIV-infected men (HIV+SF) versus SF from uninfected donors (SF) on HIV infectivity of CD4+ T cells. We observed a significantly reduced infection of CD4+T cells by HIV-1 R5 in presence of HIV+SF as compared with SF, the latter displaying enhancing activity. This differential effect was not observed on the infectivity of the CD4+ cell line TZM-bl, or on PBMC infection by HIV-1 X4. We compared the composition of HIV+SF versus SF in terms of enhancing peptides, cytokines and prostaglandins, and investigated the impact of SF from both HIV-infected and uninfected men on CD4+T cell HIV receptors expression, activation and proliferation. HIV+SF vs HIV-SF was found to induce a significantly higher downmodulation of CCR5 expression shortly after exposure, which correlated with the concentrations of CCR5 ligands in semen. Effect of SF on HIV infection of cervix and colorectal tissues: the cervix and colorectal mucosa represent major front doors of the virus in the body and are thus particularly physiological models. We showed that the SF leads to a decrease of the infection ex vivo in exocervix tissues while no effect is observed on the infection of colorectal tissues. Fractionation of the seminal fluid and identification of factors with biologic activity on the HIV-1 infection : we had beginning a proteomic approach which allowed to decomplexified SF by successive HPLC, to select active biological fractions and to identify candidate proteins, by mass spectrometry, potentially responsible for an inhibitory effect on the infection by the HIV 1. Based on the literature and on our results, it clearly appears that SF is a complex biological fluid. Moreover, the effect of the semen on HIV-1 infection is dependent on the cellular or tissular model and on the HIV status of the donor. Indeed, the differences of composition (cytokines, antimicrobial peptides) between semen from infected men or SF from uninfected men lead to modifications of the modulation of HIV-1 infection by semen via direct or indirect mechanisms which which pave the way for further investigations.

Contexte : La transmission du paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum repose sur le développement intra-érythrocytaire de parasites sexués (les gamétocytes) et leur ingestion par un moustique vecteur. Par filtration au travers d’une matrice de microsphères (microsphiltration), nous avons montré que les gamétocytes matures -normalement présents dans la circulation des sujets transmetteurs- sont déformables. Leur capacité à se déformer pour traverser la rate est essentielle à leur présence en circulation. Objectifs : Ce projet vise à découvrir des composés rigidifiant les érythrocytes contenant des gamétocytes pour bloquer la transmission du paludisme. En quelques heures, les gamétocytes rigidifiés seront exclus de la circulation sanguine -donc du cycle de transmission- par la rate. Méthodes et résultats: La microsphiltration a été miniaturisée au format microplaque et couplée à la microscopie à haut débit pour quantifier le nombre de gamétocytes retenus par les filtres. En utilisant la calyculine comme contrôle, l’activité rigidifiante d’antipaludiques de référence a été évaluée par microsphiltration. Les gamétocytes rigidifiés par la calyculine ont également été piégés dans des puces microfluidiques spléno-mimétiques. Leur clairance mécanique splénique a été confirmée dans un modèle murin adapté à la circulation transitoire des globules rouges humains parasités ou non. Conclusions: Un criblage par microsphiltration permet de sélectionner des molécules induisant la rétention mécanique splénique des gamétocytes pour bloquer la transmission du paludisme. Un post-criblage in vitro-in vivo permet de valider l’activité rigidifiante des actifs découverts par microsphiltration. / Background: Human-to-human transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria requires the development, within red blood cells (RBC), of sexual parasites termed gametocytes and their ingestion by Anopheles mosquito vector during a blood meal. Using filtration of RBC through microsphere layers (microsphiltration), we had shown that mature gametocytes present in the circulation of infective individuals are deformable. This deformability is a prerequisite for gametocytes circulation as they have (as any other uninfected RBC) to repeatedly cross narrow interendothelial slits in the human spleen. Objectives : This project aims at discovering compounds stiffening RBC harboring mature gametocytes, inducing their mechanical retention into the spleen, thereby removing them from the human bloodstream and interrupting malaria transmission. Methods & Results: Microsphiltration has been miniaturized to the microplate format, then coupled to high content imaging to quantify gametocyte retention in microsphere filters. Using calyculin as positive control, the gametocyte-stiffening activity of a panel of reference antimalarials was evaluated with the microsphiltration assay. Calyculin-stiffened mature gametocytes were held into spleno-mimetic microfluidic chips and were cleared from the circulation of macrophage depleted mice as rapidly as heat-stiffened control RBC, validating the outcomes of the microsphiltration assay. Conclusions: We have developped a microsphiltration assay compatible with screening. The screening/post-screening cascade has the potential to yield potent pharmacological agents blocking malaria transmission based on gametocytes deformability.

The effects of anaesthetic applications of isoflurane on 82 CA₁ neurons were studied in in vitro preparations (guinea pigs) using intracellular recording techniques. Various parameters of their excitability such as membrane electrical properties, action potentials and their afterhyperpolarizing potentials as well as synaptic transmission were determined during bath perfusion of clinically relevant concentrtaions of isoflurane. Concentrations of isoflurane were detected in the bath with ¹⁹fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, and were found to range between 0.02 and 0.3 mM. No consistent effects on the membrane properties were observed. When synaptic activity was blocked by tetrodotoxin, isoflurane induced a hyperpolarization (3-5 mV) without affecting input conductance which was computed from the voltage responses to injections of hyperpolarizing current pulses and the slopes of current-voltage relations for each cell. Responses to depolarizing pulses revealed that the threshold, amplitude and duration of the evoked spikes were not greatly altered, although repetitive spike firing was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by isoflurane. Similarly, the amplitude and duration of the long-lasting hyperpolarizations following the elicitation of multiple (4 or 5) spikes were reduced in a reversible and dose-dependent manner. Reductions in amplitude and duration of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of stratum radiatum were observed; these effects also were strictly dependent on the dose, as well as on duration of the application. These investigations have revealed that isoflurane interferes with synaptic transmission in the hippocampal slice preparation and suggest that presynaptic actions on transmitter release, in addition to postsynaptic effects / Medicine, Faculty of / Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of / Graduate

In the hippocampus, transient tetanic stimulations of inputs, or brief simultaneous pairings of conditioning intracellular postsynaptic depolarizations with activated presynaptic afferents at low stimulation frequencies, result in input specific long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission. LTP lasts for hours in vitro, or weeks in vivo, and it is thought to be involved in memory and learning. Experimental evidence in the literature suggests that postsynaptic mechanisms mediate LTP induction, whereas presynaptic mechanisms are involved in its maintenance. Since LTP is thought to be generated by postsynaptic mechanisms and to be subsequently maintained by presynaptic processes, this suggests the presence of feedback interactions during LTP development, however, the experimental evidence for such interactions is presently not available. Consequently, the present studies were conducted to examine possible feedback interactions between postsynaptic and presynaptic elements in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the experiments tested the hypothesis that substances released during tetanic stimulations caused the release of endogenous substances that interacted with activated afferents resulting in alterations in presynaptic functions and LTP production. Experiments were conducted using transversely sectioned guinea pig hippocampal slices. Briefly, physiological medium containing 3.5 mNi Ba++ and 0.5 mM Ca (denoted as Ba medium) was used to induce the asynchronous release of transmitters, observed as evoked miniature EPSPs (minEPSPs) in CA1b neurons after stimulation of the stratum radiatum. During transient Ba++ applications, short bursts of evoked minEPSPs were observed following stimulations of the stratum radiatum or conditioning depolarizing current injections into CA1b neurons. Moreover, the frequencies of minEPSPs were significantly increased immediately after simultaneous stimulations of the stratum radiatum and conditioning depolarizing current injections into CA1b neurons. Significant increases in the frequencies of evoked minEPSPs were also observed during LTP induced by tetanic stimulations. The above increases in the frequencies of evoked minEPSPs were attributed, in part, to presynaptic changes resulting in increases in transmitters released. However, a thorough quanta! analysis is requirea to substantiate this conclusion. In order to determine whether any substances released during tetanic stimulations were involved in the mooulation of presynaptic functions and induction of LTP, samples were collected from guinea pig hippocampus and rabbit neocortex. It was found that samples that were collected during tetanic stimulations of the guinea pig hippocampus in vivo or rabbit neocortex in vivo produced LTP in the guinea pig hippocampal slice in vitro. Applications of these samples after heating and cooling failed to induce LTP. Subsequent studies demonstrated that PC-12 cells incubated in growth medium treated with samples collected during tetanic stimulations of the rabbit neocortex developed extensive neurite growths. In contrast, PC-12 cell cultures incubated in (1) heated and cooled samples, (2) samples collected in the absence of tetanic stimulations of the rabbit neocortex, or (3) plain growth medium, failed to develop neurite growths. In addition, PC-12 cell cultures that were incubatea in growth medium containing samples collected during tetanic stimulations plus saccharin (10 mM), a substance known to inhibit N6F-dependent neurite growth, failed to develop neurites. In separate experiments it was found that saccharin could block (1) the synaptic potentiating effects of the above collected and applied endogenous substances, and (2) LTP induced with tetanic stimulations, in the guinea pig hippocampus in vitro. The concentrations of saccharin used in these studies had insignificant effects on resting membrane potentials, input resistances, spontaneous or evoked responses of CA1b neurons. Furthermore, CA1b neuronal depolarizations induced by N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMDA) or with tetanic stimulations of the stratum radiatum, were not altered by saccharin applications. In addition, saccharin had insignificant effects on paired-pulse facilitation, post-tetanic potentiations, minEPSP frequencies in CA1b neurons, and Schaffer collaterals terminal excitability. These results suggest that saccharin blocked LTP through mechanisms different from either non-specific alterations in CA1b cell properties or NMDA receptor activation. Perhaps the agent antagonized LTP at a step beyond NMDA receptor activation. That saccharin blocked LTP caused by the applied neocortical sample as well as by tetanic stimulation of the stratum radiatum, and that saccharin also blocked neurite growth in PC-12 cells induced by the neocortical samples, raises the prospect that growth related substances are involved in LTP generation. In other control experiments, it was found that the potentiating effects of the collected endogenous substances were not antagonised by atropine or dihydro-e-erythroidine. Heated and then cooled solutions of glutamate (a putative transmitter at the Schaffer col laterals-CA1b synapses) still maintained their actions on the CA1b population spike. While brief applications of 2.5 μg/ml exogenous NGF (from Vipera lebetina) during low frequency stimulations of the stratum radiatum did not consistently induce LTP, this peptide significantly facilitated the development of LTP when applied in association with tetanic stimulations of weak inputs in the CA1b area. These weak inputs could not support LTP if tetanized in the absence of the exogenous NGF. The results of the studies in this thesis suggested that postsynaptic depolarizations modulated presynaptic functions in the hippocampus. Tetanic stimulations in hippocampus and neocortex caused the release of diffusible substances, which were probably growth related macromolecules, that interacted with activated presynaptic afferents and/or subsynaptic dendritic elements resulting in LTP development. The precise locus of actions of these agents awaits further investigations. / Medicine, Faculty of / Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of / Graduate

D.Ing. / The technique of using a live power cable to simultaneously transport a communication signal, has been practiced since the early 1900’s. In most cases, power-line communications has been implemented as a retrofit technology, with its main benefit being the utilization of a ‘free’ existing network. This driving force of power-line communications is typical for high-, medium-, and low-voltage distribution networks, as well as intra-building networks currently targeted for home automation and home networking. Researchers have thus focused on the optimum use of these existing power-line channels, often accepting the inherent drawbacks of this hostile communication channel. Apart from unpredictable noise sources, two main disadvantages of the low-voltage powerline network as a communication channel, are i) the unknown power cable characteristics and topology and ii) time-dependent fluctuation of the power-line impedance level as loads are unpredictable switched into, and out of the network. These two factors have obscured the requirements for proper coupling and impedance adaptation to the degree that most researchers and manufacturers have merely accepted this typical ≈ 20-dB coupling loss as one of the inherited disadvantages of the power-line channel. Most researchers and manufacturers have thus defaulted to a guessed power-line impedance level, and have used one fixed coupler winding ratio under all circumstances, regardless of power-line conditions. This study has shown that proper coupling and impedance adaptation can yield significant transmission gains even with limited (qualitative) knowledge of a power-line channel and its topology. After formulating design steps for an impedance-adapting coupler that facilitates bidirectional transmission, the impact of the fluctuating power-line impedance on coupler bandwidth was investigated. Next, impedance adaptation strategies were considered and the tradeoff between series cable requirements and parallel load requirements was explored. A model of sufficient simplicity was developed to facilitate qualitative description and classification of power outlets – functioning as communication nodes. Very interesting simulation results were obtained and these were verified using a laboratory setup of characterized power cables and calibrated loads. Next, these simulation results were employed to improve power-line transmission over a live, uncharacterized 220-V residential network by means of i) classifying typical residential rooms qualitatively in order to choose proper coupler winding ratios and ii) using an innovative dual coupler for dedicated on-off switching with harsh loads, thereby mitigating the fluctuating impact of said loads on low-voltage power-line communications.

Ma thèse de doctorat porte sur la mémoire et sur les modalités de transmission des connaissances en danse contemporaine. Pour réaliser mon étude, je me suis concentrée sur le cas de la compagnie du Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch et sur l’héritage artistique de la chorégraphe allemande Pina Bausch (1940-2009). Depuis 2009, une fondation qui porte son nom a été adjointe à l’institution historique de la compagnie de danse qui poursuit à représenter le répertoire Bausch dans le monde entier. La fondation - fondée par le fils de Pina Bausch, Salomon Bausch - a pour objectif la conservation et la diffusion de la connaissance des œuvres artistiques que sa mère a créées tout au long de sa vie : elle détient les archives Bausch, les droits de œuvres et les scénographies et les costumes créés par Rolf Borzik. La réflexion méthodologique est incorporée, à part entière, dans ma thèse. Pour les interviews que j’ai réalisées, j’ai adopté la méthodologie de l’histoire orale. Ma recherche est axée sur quatre domaines principaux qui correspondent à quatre différentes articulations de la mémoire : l’archive, le répertoire, la création et l’exposition. La perspective d’accès choisie pour observer la façon dont les chorégraphies et l’histoire du Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch sont transmises aux nouvelles générations à l’ère post-Bausch est celle des danseurs italiens qui ont intégré la compagnie entre 1973 et 2009. A ce propos, j’ai réalisé une série d’interviews avec : Beatrice Libonati, Antonio Carallo, Aida Vainieri, Cristiana Morganti, Damiano Ottavio Bigi et Marigia Maggipinto. Le témoignage de chacun des danseurs permet de questionner l’histoire du Tanztheater Wuppertal à partir d’un point de vue interne et donne des informations sur le fonctionnement de la mémoire et de la transmission. / My doctoral thesis deals with memory and the transmission of knowledge in contemporary dance. To prepare my study, I concentrated on the case of the dance company Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch and on the German choreographer Pina Bausch’s the artistic legacy (1940-2009). Since 2009, a foundation named after the choreographer was created alongside the historic dance company which continues to represent the Bausch repertory worldwide. The foundation’s goal - which was founded by Pina Bausch’s son, Salomon Bausch - is to preserve and spread the knowledge of his mother’s artworks which were created all her life long: it owns the Bausch archives, the dance works rights and the scenography and the costumes created by Rolf Borzik.The methodological reflection which support my thesis is fully embodied. For the interviews, I adopted the methodology of oral history. My research is based on four principal domains which correspond to four different articulations of memory: the archives, the repertory, the creation and the exhibition. The perspective I chose to access my object of study and to observe how the choreographies and the history of the Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch are transmitted to new generations at the post-Bausch era is that of the Italian dancers who integrated the company between 1973 and 2009. For this purpose, I’ve realized a series of interviews with: Beatrice Libonati, Antonio Carallo, Aida Vainieri, Cristiana Morganti, Damiano Ottavio Bigi et Marigia Maggipinto. The witnessing of each one of the dancers allows to question Tanztheater Wuppertal’s history from an internal point of view and it gives information concerning the functioning of memory and transmission.

Au cours des dernières années, la biologie et plus généralement la recherche médicale, a connu des avancées majeures grâce aux nombreux progrès de la microscopie, de la génétique, de la biologie moléculaire, de la protéomique, et du séquençage à haut débit. Il s’agit maintenant d’identifier à partir de toutes ces données gigantesques, les grandes lois de la biologie. Le principe de la biologie intégrative ou systémique est de poser les bases d'une véritable théorie de l'organisation fonctionnelle du vivant à partir des différents mécanismes découverts expérimentalement. De la même manière que l'on décrit la matière par les théories des mathématiques, de la physique, et de la chimie, on veut pouvoir comprendre, formaliser et modéliser le fonctionnement des mécanismes du vivant. Cette thèse a consisté à réaliser une bibliothèque de modèles fonctionnels des réactions chimiques qui prennent place dans les cellules nerveuses aussi appelés modèles élémentaires et de les assembler afin d’obtenir un système mimant le plus finement possible les mécanismes de la propagation du signal électrique au sein d’une synapse. Les travaux réalisés jusqu'alors ont permis de modéliser les mécanismes essentiels et de reconstituer le comportement d’une synapse glutamatergique. En particulier, l’utilisation de cette nouvelle méthode de recherche et de développement de médicaments a pour objectif de proposer des molécules innovantes, en optimisant leurs propriétés biochimiques. Cette technique permettra, dans un futur proche, l'avènement d'une nouvelle génération de pharmaceutiques, dit multi-cibles, c'est-à-dire permettant d'intervenir sur les différents mécanismes d'une pathologie. / In recent years, biology and medical research more generally, has seen major advances in microscopy, genetics, molecular biology, proteomics, and high-throughput sequencing. We now identify from these huge data, the great laws of biology. The principle of integrative biology or systemic is to defined the basis of the foundations for a theory of the functional organization of living from different mechanisms discovered experimentally. In the same way that matter is described by the theories of mathematics, physics, and chemistry, we want to understand, formalize and model the functioning of living mechanisms. This thesis has been to achieve a library of functional models of chemical reactions that take place in nerve cells also called elementary models and assemble them to obtain a system mimicking the finest possible mechanisms of electrical signal propagation within of a synapse. The work done so far allow us to model the essential mechanisms and reconstruct the behavior of a glutamatergic synapse. In particular, the use of this new method of research and drug development aims to offer innovative molecules by optimizing their biochemical properties. This technique will, in the near future, the advent of a new generation of pharmaceuticals, said multi-target, able to intervene on the different mechanisms of disease.