Les éléments transposables (ETs) sont des séquences d’ADN capables de se déplacer au sein du génome. Ils sont trouvés chez la plupart des organismes vivants (45% du génome humain). Du fait de leur mobilité, ils créent des mutations et causent des pathologies (par exemple : Cancer, Hémophilie A ...), d’autres ont perdu leur capacité à transposer, on les nomme « séquences ancestrales ». Pour comprendre la régulation des éléments transposables, nous avons choisi la drosophile comme modèle animal car elle contient les différents types d’ETs trouvés chez l’Homme. Mon projet de thèse concerne l’élément I de la drosophile apparenté à la famille LINE (Long Interspersed Nucleotidic Element) chez les mammifères (20% du génome humain). Un croisement entre des mâles Inducteurs ‘I’ possédant des éléments I fonctionnels avec des femelles réactives ‘R’ qu’en sont dépourvus entraînera la forte mobilisation des éléments I dans les ovaires de la descendance femelle. Leur activation est à l’origine de la Dysgénésie des Hybrides du système I-R. Nos résultats précédents ont montré qu’on peut inhiber l’activité de I, en introduisant des fragments de I lui-même. Ce mécanisme pourrait être comparé à une «vaccination génétique». Plus tard, il a été montré que cette régulation implique une voie de l’ARN interférence, celle des piRNA (Piwi interacting RNA). D’autre part il a été démontré que HP1a, une protéine hétérochromatique, était impliquée dans la répression des ETs. De manière surprenante, mes résultats révèlent qu’un allèle de HP1a portant une mutation dans le chromodomaine (CD : Site d’interaction entre HP1a et H3K9me3) est capable de réduire l’activité de l’élément I et de restaurer la fertilité des femelles. Ce phénotype est corrélé avec une baisse significative des transcrits fonctionnels des éléments I. Des analyses par approches bio-informatiques indiquent l’interférence de la protéine HP1a mutée par son CD avec la voie des piRNAs. Cette interférence aboutit à la régulation de l’élément I et de la suppression de la dysgénésie des hybrides. / Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences capable of moving within the genome. They are found in most living organisms (45% of the human genome). Because of their mobility, they create mutations and cause pathologies (for example: Cancer, Haemophilia A ...), others have lost their capacity to transpose, we call them "ancestral sequences". To understand the regulation of transposable elements, we have chosen Drosophila as an animal model because it contains the different types of TEs found in humans. My thesis project is to study the Drosophila element I related to the LINE family (Long Interspersed Nucleotidic Element) in mammals (20% of the human genome). A cross between Inductive 'I' males possessing functional I elements and reactive 'R' females without it will result in the strong mobilization of the I elements in the ovaries of the female offspring. Their activation is at the origin of the Hybrid Dysgenesis of the I-R system. Our previous results have shown that one can inhibit the activity of I by introducing fragments of I itself. This mechanism could be compared to a "genetic vaccination". Later, it was shown that this regulation involves a pathway of RNA interference, that of piRNA (Piwi interacting RNA). On the other hand it has been shown that HP1a, a heterochromatic protein was involved in the repression of ETs. Surprisingly, my results reveal that an HP1a allele carrying a mutation in the chromodomain (CD: Site of interaction between HP1a and H3K9me3) is able to reduce the activity of element I and to restore fertility in females. This phenotype is correlated with a significant decrease in the functional transcripts of the elements I. Bioinformatics analyzes indicate the interference of the HP1a protein mutated by its CD with the piRNAs pathway. This interference results in the regulation of the element I and the suppression of the dysgenesis of the hybrids.

Present in almost all living organisms, cytochrome P450s form one of the biggest enzyme superfamilies. They are versatile biocatalysts, capable of performing a range of biochemical reactions and are involved in a wide spectrum of biological functions. The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has 85 P450s in its sequenced genome. Six of these have been found to catalyse the synthesis of the important insect molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone and a handful have been implicated in insecticide resistance. The other P450s remained largely uncharacterised. / In the first half of this thesis, the expression patterns of P450s in the D. melanogaster genome were characterised by in situ hybridisation at the third instar larval stage. Most P450s have defined expression patterns at this stage of development. A majority of P450s are expressed in the midgut, Malpighian tubules and fat body, tissues that are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Other P450s are expressed in specific tissues, such as the prothoracic glands, the salivary glands and the gonads, where they might have roles in development or reproduction. In particular, Cyp6g2 is expressed in the corpus allatum (CA), where it could play a role in juvenile hormone synthesis. An RNAi lethality screen using lines that were available from the Vienna Drosophila RNAi Centre identified a number of P450s which are essential for development and viability. / In the second half of the thesis, the transcriptional regulation of a P450 involved in insecticide resistance, Cyp6g1, was investigated. Cyp6g1 was regulated by two discrete cis-regulatory modules/enhancers, one controlling expression in the Malpighian tubules and one controlling expression in the midgut and fat body. Phenobarbital induction of Cyp6g1 is tissue-specific and is mediated by a fragment in the 5’ regulatory region that interacts with both enhancers. Characterisation of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the Accord transposable element in the 5’ region of Cyp6g1, present in insecticide resistant populations, shows that the Accord LTR contains cis-regulatory elements which increase expression of Cyp6g1 in the fat body, midgut and Malpighian tubules, and contribute to insecticide resistance in these populations. / This study shows that the diverse tissue distribution of different P450s in D. melanogaster is related to the diverse biological functions of the enzymes encoded. This is exemplified by the detailed examination of the regulation of the insecticide resistance-conferring P450, Cyp6g1. Its expression pattern reflects its detoxification function in the fly. The role of transposable element insertions in changing gene expression patterns and contributing to selectable variation in genomes is also demonstrated through the Cyp6g1 study.

ABSTRACT Chromatin insulators are required for proper temporal and spatial expression of genes in metazoans. Insulators are thought to play an important role in the regulation of gene expression through the formation of higher-order chromatin structures. One of the best characterized insulators is the Drosophila gypsy insulator, which is located in the gypsy retrovirus. Several proteins are required for gypsy insulator function, including Su(Hw), Mod(mdg4), and CP190. In addition to the gypsy insulator, these proteins are located throughout the genome at sites which are thought to correspond to endogenous insulators. Analysis of the distribution of insulator proteins across a region of chromosome 2R in Drosophila polytene chromosomes shows that Su(Hw) is found in three structures differentially associated with insulator proteins: bands, interbands and domains of coexpressed genes. Bands are formed by condensation of chromatin within genes containing one or more Su(Hw) binding sites, while Su(Hw) sites in interbands appear to form structures normally associated with open chromatin. Bands characterized by the lack of CP190 and BEAF-32 insulator proteins are formed by clusters of coexpressed genes, and these bands correlate with the distribution of specific chromatin marks. Conservation of the band interband pattern, as well as the distribution of insulator proteins in nurse cells, suggests that this organization may represent the basic organization of interphasic chromosomes. We also show that, in addition to the gypsy insulator, sequence analysis predicts the presence of Su(Hw) binding sites within a number of transposable elements. Su(Hw) binds to predicted sites within gtwin and jockey, which possesses enhancer-blocking activity. Su(Hw) affects the tissue-specific expression of transposable elements, although this effect is unrelated to the presence of Su(Hw) binding sites within the element or control of the elements via the piRNA pathway. Additionally, the effect of Su(Hw) on transposable element expression often differs from that of Mod(mdg4). Taken together, these results suggest that insulator proteins associate specifically with, and may help to define, various levels of chromatin organization on polytene chromosomes. Also, gypsy insulator proteins may influence the expression of transposable elements in a way that does not depend on Su(Hw) binding sites within the elements themselves.

Nearly one half of the human genome is composed of transposable elements (TEs). Once dismissed as 'selfish' or 'junk' DNA, TEs have also been implicated in a numerous functions that serve the needs of their host genome. I have evaluated the role of TEs in mediating the epigenetic mechanisms that serve to regulate human gene expression. These findings can be broadly divided into two major mechanisms by which TEs affect human gene expression; by modulating nucleosome binding in the promoter regions and by recruiting epigenetic histone modifications that enable them to serve as promoters and enhancers. Thus. the studies encompassed in this thesis elucidate the contributions of TEs in epigenetically regulating human gene expression on a global as well as local scale.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-133).

Transposable elements (TEs) have had immense impact on the structure, function and evolution of eukaryotic genomes. The work in this thesis identified Kat1, a novel domesticated DNA transposase of the hAT family in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Kat1 triggers a genome rearrangement that results in a switch of mating type from MATa to MATα. Furthermore, Kat1 acts on sequences that presumably are ancient remnants of a long-lost transposable element. Therefore, Kat1 provides a remarkable example of the intricate relationship between transposable elements and their hosts. We showed that Kat1 generates two DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in MATa and that the DDE motif and several other conserved amino acid residues are important for Kat1 cleavage activity. DNA hairpins were formed on one end of the DSBs whereas the DNA between the DSBs was joined into a circle. Kat1 was transcriptionally activated by nutrient limitation through the transcription factor Mts1 and negatively regulated by translational frameshifting. In conclusion, Kat1 is a highly regulated domesticated transposase that induces sexual differentiation.  In another study, we developed an assay to measure switching rates in K. lactis and found that the switching rate was ~6x10-4 events/generation. In a genetic screen for mutations that increased mating-type switching, we found mutations in the RAS1 gene. The small GTPase Ras1 regulates cellular cyclic AMP levels and we demonstrated that Mts1 transcription is regulated by the RAS/cAMP pathway and the transcription factor Msn2. Since Ras activity is regulated by nutrient availability, these data likely explains why nutrient limitation induces mating-type switching.

No description available.

My dissertation encompasses five different studies that are linked by a common theme the investigation of transposable element (TE) contributions to eukaryotic gene sequences. A detailed analysis of exonization events of LTR elements in the human genome shows the preference towards the fixation of LTR elements in gene untranslated regions, which supports the existing concept of a major role of LTR elements as a natural source of regulatory sequences. The ability of different classes of sequence similarity search methods to detect TE-derived sequences was evaluated. In general, the different search methods are found to be complementary, and combined search approaches are needed to systematically check any data set for all potential TE-associated coding sequences. On average, TE-derived exon sequences have low protein coding potential. In particular, non-coding TEs, are frequently exonized but unlikely to encode protein sequences. Many of these non-coding exonized TEs may be actually involved in gene regulation via the formation of double stranded RNA complexes with complementary TE-derived exons. The investigation of the relationship between human miRNAs and TEs shows that 55 experimentally verified human miRNA genes (~12%) originated from TEs. Overall, TE-derived miRNA genes are less conserved than non TE-derived miRNAs. The potential regulatory and functional significance of TE-derived miRNAs was explored. An ab initio prediction algorithm I developed was used to discover putative cases of novel TE-derived miRNA genes. A miRNA gene family, hsa-mir-548, was found to be derived from Made1 family of MITEs. The palindromic structure of the Made1 elements, and MITEs in general, points to a specific mechanism by which these sequences can be recognized and processed by the miRNA biogenesis pathway. MITEs may also represent an evolutionary link between siRNAs and miRNAs. An original model for a siRNA-to-miRNA evolutionary transition mediated by DNA-type TEs is proposed. This model is supported by the presence of evolutionary intermediate TE sequences that encode both siRNAs and miRNAs in the Arabidopsis and rice genomes. The siRNA-to-miRNA evolutionary transition is representative of a number of other regulatory mechanisms that evolved to silence TEs and were later co-opted to serve as regulators of host gene expression.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-76).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_fr_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1411366 bytes, checksum: ca55952aff87e294af96683898e3b1e3 (MD5) / Elementos de transposição (TEs) são entidades genéticas que podem ter profundos impactos, estrutural, funcional, intra e interespecíficos na evolução dos genomas. A contribuição dos TEs para formação de novas seqüências codificadoras de proteínas é de particular interesse porque sua inserção em exons pode alterar a seqüência protéica influenciando diretamente o fenótipo. Além disso, o estudo das condições que provocam a ativação de TEs, e os mecanismos que os regulam, justifica o interesse de se identificar TEs expressos em tecidos ou condições específicas. Este estudo foca tais questões usando um modelo vegetal: C. arabica, única espécie híbrida e poliplóide do seu gênero, derivada de uma hibridização recente e natural entre C. canephora e C. eugenioides. As análises foram realizadas por meio de uma variedade de abordagens: 1) análises computacionais usando uma combinação de RepeatMasker, tBLASTx e diversas bibliotecas de TEs referência estocadas no Repbase; 2) análises de expressão baseadas em macroarranjos de DNA; e 3) avaliação do número de cópias e distribuição cromossomal de TEs ativos por Hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH). Foram identificados 180 unigenes com fragmentos de TEs nas três espécies de café. Em uma primeira análise, com base em unigenes selecionados, foi possível sugerir 26 putativas proteínas com inserção de cassetes de TEs, demonstrando uma provável contribuição para a variabilidade do repertório protéico hospedeiro. Por outro lado, 327 ESTs similares a TEs expressos foram identificadas com uma possível abundância diferencial para duas famílias de Ty3/Gypsy (dea1 e Retrosat) identificadas em apenas duas bibliotecas de C. canephora (sementes e pericarpo). Análises de expressão mostraram que muitos dos mRNAs quiméricos e TEs ativos apresentam baixa expressão... / Transposable elements (TEs) are genetic entities that can have profound structural, intra, interspecific impacts in evolution of the genomes. The contribution of the TEs in the protein coding region is of particular interest because insertions of TE into exons can alter the protein sequence influencing directly the phenotype. Moreover, the analysis of the conditions that cause the TE activation and the mechanisms that regulate them justify the interest of identifying expressed TEs in tissues or specific conditions. This study focus such subjects using the plant model: C. arabica, unique hybrid species and polyploidy of their genus, derived of a recent and natural hybridization between C. canephora and C. eugenioides. The analyses were performed by a variety of approaches: 1) computational analyses using a combination of RepeatMasker, tBLASTx e several libraries of reference TEs stored in Repbase; 2) expression analysis based in macroarrays; and 3) evaluation of copy number e chromosomal distribution of expressed TEs by Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). 180 unigenes containing TE fragments were identified in the three Coffea species. Based in selected unigenes, it was possible to identify 26 putative proteins harboring TE-cassettes, demonstrating a probable contribution for the host protein repertory variability. In addition, 327 ESTs similar to expressed TEs were identified with a probable differential abundance for two families of Ty3/Gypsy (dea1 and Retrosat) identified only in two cDNA libraries from C. canephora (seeds and pericarp). Our expression analyses showed that most of the chimerical mRNAs and expressed TEs has low or null expression. On the other hand, several transcripts had their expression reestablished in cell culture treated with Cycloheximide, a drug that permit the accumulation of transcripts previously silenced by reverting a mechanisms... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)