Analýza zpoplatnění vjezdu do center měst si klade za cíl komplexní popsání fenoménu městské dopravy a jejího vlivu na své okolní prostředí - město. Výchozím bodem práce je vývoj dopravy ve městech. Dále práce pojednává o kongescích, znečištění životního prostředí a bezpečnosti dopravy. Autor se věnuje dále politice Evropské unie se zaměřením na dopravu ve městech. Dále je pojednáno o ekonomické teorii zpoplatnění vjezdu do center měst a alternativních konceptech pro městskou dopravu. Na příkladech Londýna a Stockholmu je v detailním rozboru dokladován vliv mýtného na dopravu, životní prostřední, bezpečnost dopravy a hospodářství. Práce obsahuje analýzu výnosů a nákladů mýtných systému v Londýně a ve Stockholmu. V závěru se autor zabývá podmínkami, za kterých je vhodné o systému městského mýta uvažovat.

Thesis is amimed at transport, its development within European union and finally EU transport policy. It focuses on specific issues and strategies that affect all european countries such as development of Trans-European Transport Network.

The aim of this thesis is to find out, whether the European Union is capable to propose and implement consistent, comprehensive and really practically run strategy in the field of transport using renewable energy. Renewable energy can be identified as a solution for the long-term environmental and energetic issues considering the trend of growing volume of European transport to continue. The question is, whether the adopted measures are affective enough and affect the development of transport using renewable sources of energy in praxis.

The dissertation has focused its attention on rail freight transport in the EU where it tried to identify trends that have accompanied that transport in the last decades. The identified trends are: intermodality, interoperability, creation of railway corridors and harmonization of legal norms for transport of goods. Each trend has been judged from the perspective of the so-called "common transport policy". The complexity of the analyzed environment as well as the interest in the depiction of the situation in the Czech Republic have led to the setting of three goals and three scientific questions. The result of the author's scientific investigation is a completely original work that should contribute to better understanding of changes of structural-systemic nature that happen in the rail cargo transport in the territory of the EU. Such a work is also an evaluating mirror for the reform of the railway sector undertaken by the same institution.

The target of this diploma theses is to evaluate the Common Transport Policy of the EU and the development of decarbonization in world and European economies. The first chapter focuses on the role of transport in economy, common transport policy of the EU and its environmental aspects. Next chapter is specialized in adoption of the Kyoto protocol, than in the global and European development and decarbonization in transportation. Last third chapter aims on the future of decarbonization and the alternative fuels.

This study examines two EU-funded sustainability projects within the Swedish transport sector. The projects are initiated by the County Administrative Board of Gotland and the County Administrative Board of Västmanland. The purpose of the study is to investigate which “problems” that are represented within the projects, what kind of change these particular interpretations of the problem bring about, and, how this could be understood from a feminist perspective. Through analysis of project documents and interviews, the study investigates how the concept of gender equality is understood and implemented in these projects. The analysis is based on five analytical questions inspired by Carol L. Bacchi’s approach “What´s the Problem Represented to be”. The study answers the following research questions; how is the connection between gender, gender equality and sustainability understood in the projects? What obstacles and opportunities for sustainable gender equality work is expressed through people on leading positions within the projects? And; how can this be interpreted from an ecofeminist perspective? The study shows that sustainability and gender equality are linked within the projects through a focus on gender and accessibility. In summary, there are three dominant problem representations. These problem representations are; Gendered climate impact, gendered transport habits and behaviors, The lack of female professional drivers and Gendered jargons and attitudes within the organizations. The study shows that the problem representations form a basis for measures that emphasize that, for the most part, women as a group are expected to be the ones responsible for the change. The concluding discussion illuminates some of the alternative problems and possible changes that these particular problem representations obscure. The awareness of the effects of these problem representations within the transport sector opens up to broaden the societal and scientific conversations on the matter.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17960号 / 工博第3808号 / 新制||工||1583(附属図書館) / 30790 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 聡, 准教授 SCHMOECKERJan-Dirk, 准教授 神田 佑亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The thesis aims at developing new, alternative approaches and methods based on suggestions and ideas originating from moral philosophy and philosophical decision theory. More precisely, the thesis aims at investigating the rationality of transport policy decisions, including goal-setting and performance evaluation. Paper I discusses rationality in road safety policy. Problematic features are identified and discussed. The paper argues that the Swedish road safety goal is rational, since it is action-guiding and achievement-inducing. This follows by observing that the goal satisfies the criteria of precision, evaluability, approachability, and motivity. The paper states that previous accusations of irrationality have been unnecessarily imprecise, since no reference is made to independently developed criteria of rational goal-setting. Paper II discusses the Swedish transport policy goals, and the role of social welfare in rational policy decisions. Goals often come into conflict and trade-offs must be rationally and consistently managed. Policy decisions are outcomes of political processes. In the case of policy goals and decisions, the agent is society. This introduces the problematic concept of social welfare, which itself is an ambiguous goal with many meanings. Whether a decision is rational or not depends on whose perspective one takes on – that of society as a whole or that of the actual decision makers. Paper III aims at investigating six different procedures for resolving goal conflicts: weighted average, lexicographic preference, conditional lexicographic preference, absolute restriction, generalised prioritarianism, and partial comparability. Criteria for selection, according to the respective procedures, are formulated and summarised in a table. The six procedures are contrasted with respect to their tendency to rule out possible sets of alternatives as being not choiceworthy. / QC 20101123

Air pollution is a public health issue, and traffic is one of the main sources of pollutants such as NO2, PM10 and PM2.5. Consequently, European cities have been implementing low-emission zones (LEZs) by defining regulated areas, where the most-polluting vehicles are prohibited from driving. Such measure has been proven to mostly accelerate local fleet renewal rates, thus decreasing emissions and overall pollutant concentrations, provided that restrictions were strict enough. The 2019 mobility-orientation law in France made mandatory for some territories to set up action plans for tackling air pollution issues. With only four currently implemented LEZs in France, feedback from similar territories within the country may be lacking for decision-makers. The goal of this thesis was therefore to aggregate past experiences of already-implemented LEZs in Europe in order to provide recommendations for a large-scale implementation of such policy in France. Relevant city-specific indicators were identified, and K-Means clustering was implemented in order to classify European cities currently implementing LEZs. Such typology was applied to French territories that may face an obligation to implement a LEZ. Recommendations regarding the most relevant strategies were thus formulated. Four city archetypes were identified – public transport metropoles, cycling cities, car-oriented cities, and walkable-impoverished cities. LEZ strategies applied in Berlin, Brussels and Lisbon were respectively the identified best practices associated with the first three clusters. Moreover, out of the 263 French territories targeted in the mobility-orientation law, 54 of them were classified according to the developed typology. More specifically, the majority of them fell into the car-oriented archetype and 20 agglomerations could hence reasonably adapt the Lisbon strategy to their local specificities. Six territories at the outskirts of Paris, associated with public transport metropoles, could also investigate how the current Greater Paris LEZ affect their inhabitants. This thesis is the first to propose a typology tailored for LEZ evaluation. By incorporating modal shares within the classification indicators, potential synergies between LEZs and existing transportation networks were highlighted. Additionally, this thesis shows that future research should focus on investigating impacts of LEZs on traveling patterns and mode choices (vehicle purchases, modal shifts, etc.). This would help future ex-ante evaluations to better calibrate hypotheses regarding direct effects of LEZs.

Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée aux politiques de transport public gratuit, à travers des données empiriques tirées d'une analyse géographique globale de la FFPT et de programmes particuliers de FFPT à Tallinn (Estonie), Aubagne (France) et Chengdu (Chine). Le travail empirique et les réflexions qui y sont menées résultent d’un intérêt pour les « alternatives » urbaines et d’une réflexion sur la façon dont les celles-ci pourraient être identifiées et étudiées dans le domaine de transports urbains. Reconnaissant la domination des perspectives dites « néoclassiques » et « durables » sur le transport urbain, la thèse propose de remettre en cause cette domination en intégrant une dimension explicitement urbaine dans l'analyse des politiques des transports. L'objectif principal de la recherche est donc de renforcer le lien entre les traditions critiques de la théorie urbaine et la géographie des transports en analysant et en démontrant comment les politiques des transports sont également des politiques urbaines. Elle développe ainsi un cadre inspiré du concept de « droit à la ville » d’Henri Lefebvre. Cela permet d'étudier comment les politiques de transports sont étayées par des questions de gouvernance, de coalitions et de régimes urbains ;quels intérêts et acteurs elle représentent ;comment elles sont au centre de l’entre-preneurialisme urbain ainsi que des résistances aux logiques entrepreneuriales ;quel rôle elle jouent dans la compétitivité territoriale ;comment elle peuvent être explorées à travers des questions liées à la participation des travailleurs et des citoyens, en soulignant le rôle de ses travailleurs et utilisateurs. Dans ce sens, le « droit à la ville » est proposé comme une grille d’analyse critique à travers laquelle la réalité des transports urbains peut être vue, analysée et, de manière volontairement normative, modifiée. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished