This thesis will research and evaluate the state of the current ETSI VAM standard. The thesis evaluates and discusses the means of improving the speed and response of ETSI VAM by reducing the load on the radio medium. The research looks to prove that fewer messages broadcasted improve VRU awareness. The thesis focuses mainly on the benefits of VRU clustering as a means of reducing radio medium load through numerical evaluation and physical implementation testing. Evaluation of basic and alternate cluster parameters is performed to find the most optimal ones; alternate clustering strategies are also discussed and proposed. The thesis aims to improve the standard by finding and evaluating alternate methods and parameters in order to propose improved options. / Projektet utvärderar och diskuterar sätten att förbättra hastigheten och responsen hos ETSI VAM genom att minska belastningen på radiomediet. Forskningen syftar till att bevisa att färre meddelanden som sänds förbättrar systemets VRU-medvetenhet. Fokuset ligger huvudsakligen på att utvärdera fördelarna med "VRU-klustring" som ett sätt att minska radiomediebelastningen genom numerisk utvärdering och fysisk testning. Utvärdering av grundläggande och alternativa klusterparametrar utförs för att hitta de mest optimala; alternativa klustringsstrategier diskuteras och föreslås också. Projektet syftar till att förbättra standarden genom att hitta och utvärdera alternativa metoder och parametrar för att föreslå förbättrade alternativ.

<p dir="ltr">Cellular-Vehicle to Everything or C-V2X refers to vehicles connected to their surroundings using cellular based networks. With the rise of connected vehicles, C-V2X is emerging as one of the major standards for message transmission in automotive scenarios. The project aims to study the feasibility of C-V2X-based message transmission by building a prototype system, named <b>RampCast</b>, for transmitting traffic information from roadside message boards to vehicles. The RampCast framework would also implement geocasting-based algorithms to deliver messages to targeted vehicles. These algorithms focus on improving location-based message delivery using retransmission and prioritization strategies. The messages used for transmission are selected from the 511 web application built by INDOT, which contains the live traffic information for the state of Indiana which includes Travel Time information, Crash Alerts, Construction Alerts etc.</p><p dir="ltr">The major objectives of this project consist of building the RampCast prototype, a system implementing C-V2X networks using a Software Defined Radio(SDR). The RampCast system implements a Publisher-subscriber messaging architecture with the primary actors being a Road Side Unit(RSU) and a Vehicle Onboard Unit(OBU). A data store containing traffic messages sourced from the 511 API is set up to be the input to the RampCast system. An end-to-end message transmission pipeline is built that would implement message transmission algorithms on the RSU and OBU side. Finally, the performance of message transmission on the RampCast system is evaluated using a metrics-capturing module. The system was evaluated on a test track in Columbus, Indiana. The performance metrics of the system were captured and analyzed, and the system met the key performance indicators for Latency, Packet Delivery Rate, and Packet Inter-reception Rate. The results indicate the satisfactory performance of the C-V2X standard for message transmission in the RampCast traffic guidance scenarios.</p>

Tenhults Pressgjuteri AB is facing growth in expansion, which results in need of bigger premises. The company has bought an adjoining property to overcome this problem. This thesis givessuggestions on how the logistics of these properties should be managed, which transport system is most suitable to use, where deliveries will take place and how the stock will be set upin the new premises. To obtain relevant data and information have a description of the facts, measurements and calculations been made. Selections and ratings have been used to develop suitable alternative solutions. The payback-method has been used to calculate the investments. A specially designed evaluation chart forms the basis of which transport system to be used. Lastly, a sensivity analysishas been conducted to determine how reliable the results are. Deliveries and inventory have been determined based on the choice of transport system.The thesis shows that the choice of transport system depends on the volumes that are carried, distance and environmental conditions. The market offers both automated transport systems and systems that require a driver. The automated transport system willnot be profitable whenthe cargo volume is too small since the investment costs are significantly higher. However, the operating costs are low which makes it profitable with an increased cargo volume. Closer analysis of existing production flow could provide a more credibleresult. What also must be taken into account is thatthe costs is not preciseand may differ in reality. The costs are assumed to be so lifelike that they do not affect the result more than marginally. / Tenhults Pressgjuteri AB befinner sig i en expansionsfasoch är i behov av större lokaler. För att lösa dettahar företaget köpt upp en grannfastighet. Denna rapport ger förslag på hur logistiken mellan dessa fastigheter skall skötas,vilket transportsystem som är lämpligt att använda, var utleveranserskall ske,samt ett förslag på hurlager kan ställas uppi den nya fabriken. För att erhålla relevant data och information har nulägesbeskrivningar, mätningar och beräkningar gjorts. Urval och värderingar har använts för att ta fram lämpliga alternativ på lösningar. För att beräkna investeringskostnader har payback-metoden använts och ett specialframtaget värderingsschema ligger som grund för valet av transportsystem. Slutligen har en känslighetsanalys gjorts för att bestämma hur pålitligt resultatet är. Utleverans och lager har bestämts utifrån valet av transportsystem för att synkronisera på bästa sätt. Arbetet visar att val av transportsystem beror påvilka volymer som fraktas, avstånd och miljöförhållanden. Marknaden erbjuder både automatiserade transportsystem och system som kräver chaufför. I detta fall är fraktvolymen för litenför att ett automatiserat system skall vara lönsamt eftersominvesteringskostnaderna för ett sådant system är betydligt högre. Däremot är driftkostnaderna lågaför ett automatiserat systemoch vid en större fraktvolym sparas dessa driftkostnaderin då ingen bemanningskostnad tillkommer.Närmare undersökning av befintligt produktionsflöde kunde ge ett mer trovärdigt resultat då arbetet baseras på beräkningar från olika portar. Det som också skall tas i beaktande är att kostnaderna inte är exakta och kan komma att avvika i verkligheten. Kostnaderna antas dock vara så verklighetstrogna att de inte påverkar resultatet mer än marginellt.

There exists no predefined framework for aviation policy making and development. While aviation policy planning in most developed countries comes as a result of institutional and industry coordination and is embedded within other national policies addressing the welfare and growth of the country, it is found that in many cases in less developed countries (LDCs), aviation policy planning is often influenced by political pressures and the interests of fund donors. The complexity of this situation in the developing countries results in aviation plans that represent stand alone studies and attempt to find solutions to specific problems rather than comprehensive aviation plans which fit well the country‘s competitiveness profile and are properly coordinated with other national policies for achieving medium and long-term objectives. This study provides a three-stage policy development framework for aviation strategic planning based on situational analysis and performance benchmarking practices in order to assemble policy elements and produce a best-fit aviation strategy. The framework builds on study results that indicate an association between air transport sector performance and aviation policy strategies, arguing that it is not sufficient to simply describe performance but also to be able to assess it and understand how policymakers can use strategic planning tools to affect the air transport industry efficiency levels. This can be achieved by recognizing the level of the country‘s stage of development and working on enhancing the policy elements that produce better output and induce more contributions by aviation to the national economic development and connectivity levels. The proposed aviation policy development framework is systematic and continuous. It helps policymakers in LDC to manage uncertainty in complex situations by allowing them to defend, correct and re-examine the policy actions based on a forward thinking approach which incorporates the contingency elements of the policy and tracks the developments that can affect the odds of its success. The framework‘s elements and its flow of process are explained by providing an illustrative example applied to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

The thesis describes and assesses the current state of the transport network situation in the capital of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava. The core topic is a description of the problem areas, assessing the current status and evolution over time, for the urban public transport system.

El congestionamiento vehicular es el segundo problema más grande de los limeños, este se debe a que el sistema de transporte actual tiene algunas deficiencias. Sin embargo, existen sistemas vehiculares que han tenido más éxito, como es el caso del Sistema Metropolitano de Transporte de Lima (Metropolitano). No obstante, este también presenta algunos déficits, sobre todo, en la aplicación del Diseño Gráfico Ambiental que no permite que los usuarios se desenvuelvan correctamente en sus instalaciones. Por esa razón el objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar los principales problemas encontrados en el Metropolitano para poder crear una propuesta de solución basada en las herramientas que brinda el Diseño Gráfico Ambiental para comprobar si es que la implementación de Diseño Gráfico Ambiental, haciendo uso de sus elementos acompañados del uso de branding, códigos visuales, y un método de proyecto enfocado a diseño en el Sistema Metropolitano de Transporte de Lima puede mejorar la experiencia del usuario. Para el presente trabajo se realizó una investigación a nivel exploratorio y de enfoque cualitativo, ya que el objetivo era hallar las causas por las cuales los usuarios no logran conectar totalmente con las instalaciones del Metropolitano. La propuesta fue el replanteamiento del sistema de Diseño Gráfico Ambiental que va acompañado de una nueva identidad de marca. El resultado de los test fue en su mayoría positivo y por lo tanto se puede decir que la hipótesis presentada fue validada en el presente trabajo. / Traffic congestion is the second largest of the limeans problem, this is due to that the current transport system has some shortcomings. However, there are vehicular systems who have had more success, as it is the case of the Metropolitan system of transportation of Lima (Metropolitan). However, this also presents some deficits in its environmental design that not allows that users can manage is correctly in its facilities. Therefore, so the objective of the present study is to identify the main problems encountered in the system Metropolitan Transportation of Lima (Metropolitan) in order to create a proposal for a solution based on tools that provides design Environmental to thus be able to check if it is a good implementation of environmental graphic design, making use of its elements accompanied by the use of branding, Visual codes, and a method of project focused on design in the Metropolitan system of Transportation of Lima will allow that their user experience is improved. This study was an Experimental investigation level exploratory and qualitative approach, since the objective was to find the causes by which the users unable to connect completely with the metropolitan facilities. The proposal was the implementation of a system of environmental design that goes along with a new identity. The result of the test was mostly favourable so we can say that the hypothesis presented was validated in this study. / Trabajo de investigación

The increasing use of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) can enable very close vehicle spacings which generally results in a net drag reduction for the resulting convoys. The majority of vehicle development has, to date, been for vehicles in isolation, thus the study of interaction effects is becoming increasingly important. The main objective of this research is to investigate the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for understanding convoy aerodynamics and to further the understanding of airflow interaction between vehicles via CFD. In this study, time-averaged characteristics of a simplified, generic passenger vehicle, called the Ahmed car model, after Ahmed et.al (1984) is investigated computationally using the available commercial CFD code, Fluent version 6.1.22. Three different platoon combinations were analysed for the current study which includes a two, three and six model platoons for various rear end configurations of the Ahmed model geometry. Experiments were conducted in RMIT University Industrial Wind Tunnel for analysing the effects of drafting on drag coefficients using two different scales of Ahmed car models. This is an extension to the previous study performed on two 100% scales of Ahmed models (Vino and Watkins, 2004) and the results for both the current and previous experiments were compared using CFD. The CFD proved to be a useful technique since its results compared reasonably well for both the current and the previous experiments on drafting, using Ahmed models of identical (30°) rear slant configurations. However, near critical rear slant angles (~30°) for isolated vehicles some discrepancies were noted. The reasonable validation of experimental results enabled the study to be extended further computationally using CFD, to analyse the effects of inter-vehicle spacing on a platoon of 3 and 6 models for various rear end configurations (between 0° and 40°), in an attempt to provide useful information on vehicle-wake interaction for the Future Generation Intelligent Transport System (FGITS). Critical gaps were identified via CFD for the case of a two, three and six model platoons and the simulations clearly exposed the reasons for these critical gaps. At extremely close proximity, the models experienced more pressure recovery at their rear vertical base, which reduced the drag coefficient. Surprisingly, at some of the close vehicle spacings, the drag coefficients reached values that were higher than that of a vehicle in isolation. This was found due to the high momentum flow impingement to the fore body of the model and was similar to results found in physical experiments. Thus the current CFD analysis revealed that rear slant angle of the model and the inter-vehicle spacing greatly influences the wake structures and ultimately the vehicles aerodynamic drag coefficients in platoons. Even though the current CFD model (Realizable k-B turbulence model) predicted the basic flow structures such as the C-pillar vortices from the rear slant and 2D horse shoe vortices in the model's vertical rear base, the separation bubble on the rear slant that supplies energy to the strong C-pillar vortices was not replicated accurately, which is evidenced from the flow structure analysis. Hence it is recommended for further work, that the study should be extended using the Reynold's stress models or the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence models for flow structure observation and analysing vortex interactions between the models.

Bakgrund: Prestationsmätning är en viktig del av ekonomistyrning och mätningarna ser olika ut beroende på organisation. Inom offentlig verksamhet har intresset för prestationsmätning ökat i och med New Public Management-idéerna (NPM). NPM har bidragit till en ökad företagsekonomisk inriktning på offentlig styrning, där resurshushållning och effektivitet fått ett tydligare fokus. Prestationsmätning har tidigare främst förknippats med finansiella prestationer. Under 1980- och 90-talen ökade kritiken mot detta ensidigt finansiella intresse, företrädelsevis ur en företagskontext. Att även utföra icke-finansiell prestationsmätning, och att då ha en flerdimensionell styrning, framhölls allt oftare som ett sätt att få organisationer mer framgångsrika. En av de mest välkända styrmetoderna för detta synsätt är det balanserade styrkortet. Balanserade styrkort som flerdimensionell styrmetod är enligt vissa forskare lämpligt även för offentlig verksamhet. Andra forskare menar att offentlig verksamhet genom NPM och fokus på resurshushållning samt effektivitet i sig är endimensionellt. Kollektivtrafiken i Sverige tillhör den offentliga sektorn. Under senare år har kollektivtrafiken dragits med låg effektivitet samtidigt som branschen har som mål att fördubbla resandet. Hur väl balanserade är olika perspektiv inom kollektivtrafiken?   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka befintlig perspektivbalans av de mått som används bland svenska kollektivtrafikhuvudmän samt att kartlägga faktiska prioriteringar mellan olika mål och mått. Metod: Till denna studie har det använts kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats, arbetsgången har varit parallell.  Empirisk data har insamlats genom enkätundersökning som skickats ut till respondenter hos samtliga trafikhuvudmän i landet. Slutsats: Inom kollektivtrafiken finns det en relativt god balans mellan olika perspektiv, både i organisationer som uttalat använder sig av balanserade styrkort och de som uppger att de inte gör det. Enkätstudien visar att bland de fem perspektiv som studien utgått från är kundperspektivet och utvecklingsperspektivet de som används mest aktivt inom kollektivtrafiken. Det finansiella perspektivet och effektivitetsperspektivet är något man arbetar mindre med. Några enskilda mått som framstår som mest frekvent använda är antal resenärer, kundnöjdhet och att hålla sig inom budget. Studiens resultat visar att man arbetar mer aktivt med prestationsmätning inom organisationer som använder balanserat styrkort samt att trafikdirektörer arbetar mer aktivt med prestationsmätning jämfört med andra funktioner. / Context: Measuring Performance is an important part of management control, as well as the manner in which these performance measurements are implemented in different organizations. Interest in measuring performance in the public sector has grown with the introduction of New Public Management (NPM). NPM has contributed to a more business-like way of dealing with public management, focusing on efficiency and resource management. Previously, performance measurements were mainly associated with financial performance. During the 1980s and 1990s, criticism arose against what was perceived as being companies focusing solely on financial performance. Complementing non-financial performance measurements were seen as way of bringing more prosperity to organizations. One of the most well-known multi-dimensional management methods is the balanced scorecard. According to some researchers, balanced scorecards are also suitable for public sector management, due to their multiple dimensions. Other research indicates that the influence of NPM and the focus on efficiency and resource management in this sector is one dimensional. The public transport sector in Sweden is partly funded by public finance and hence part of the public sector. During the last decade, public transport has lacked efficiency, while at the same time having a goal of doubling the number of passengers using its services. How balanced are the different perspectives in the public transport in Sweden? Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the balance between the different modes of performance measurement used within the Swedish public transport system. Secondly, this work aims to map the actual priorities of the different measurements used. Method: This study uses a quantitative method with a deductive approach; the work process has taken place in parallel. Empirical data has been collected by means of a web-based survey that has been sent out to respondents working in all the public transport authorities in Sweden. Conclusion: Within the Swedish public transport system, there is a relatively good balance between different perspectives; this pertains to both the organizations that use balanced scorecards and the non-users. This study shows that among the five researched viewpoints, the customer aspect and the development aspect are the aspects pursued most actively. The financial aspect and efficiency aim are pursued less actively. Single measurements that seem to be most actively used are the number of passengers, customer satisfaction and keeping within budget. The results also indicate that there is a more active work done with performance measurements within organizations, which use balanced scorecards and that traffic directors are using performance measurements more actively than other functions.

There exists no predefined framework for aviation policy making and development. While aviation policy planning in most developed countries comes as a result of institutional and industry coordination and is embedded within other national policies addressing the welfare and growth of the country, it is found that in many cases in less developed countries (LDCs), aviation policy planning is often influenced by political pressures and the interests of fund donors. The complexity of this situation in the developing countries results in aviation plans that represent stand alone studies and attempt to find solutions to specific problems rather than comprehensive aviation plans which fit well the country‘s competitiveness profile and are properly coordinated with other national policies for achieving medium and long-term objectives. This study provides a three-stage policy development framework for aviation strategic planning based on situational analysis and performance benchmarking practices in order to assemble policy elements and produce a best-fit aviation strategy. The framework builds on study results that indicate an association between air transport sector performance and aviation policy strategies, arguing that it is not sufficient to simply describe performance but also to be able to assess it and understand how policymakers can use strategic planning tools to affect the air transport industry efficiency levels. This can be achieved by recognizing the level of the country‘s stage of development and working on enhancing the policy elements that produce better output and induce more contributions by aviation to the national economic development and connectivity levels. The proposed aviation policy development framework is systematic and continuous. It helps policymakers in LDC to manage uncertainty in complex situations by allowing them to defend, correct and re-examine the policy actions based on a forward thinking approach which incorporates the contingency elements of the policy and tracks the developments that can affect the odds of its success. The framework‘s elements and its flow of process are explained by providing an illustrative example applied to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

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