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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

The role of transposons in shaping plant genomes /

Juretic, Nikoleta January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
72

Screening for activators of NF-kB using Sleeping Beauty Transposons

Dasgupta, Maupali 01 February 2008 (has links)
No description available.
73

Potato genomics three ways: quantification of endoreduplication in tubers, a romp through the transposon terrain, and elucidation of flower color regulation

Laimbeer, Francis Parker Effingham 02 August 2018 (has links)
Investigations of potato (Solanum tuberosum) have been hampered by its complicated genetics and high genetic load. This dissertation applies genome reduction techniques to investigate a broad swath of genomic and physiological phenomena. It begins with the presentation and evaluation of a protocol to characterize endoreduplication within potato tubers, demonstrating substantial variation between tissue types and among wild species which may facilitate research into the genesis and growth of these starchy underground stems. Next, we transitioned to explore the distribution and consequences of a specific class of transposable element, Miniature Inverted Transposable Elements (MITEs), showing that they comprise approximately 5% of the potato genome, occur more frequently in genes with stress-related functions, and may be associated with changes, especially decreases, in gene expression. We then combined homology and sparsity based approaches to predict recent MITE activity, identifying five families as especially active. Finally, we expose the gene underlying the potato flower color locus, a homolog of AN2, while showing the effects it exerts on the flavonoid biosynthesis and fruit ripening pathways. This region was shown to be particularly dynamic, replete with MITEs and structural variants which we hypothesize to be the ultimate cause of differences in AN2 expression within the germplasm we examined. While the separate topics of this dissertation are quite disparate, each addresses an important topic in potato genetics, the in-depth study of which is only possible through the utilization of genomic reduction approaches to acquire homozygous genotypes for study and currently available genomic resources. / Ph. D. / Despite their humble appearance and routine consumption, potatoes have a complex genetic structure and a life cycle capable of both sexual reproduction through flowers, fruit and seed, and asexual reproduction through the tubers which also comprise the edible product. From an agronomic perspective, one of the most important qualities of a potato tuber is size, a feature influenced by genetics and environment. Cell-to-cell variation for the amount of DNA per cell, one component that influences tuber size, is known to occur, yet our ability to measure DNA content in starchy tuber cells has been obscured by debris generated through routine preparation techniques. We present and evaluate a new method for measuring the DNA content of potato tuber cells, which provides reliable results across a range of different potato varieties and species. ‘Jumping genes’ also known as transposons, first reported in maize but now known to occur in most advanced plant and animal species, have been found to comprise ~5% of the recently sequenced potato genome. We show that a particular class of transposons is more likely to occur adjacent or actually in certain types of genes, such as those which confer resistance to disease, where they may have meaningful effects on how those genes operate. We then proceed to predict the current activity of the various families of these jumping genes to understand how they continue to alter the genetic landscape of potato. Finally we identify a particular gene which dictates flower color in potato (purple vs. white). We demonstrate that several transposons occur in some forms of the flower color gene. Originally we hypothesized that transposons were associated with the turning off of the purple flower color form; however, on closer examination, we could express the white flower form in transgenic plants that were originally white-flowered and convert them to have purple flowers, demonstrating that even the white flower form was functional. While the separate topics of this dissertation are quite disparate, each addresses an important topic in potato genetics, the in-depth study of which is only possible through the availability of the special strains of potatoes with reduced chromosome number and the publication of the potato genome.
74

Disseminação da resistência a antimicrobianos em cepas clínicas e ambientais de Enterobacteriaceae: identificação e mapeamento do ambiente genético de genes codificadores de ESBL / Spread of antimicrobial resistance in enterobacteriaceae clinical and environmental strains: identification and genetic environment mapping of ESBL encoding genes

Dropa, Milena 28 February 2013 (has links)
Introdução. A resistência bacteriana é facilitada pela pressão seletiva do uso de antimicrobianos na clínica e em outras atividades, como a agricultura e pecuária, além de poder ser disseminada para a natureza por meio do lançamento inadequado do esgoto ou pela aplicação do lodo de esgoto na agricultura. As -lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) são uma das formas mais prevalentes de resistência em Gram negativos no mundo, e seus genes codificadores são disseminados por meio de diversos elementos genéticos, principalmente transposons e integrons mobilizados para plasmídios. Objetivo. Identificar e caracterizar genes codificadores de ESBL, bem como suas prováveis formas de mobilização, em enterobactérias isoladas de fontes ambientais e clínicas. Material e Métodos. Quarenta e cinco cepas isoladas de um hospital público em 2004 e 2005, responsáveis por infecções hospitalares (14), infecções comunitárias (7) e colonizações (24), e 7 isoladas de estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) em 2009, em São Paulo, geneticamente distintas e produtoras de ESBL da família Enterobacteriaceae, foram estudadas. A técnica de PCR seguida de sequenciamento foi utilizada para a identificação dos genes blaESBL, triagem de elementos móveis e mapeamento do ambiente genético de blaESBL. A identificação dos grupos de incompatibilidade plasmidial (Inc) foi realizada pela técnica de PBRT, e a determinação dos tamanhos dos plasmídios pela técnica de S1-PFGE. Resultados. Os genes blaESBL identificados foram: amostras clínicas - blaTEM-15, blaTEM-197, blaSHV-5, blaSHV-12, blaSHV-27, blaSHV-28, blaSHV-45, blaSHV-55, blaSHV-110, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-59 e blaCTX-M-131; amostras ambientais blaSHV-28, blaCTX-M-15 e blaCTX-M-8. Os genes blaTEM- 15 e blaTEM-197 estavam associados aos elementos Tn2* e Tn3, respectivamente. Os genes blaSHV-5 e blaSHV-12 estavam associados à IS26, e não foi possível determinar o ambiente genético dos demais genes blaSHV. Os genes blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-59 e blaCTXM- 131 estavam inseridos em integrons de classe 1 complexos, blaCTX-M-15 estava associado à ISEcp1 interrompida pela IS26, e blaCTX-M-8 estava associado à IS10, também interrompida pela IS26. Os principais grupos Inc detectados foram IncA/C (37 por cento ) e IncF (30,4 por cento ). Exceto por 7 cepas clínicas, todas apresentavam plasmídios de alto peso molecular, entre 48,5kb e 388kb. Conclusões. Este estudo detectou 15 genes blaESBL diferentes, dos quais dois são genes novos (blaTEM-197 e blaCTX-M-131) e três são inéditos no Brasil (blaTEM-15, blaSHV-55 e blaSHV-110). A maioria das cepas deste estudo possuía genes blaESBL associados a elementos mobilizáveis, bem como continham plasmídios de grupos Inc envolvidos na disseminação da resistência antimicrobiana. Além disso, carreavam plasmídios provavelmente conjugativos. Os resultados deste estudo mostram genes de resistência associados a elementos mobilizáveis em cepas contendo elementos transferíveis. As cepas foram isoladas tanto em uma instituição de saúde como nas ETEs da Grande São Paulo, mostrando o potencial de disseminação da resistência da clínica para o ambiente em nossa região. / Introduction. Bacterial resistance is facilitated by selective pressure of antimicrobial use in clinical and other activities, as agriculture and livestock, and can be spread to nature through the inadequate discharge of sewage or by the use of sludge in agriculture. Extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBL) are the most prevalente forms of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria in the world, and their encoding genes are disseminated through several genetic elements, especially transposons and integrons mobilized to plasmids. Objective. To identify and characterize ESBL-encoding genes, as well as their probable mobilization pathways, in enterobacteria isolated from clinical and environmental sources. Material and Methods. Forty-five strains isolated from a public hospital in 2004 and 2005, responsible for hospital infections (14), community-acquired infections (7) and colonizations (24), and 7 isolated from sewage treatment plants (ETE) in 2009, in São Paulo, genetically distinct and ESBL producers from Enterobacteriaceae family, were studied. PCR technique followed by sequencing was used for blaESBL genes identification, mobile elements screening and blaESBL genetic environment mapping. Plasmid incompatibility groups (Inc) were identified by PBRT technique, and plasmid sizes were determined by S1-PFGE technique. Results. The blaESBL genes identified were: clinical samples - blaTEM-15, blaTEM-197, blaSHV-5, blaSHV-12, blaSHV-27, blaSHV-28, blaSHV-45, blaSHV-55, blaSHV-110, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-59 and blaCTX-M-131; environmental samples blaSHV-28, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-8. Genes blaTEM-15 and blaTEM-197 were associated to the elements Tn2* and Tn3, respectivelly. Genes blaSHV-5 and blaSHV-12 were associated to IS26, and it was not possible to detect the genetic environment of the other blaSHV genes. Genes blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-59 and blaCTX-M-131 were inserted in complex class 1 integrons, blaCTX-M-15 was associated to ISEcp1 interrupted by IS26, and blaCTX-M-8 was associated to IS10, also interrupted by IS26. The most common Inc grups detected were IncA/C (37 per cent ) and IncF (30,4 per cent ). Except for 7 clinical strains, all isolates showed high molecular weight plasmids, rangng from 48,5kb to 388kb. Conclusions. This study detected 15 different blaESBL genes, from which 2 are new genes (blaTEM-197 e blaCTX-M-131) and 3 are still unpublished in Brazil (blaTEM-15, blaSHV-55 and blaSHV-110). Most of the strains from this study had blaESBL genes associated to mobile elements, as well as they had plasmids from Inc groups involved in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, the strains probably carried conjugative plasmids. Results from the present work show resistance genes associated to mobile elements in strains carrying transferable elements. The strains were isolated either from a healthcare institution or from ETEs in São Paulo, which shows the spread potential of resistance from the clinic to the environment in our region.
75

Resistência a tetraciclinas em isolados clínicos e ambientais de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Aeromonas spp.: identificação e mapeamento do ambiente genético de genes tet / Tetracycline resistance in clinical and environmental isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aeromonas spp.: identification and mapping of tet genes genetic context

Balsalobre, Livia Carminato 30 September 2014 (has links)
Introdução. A resistência bacteriana a antibióticos é aceita como um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública. As tetraciclinas são antibióticos de amplo espectro, e após seu uso indiscriminado observou-se o surgimento de bactérias resistentes, levando médicos e veterinários a diminuírem seu uso. Objetivos. Verificar o perfil de sensibilidade a tetraciclinas em isolados clínicos e ambientais de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Aeromonas spp., bem como pesquisar os principais genes tet associados à resistência a esta classe de antibióticos e determinar a potencial forma de disseminação destes genes através da caracterização de seu ambiente genético. Material e Métodos. Os perfis de sensibilidade à tetraciclina (TET), doxiciclina (DOX), minociclina (MIN) e tigeciclina (TGC) de 572 isolados foram obtidos através das técnicas de Disco-Difusão e Concentração Inibitória Mínima. Os isolados não-sensíveis à tetraciclina foram submetidos a reações de PCR para pesquisa de grupos Inc, genes tet e para a caracterização de seu ambiente genético pela pesquisa das integrases de classes 1, 2, 3 e 4, e dos elementos genéticos móveis Tn1721, IS26, Tn10 e ISAS5. Perfis de similaridade genética dos isolados foram obtidos através das técnicas de ERIC-PCR e PFGE. Após análise destes resultados 33 cepas foram selecionadas para as técnicas de S1-PFGE e transformação. Resultados. A partir dos 572 isolados 18,5 por cento foram resistentes à TET, 13,5 por cento à DOX, 8 por cento à MIN e nenhum à TGC. Vinte e dois por cento dos isolados clínicos e 16,3 por cento ambientais foram resistentes à TET. Os genes codificadores de bomba de efluxo tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D) e tet(E), foram observados em 25,5 por cento , 33 por cento , 6,5 por cento , 18,9 por cento e 23,5 por cento dos isolados, respectivamente. Noventa e cinco por cento, 100 por cento , 100 por cento e 4,5 por cento das cepas carreando o gene tet(A), tet(B), tet(D) e tet(E), foram não-sensíveis à DOX, nesta ordem. Resistência à MIN foi observada em 4,2 por cento , 78,8 por cento e 100 por cento dos isolados carreando tet(A), tet(B) e tet(D), respectivamente. O gene tet(A) estava associado a Tn1721, tet(B) à Tn10 e tet(C) e tet(D) à IS26. Nenhuma das integrases pesquisadas estavam associadas aos genes tet detectados. Os grupos IncF, IncFIB e IncA/C foram observados em 54,8 por cento , 41,1 por cento e 28,7 por cento dos isolados, respectivamente. Uma cepa de Aeromonas spp. carreava um plasmídio do grupo IncP. Através dos perfis de similaridade genética foi observado que dentre os isolados hospitalares de K. pneumoniae houve a ocorrência de perfis genéticos idênticos, no entanto nos demais isolados do estudo os perfis genéticos observados eram distintos. Das 33 cepas selecionadas para os experimentos de linearização plasmidial e de transformação, 8 foram transformadas com sucesso, nas quais foi observada a presença dos genes tet em plasmídios. Conclusões. Uma baixa porcentagem de resistência à TET foi detectada. Verificou-se que a TGC foi a tetraciclina mais ativa, seguida da MIN. Os genes tet(A) e tet(B) foram os mais prevalentes. Todas as cepas carreando tet(B) e tet(D) foram não-sensíveis a DOX e MIN. Plasmídios dos grupos IncF, FIB e A/C foram os mais detectados neste estudo. Os resultados sugerem que os genes tet(A), (B), (C) e (D) são disseminados por meio de plasmídios e estão associados aos transposons Tn1721, IS10 e IS26. Estudos adicionais com isolados mais recentes e outros gêneros bacterianos são necessários, para contribuir com informações da resistência bacteriana a tetraciclinas. / Introduction. The antibiotic resistance is accepted as one of the major problems for public health. Tetracyclines are broad spectrum antibiotics, and its indiscriminate use promoted the emergence of resistant bacteria, leading physicians and veterinarians to decrease its use. Objectives. Verify the susceptibility of clinical and environmental isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aeromonas spp. to tetracyclines, and also search for the main tet genes associated with resistance to these antibiotics and determine the potential mechanism of tet genes dissemination by characterizing their genetic context. Material and Methods. Disk-Diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration tests were carried out in 572 isolates using tetracycline (TET), doxycycline (DOX), minocycline (MIN) and tigecycline (TGC). PCR was carried out in TET non-susceptible isolates for the detection of Inc groups, tet genes and its genetic context determination through the search of classes 1, 2, 3, and 4 integrases, and Tn1721, Tn10, IS26 and ISAS5 mobile genetic elements. Genetic similarities patterns were determined by ERIC-PCR and PFGE techniques. After analyzing the results 33 strains were selected for the S1-PFGE and transformation experiments. Results. From 572 isolates, 18.5 per cent were TET-resistant, 13.5 per cent DOX-resistant, 8 per cent MIN-resistant and none resistant to TGC. Twenty-two per cent and 16.3 per cent of clinical and environmental isolates were TET-resistant, in that order. Genes tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D) and tet(E), coding for efflux pump mechanism, were found in 25.5 per cent , 33 per cent , 6.5 per cent , 18.9 per cent and 23.5 per cent of the isolates, respectively. Ninety-five per cent, 100 per cent , 100 per cent and 4.5 per cent of the isolates carrying tet(A), tet(B), tet(D) and tet(E) were non-susceptible to DOX, respectively. Resistance to MIN was observed in 4.2 per cent , 78.8 per cent and 100 per cent of isolates carrying tet(A), tet(B) and tet(D), in that order. The gene tet(A) was associated with Tn1721, tet(B) with Tn10, and tet(C) and (D) with IS26. None of the searched integrases were associated with the tet genes detected. Groups IncF, IncFIB and IncA/C were respectively observed in 54.8 per cent , 41.1 per cent and 28.7 per cent of the isolates. One Aeromonas spp. was carrying an IncP plasmid. The genetic similarities patterns demonstrated that there were identical genetic patterns among the hospital K. pneumoniae isolates, however all the remaining isolates possessed distinct genetic patterns. Of the 33 strains selected for plasmid linearization and transformation experiments, 8 were successfully transformed, in which the presence of tet genes in plasmids were observed. Conclusions. A low level of tetracycline resistance was detected. TGC was the most active tested antibiotic, followed by MIN. Genes tet(A) and tet(B) were the most prevalent among the isolates. All strains carrying tet(B) and tet(D) were non-susceptible to DOX and MIN. Groups IncF, IncFIB and IncA/C were the most detected in this study. The results suggest that tet(A), (B), (C) and (D) are disseminated by plasmids and are associated with Tn1721, Tn10 and IS26. Additional studies assembling recent isolates and other genera are necessary in order to contribute with information about the bacteria resistance to tetracyclines.
76

Regulação molecular da expressão atrial - específica do gene SMyHC3. / Molecular regulation of atrial-specific expression of the SMyHC3 gene.

Sampaio, Allysson Coelho 02 June 2010 (has links)
Para elucidar as vias genéticas controlando a formação das câmaras cardíacas, foi analisada a regulação do promotor atrial-específico do gene de codorna que codifica a isoforma lenta da cadeia pesada de miosina (slow myosin heavy chain 3 -SMyHC3). Em camundongos transgênicos, a expressão atrial-específica dos 840 pb do promotor SMyHC3 fundido ao gene repórter da fosfatase alcalina (HAP), SMyHC3-HAP, é controlada pelos 72 pb mais distais deste promotor. Este fragmento contém sítios putativos para ligação a receptores nucleares os quais foram denominados ECRRN (elemento complexo de resposta a receptores nucleares), definidos por modelagem molecular. Tratamento de embriões SMyHC3-HAP com ácido retinoico (AR) expande o domínio atrial de expressão do transgene, enquanto que a inibição da via de sinalização por AR reduz o domínio de expressão do transgene. Ensaios de gel shift revelam que os receptores de AR, RAR/RXR se ligam fracamente a esse promotor. Também, esses receptores não ativam o promotor SMyHC3 em experimentos de transfecção transiente, mesmo na presença de coativadores, tais como p300, CBP e GRIP1. Isso sugere a participação indireta de AR na regulação deste marcador atrial. Ensaios de transfecção celular demonstram que COUPTF2 é capaz de ativar o promotor SMyHC3 e, siRNA contra COUPTF2 inibe esta transativação. Embriões tratados com AR apresentam um aumento geral da expressão de COUPTF2, reforçando a idéia de que AR age indiretamente ativando este gene. Estudos de bioinformática revelam que o ECRRN está presente na região 3 do gene AMHC1 de galinha e alinhamentos indicam que pode se tratar de um elemento móvel que pode ter sido adquirido por um evento de exaptação. Em resumo, COUPTF2 e AR controlam a expressão do promotor SMyHC3, porém a natureza da relação entre os 2 elementos necessita ser elucidada. / To elucidate the genetic pathways controlling cardiac chamber formation, the atrial specific gene promoter SMyHC3 was analyzed. In transgenic mice, the atrial specific expression an 840 bp of the SMyHC3 promoter was linked to reporter gene human alkaline phosphatase (HAP), SMyHC3-HAP. By directed mutagenesis and deletion analysis we identified the more distal 72 bp of the promoter as responsible of the atrial expression. This fragment contains putative binding sites to nuclear receptors, the CNRRE (complex nuclear receptor response element), defined by molecular modeling. RA (retinoic acid) treatment in SMyHC3-HAP embryos expands the atrial domain. However, the RA effectors, RXR/RAR bind with low affinity to the SMyHC3 promoter. These receptors are not able to activate the promoter even in the presence of coactivators such as p300, CBP and GRIP1. These results suggest that RA acts indirectly to regulate this atrial marker. Cell transient transfection shows that COUPTF2 activate the SMyHC3 promoter, and COUPTF2 siRNA inhibits the transactivation of the SMyHC3 promoter. Treatment of embryos with RA increases the COUPTF2 expression reinforcing the idea that this receptor could be regulatedindirectly by RA. Bioinformatic studies revealed that CNRRE is present in the 3 region of the ortholog chicken AMHC1 gene. Alignments indicate that this CNRRE could have been acquired by an exaptation event. In conclusion, the SMyHC3 promoter seems to be controlled by RA and COUPTF2 governing atrial expression. However the nature of relationships between RA and COUPTF2 need to be elucidated.
77

Resistência a tetraciclinas em isolados clínicos e ambientais de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Aeromonas spp.: identificação e mapeamento do ambiente genético de genes tet / Tetracycline resistance in clinical and environmental isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aeromonas spp.: identification and mapping of tet genes genetic context

Livia Carminato Balsalobre 30 September 2014 (has links)
Introdução. A resistência bacteriana a antibióticos é aceita como um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública. As tetraciclinas são antibióticos de amplo espectro, e após seu uso indiscriminado observou-se o surgimento de bactérias resistentes, levando médicos e veterinários a diminuírem seu uso. Objetivos. Verificar o perfil de sensibilidade a tetraciclinas em isolados clínicos e ambientais de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Aeromonas spp., bem como pesquisar os principais genes tet associados à resistência a esta classe de antibióticos e determinar a potencial forma de disseminação destes genes através da caracterização de seu ambiente genético. Material e Métodos. Os perfis de sensibilidade à tetraciclina (TET), doxiciclina (DOX), minociclina (MIN) e tigeciclina (TGC) de 572 isolados foram obtidos através das técnicas de Disco-Difusão e Concentração Inibitória Mínima. Os isolados não-sensíveis à tetraciclina foram submetidos a reações de PCR para pesquisa de grupos Inc, genes tet e para a caracterização de seu ambiente genético pela pesquisa das integrases de classes 1, 2, 3 e 4, e dos elementos genéticos móveis Tn1721, IS26, Tn10 e ISAS5. Perfis de similaridade genética dos isolados foram obtidos através das técnicas de ERIC-PCR e PFGE. Após análise destes resultados 33 cepas foram selecionadas para as técnicas de S1-PFGE e transformação. Resultados. A partir dos 572 isolados 18,5 por cento foram resistentes à TET, 13,5 por cento à DOX, 8 por cento à MIN e nenhum à TGC. Vinte e dois por cento dos isolados clínicos e 16,3 por cento ambientais foram resistentes à TET. Os genes codificadores de bomba de efluxo tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D) e tet(E), foram observados em 25,5 por cento , 33 por cento , 6,5 por cento , 18,9 por cento e 23,5 por cento dos isolados, respectivamente. Noventa e cinco por cento, 100 por cento , 100 por cento e 4,5 por cento das cepas carreando o gene tet(A), tet(B), tet(D) e tet(E), foram não-sensíveis à DOX, nesta ordem. Resistência à MIN foi observada em 4,2 por cento , 78,8 por cento e 100 por cento dos isolados carreando tet(A), tet(B) e tet(D), respectivamente. O gene tet(A) estava associado a Tn1721, tet(B) à Tn10 e tet(C) e tet(D) à IS26. Nenhuma das integrases pesquisadas estavam associadas aos genes tet detectados. Os grupos IncF, IncFIB e IncA/C foram observados em 54,8 por cento , 41,1 por cento e 28,7 por cento dos isolados, respectivamente. Uma cepa de Aeromonas spp. carreava um plasmídio do grupo IncP. Através dos perfis de similaridade genética foi observado que dentre os isolados hospitalares de K. pneumoniae houve a ocorrência de perfis genéticos idênticos, no entanto nos demais isolados do estudo os perfis genéticos observados eram distintos. Das 33 cepas selecionadas para os experimentos de linearização plasmidial e de transformação, 8 foram transformadas com sucesso, nas quais foi observada a presença dos genes tet em plasmídios. Conclusões. Uma baixa porcentagem de resistência à TET foi detectada. Verificou-se que a TGC foi a tetraciclina mais ativa, seguida da MIN. Os genes tet(A) e tet(B) foram os mais prevalentes. Todas as cepas carreando tet(B) e tet(D) foram não-sensíveis a DOX e MIN. Plasmídios dos grupos IncF, FIB e A/C foram os mais detectados neste estudo. Os resultados sugerem que os genes tet(A), (B), (C) e (D) são disseminados por meio de plasmídios e estão associados aos transposons Tn1721, IS10 e IS26. Estudos adicionais com isolados mais recentes e outros gêneros bacterianos são necessários, para contribuir com informações da resistência bacteriana a tetraciclinas. / Introduction. The antibiotic resistance is accepted as one of the major problems for public health. Tetracyclines are broad spectrum antibiotics, and its indiscriminate use promoted the emergence of resistant bacteria, leading physicians and veterinarians to decrease its use. Objectives. Verify the susceptibility of clinical and environmental isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Aeromonas spp. to tetracyclines, and also search for the main tet genes associated with resistance to these antibiotics and determine the potential mechanism of tet genes dissemination by characterizing their genetic context. Material and Methods. Disk-Diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration tests were carried out in 572 isolates using tetracycline (TET), doxycycline (DOX), minocycline (MIN) and tigecycline (TGC). PCR was carried out in TET non-susceptible isolates for the detection of Inc groups, tet genes and its genetic context determination through the search of classes 1, 2, 3, and 4 integrases, and Tn1721, Tn10, IS26 and ISAS5 mobile genetic elements. Genetic similarities patterns were determined by ERIC-PCR and PFGE techniques. After analyzing the results 33 strains were selected for the S1-PFGE and transformation experiments. Results. From 572 isolates, 18.5 per cent were TET-resistant, 13.5 per cent DOX-resistant, 8 per cent MIN-resistant and none resistant to TGC. Twenty-two per cent and 16.3 per cent of clinical and environmental isolates were TET-resistant, in that order. Genes tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D) and tet(E), coding for efflux pump mechanism, were found in 25.5 per cent , 33 per cent , 6.5 per cent , 18.9 per cent and 23.5 per cent of the isolates, respectively. Ninety-five per cent, 100 per cent , 100 per cent and 4.5 per cent of the isolates carrying tet(A), tet(B), tet(D) and tet(E) were non-susceptible to DOX, respectively. Resistance to MIN was observed in 4.2 per cent , 78.8 per cent and 100 per cent of isolates carrying tet(A), tet(B) and tet(D), in that order. The gene tet(A) was associated with Tn1721, tet(B) with Tn10, and tet(C) and (D) with IS26. None of the searched integrases were associated with the tet genes detected. Groups IncF, IncFIB and IncA/C were respectively observed in 54.8 per cent , 41.1 per cent and 28.7 per cent of the isolates. One Aeromonas spp. was carrying an IncP plasmid. The genetic similarities patterns demonstrated that there were identical genetic patterns among the hospital K. pneumoniae isolates, however all the remaining isolates possessed distinct genetic patterns. Of the 33 strains selected for plasmid linearization and transformation experiments, 8 were successfully transformed, in which the presence of tet genes in plasmids were observed. Conclusions. A low level of tetracycline resistance was detected. TGC was the most active tested antibiotic, followed by MIN. Genes tet(A) and tet(B) were the most prevalent among the isolates. All strains carrying tet(B) and tet(D) were non-susceptible to DOX and MIN. Groups IncF, IncFIB and IncA/C were the most detected in this study. The results suggest that tet(A), (B), (C) and (D) are disseminated by plasmids and are associated with Tn1721, Tn10 and IS26. Additional studies assembling recent isolates and other genera are necessary in order to contribute with information about the bacteria resistance to tetracyclines.
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Disseminação da resistência a antimicrobianos em cepas clínicas e ambientais de Enterobacteriaceae: identificação e mapeamento do ambiente genético de genes codificadores de ESBL / Spread of antimicrobial resistance in enterobacteriaceae clinical and environmental strains: identification and genetic environment mapping of ESBL encoding genes

Milena Dropa 28 February 2013 (has links)
Introdução. A resistência bacteriana é facilitada pela pressão seletiva do uso de antimicrobianos na clínica e em outras atividades, como a agricultura e pecuária, além de poder ser disseminada para a natureza por meio do lançamento inadequado do esgoto ou pela aplicação do lodo de esgoto na agricultura. As -lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) são uma das formas mais prevalentes de resistência em Gram negativos no mundo, e seus genes codificadores são disseminados por meio de diversos elementos genéticos, principalmente transposons e integrons mobilizados para plasmídios. Objetivo. Identificar e caracterizar genes codificadores de ESBL, bem como suas prováveis formas de mobilização, em enterobactérias isoladas de fontes ambientais e clínicas. Material e Métodos. Quarenta e cinco cepas isoladas de um hospital público em 2004 e 2005, responsáveis por infecções hospitalares (14), infecções comunitárias (7) e colonizações (24), e 7 isoladas de estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) em 2009, em São Paulo, geneticamente distintas e produtoras de ESBL da família Enterobacteriaceae, foram estudadas. A técnica de PCR seguida de sequenciamento foi utilizada para a identificação dos genes blaESBL, triagem de elementos móveis e mapeamento do ambiente genético de blaESBL. A identificação dos grupos de incompatibilidade plasmidial (Inc) foi realizada pela técnica de PBRT, e a determinação dos tamanhos dos plasmídios pela técnica de S1-PFGE. Resultados. Os genes blaESBL identificados foram: amostras clínicas - blaTEM-15, blaTEM-197, blaSHV-5, blaSHV-12, blaSHV-27, blaSHV-28, blaSHV-45, blaSHV-55, blaSHV-110, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-59 e blaCTX-M-131; amostras ambientais blaSHV-28, blaCTX-M-15 e blaCTX-M-8. Os genes blaTEM- 15 e blaTEM-197 estavam associados aos elementos Tn2* e Tn3, respectivamente. Os genes blaSHV-5 e blaSHV-12 estavam associados à IS26, e não foi possível determinar o ambiente genético dos demais genes blaSHV. Os genes blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-59 e blaCTXM- 131 estavam inseridos em integrons de classe 1 complexos, blaCTX-M-15 estava associado à ISEcp1 interrompida pela IS26, e blaCTX-M-8 estava associado à IS10, também interrompida pela IS26. Os principais grupos Inc detectados foram IncA/C (37 por cento ) e IncF (30,4 por cento ). Exceto por 7 cepas clínicas, todas apresentavam plasmídios de alto peso molecular, entre 48,5kb e 388kb. Conclusões. Este estudo detectou 15 genes blaESBL diferentes, dos quais dois são genes novos (blaTEM-197 e blaCTX-M-131) e três são inéditos no Brasil (blaTEM-15, blaSHV-55 e blaSHV-110). A maioria das cepas deste estudo possuía genes blaESBL associados a elementos mobilizáveis, bem como continham plasmídios de grupos Inc envolvidos na disseminação da resistência antimicrobiana. Além disso, carreavam plasmídios provavelmente conjugativos. Os resultados deste estudo mostram genes de resistência associados a elementos mobilizáveis em cepas contendo elementos transferíveis. As cepas foram isoladas tanto em uma instituição de saúde como nas ETEs da Grande São Paulo, mostrando o potencial de disseminação da resistência da clínica para o ambiente em nossa região. / Introduction. Bacterial resistance is facilitated by selective pressure of antimicrobial use in clinical and other activities, as agriculture and livestock, and can be spread to nature through the inadequate discharge of sewage or by the use of sludge in agriculture. Extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBL) are the most prevalente forms of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria in the world, and their encoding genes are disseminated through several genetic elements, especially transposons and integrons mobilized to plasmids. Objective. To identify and characterize ESBL-encoding genes, as well as their probable mobilization pathways, in enterobacteria isolated from clinical and environmental sources. Material and Methods. Forty-five strains isolated from a public hospital in 2004 and 2005, responsible for hospital infections (14), community-acquired infections (7) and colonizations (24), and 7 isolated from sewage treatment plants (ETE) in 2009, in São Paulo, genetically distinct and ESBL producers from Enterobacteriaceae family, were studied. PCR technique followed by sequencing was used for blaESBL genes identification, mobile elements screening and blaESBL genetic environment mapping. Plasmid incompatibility groups (Inc) were identified by PBRT technique, and plasmid sizes were determined by S1-PFGE technique. Results. The blaESBL genes identified were: clinical samples - blaTEM-15, blaTEM-197, blaSHV-5, blaSHV-12, blaSHV-27, blaSHV-28, blaSHV-45, blaSHV-55, blaSHV-110, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-59 and blaCTX-M-131; environmental samples blaSHV-28, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-8. Genes blaTEM-15 and blaTEM-197 were associated to the elements Tn2* and Tn3, respectivelly. Genes blaSHV-5 and blaSHV-12 were associated to IS26, and it was not possible to detect the genetic environment of the other blaSHV genes. Genes blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-59 and blaCTX-M-131 were inserted in complex class 1 integrons, blaCTX-M-15 was associated to ISEcp1 interrupted by IS26, and blaCTX-M-8 was associated to IS10, also interrupted by IS26. The most common Inc grups detected were IncA/C (37 per cent ) and IncF (30,4 per cent ). Except for 7 clinical strains, all isolates showed high molecular weight plasmids, rangng from 48,5kb to 388kb. Conclusions. This study detected 15 different blaESBL genes, from which 2 are new genes (blaTEM-197 e blaCTX-M-131) and 3 are still unpublished in Brazil (blaTEM-15, blaSHV-55 and blaSHV-110). Most of the strains from this study had blaESBL genes associated to mobile elements, as well as they had plasmids from Inc groups involved in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, the strains probably carried conjugative plasmids. Results from the present work show resistance genes associated to mobile elements in strains carrying transferable elements. The strains were isolated either from a healthcare institution or from ETEs in São Paulo, which shows the spread potential of resistance from the clinic to the environment in our region.
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Regulação molecular da expressão atrial - específica do gene SMyHC3. / Molecular regulation of atrial-specific expression of the SMyHC3 gene.

Allysson Coelho Sampaio 02 June 2010 (has links)
Para elucidar as vias genéticas controlando a formação das câmaras cardíacas, foi analisada a regulação do promotor atrial-específico do gene de codorna que codifica a isoforma lenta da cadeia pesada de miosina (slow myosin heavy chain 3 -SMyHC3). Em camundongos transgênicos, a expressão atrial-específica dos 840 pb do promotor SMyHC3 fundido ao gene repórter da fosfatase alcalina (HAP), SMyHC3-HAP, é controlada pelos 72 pb mais distais deste promotor. Este fragmento contém sítios putativos para ligação a receptores nucleares os quais foram denominados ECRRN (elemento complexo de resposta a receptores nucleares), definidos por modelagem molecular. Tratamento de embriões SMyHC3-HAP com ácido retinoico (AR) expande o domínio atrial de expressão do transgene, enquanto que a inibição da via de sinalização por AR reduz o domínio de expressão do transgene. Ensaios de gel shift revelam que os receptores de AR, RAR/RXR se ligam fracamente a esse promotor. Também, esses receptores não ativam o promotor SMyHC3 em experimentos de transfecção transiente, mesmo na presença de coativadores, tais como p300, CBP e GRIP1. Isso sugere a participação indireta de AR na regulação deste marcador atrial. Ensaios de transfecção celular demonstram que COUPTF2 é capaz de ativar o promotor SMyHC3 e, siRNA contra COUPTF2 inibe esta transativação. Embriões tratados com AR apresentam um aumento geral da expressão de COUPTF2, reforçando a idéia de que AR age indiretamente ativando este gene. Estudos de bioinformática revelam que o ECRRN está presente na região 3 do gene AMHC1 de galinha e alinhamentos indicam que pode se tratar de um elemento móvel que pode ter sido adquirido por um evento de exaptação. Em resumo, COUPTF2 e AR controlam a expressão do promotor SMyHC3, porém a natureza da relação entre os 2 elementos necessita ser elucidada. / To elucidate the genetic pathways controlling cardiac chamber formation, the atrial specific gene promoter SMyHC3 was analyzed. In transgenic mice, the atrial specific expression an 840 bp of the SMyHC3 promoter was linked to reporter gene human alkaline phosphatase (HAP), SMyHC3-HAP. By directed mutagenesis and deletion analysis we identified the more distal 72 bp of the promoter as responsible of the atrial expression. This fragment contains putative binding sites to nuclear receptors, the CNRRE (complex nuclear receptor response element), defined by molecular modeling. RA (retinoic acid) treatment in SMyHC3-HAP embryos expands the atrial domain. However, the RA effectors, RXR/RAR bind with low affinity to the SMyHC3 promoter. These receptors are not able to activate the promoter even in the presence of coactivators such as p300, CBP and GRIP1. These results suggest that RA acts indirectly to regulate this atrial marker. Cell transient transfection shows that COUPTF2 activate the SMyHC3 promoter, and COUPTF2 siRNA inhibits the transactivation of the SMyHC3 promoter. Treatment of embryos with RA increases the COUPTF2 expression reinforcing the idea that this receptor could be regulatedindirectly by RA. Bioinformatic studies revealed that CNRRE is present in the 3 region of the ortholog chicken AMHC1 gene. Alignments indicate that this CNRRE could have been acquired by an exaptation event. In conclusion, the SMyHC3 promoter seems to be controlled by RA and COUPTF2 governing atrial expression. However the nature of relationships between RA and COUPTF2 need to be elucidated.
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Efficient non-viral T cell engineering for TCR gene therapy by Sleeping Beauty minicircles

Clauß, Julian 12 January 2023 (has links)
Sleeping Beauty (SB) Transposon-basierte Vektoren werden als Alternative zu viralen Vektoren für T-Zell-Gentherapie erforscht und ermöglichen eine schnelle und kostengünstige Genmanipulation von T-Zellen. Die Verwendung von Transposon-Vektoren erfordert jedoch die DNA-Elektroporation von T-Zellen, die sich schädlich auf T-Zellen auswirkt. DNA-elektroporierte T-Zellen weisen eine verringerte Lebensfähigkeit und eine verzögerte Aktivierung nach Stimulation des T-Zell-Rezeptors (TCR) auf. Um die Nachteile der Transposon-basierten T-Zell-Genmanipulation zu überwinden, haben wir neuartige SB-Vektoren entwickelt. Durch die Kombination von SB Transposon-basierten Minicircle-Vektoren mit SB100X Transposase-mRNA konnten T-Zellen effizient genmodifiziert werden. Unser Ansatz reduzierte die T-Zell-Mortalität und steigerte gleichzeitig die Transfektionseffizienz. Mit diesen neuartigen Vektoren wurde die stabile Expression verschiedener TCRs und CARs in über 50% der eingesetzten T-Zellen erreicht. Gentechnisch manipulierte T-Zellen konnten Antigen-spezifisch stimuliert werden und zeigten effiziente Zytokin-Sekretion und Tumorzell-Lyse. Weiterhin haben wir miRNAs entwickelt, die die Expression der endogenen TCR-Ketten unterdrücken. Der Einbau dieser miRNAs in die TCR-Expressionskassette erhöhte die Oberflächenexpression des therapeutischen TCRs, verringerte die Fehlpaarung mit endogenen TCR-Ketten und erhöhte die T-Zell-Funktionalität. Ein direkter Vergleich von SB- und Virus-modifizierten T-Zellen zeigte sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo eine vergleichbare Wirksamkeit der modifizierten T-Zellen hinsichtlich Zytokin-Sekretion, Tumorzell-Lyse und Tumorkontrolle. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass SB Minicircle-Vektoren die Herstellung von genetisch modifizierten T-Zellen ermöglichen und diese Tumor-spezifische Wirksamkeit aufweisen. Dieser Ansatz könnte die Herstellung therapeutischer T-Zellen für die personalisierte T-Zell-Gentherapie vereinfachen und beschleunigen. / Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-based vectors have entered clinical trials as an alternative to viral vectors for T cell gene therapy, offering time- and cost-efficient engineering of therapeutic T cells. However, transposon vectors require DNA electroporation into T cells, which we found to cause adverse effects. T cell viability was decreased, and DNA-transfected T cells showed delayed activation upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation regarding blast formation and proliferation. To overcome the limitations of transposon-based T cell engineering, we investigated the effect of DNA electroporation on T cells and developed novel SB vectors. T cells could efficiently be engineered with Sleeping Beauty vectors by combining SB transposon minicircles and SB100X transposase mRNA. Our approach reduced T cell mortality and substantially enhanced transfection efficiency. We achieved stable expression of several TCRs and CARs in more than 50% of the transfected T cells compared to 15% when conventional plasmids were used. T cells engineered to express a tumor-specific TCR mediated effective tumor cell lysis and cytokine secretion upon antigen-specific stimulation. Furthermore, we developed miRNAs to silence the expression of the endogenous TCR chains. Incorporation of these miRNAs into the TCR expression cassette increased surface expression of the therapeutic TCR, diminished mispairing with endogenous TCR chains, and enhanced T cell functionality. Importantly, a direct comparison of SB minicircle- and RV-engineered T cells in vitro as well as in vivo demonstrated equal T cell efficacy with regards to cytokine release, tumor cell lysis and tumor control. We demonstrated that SB minicircles enable the generation of gene-modified T cells with tumor-specific reactivity. Our approach facilitates the manufacturing of therapeutic T cells with superior biosafety and accelerates the generation of patient-specific T cell products for personalized T cell gene therapy.

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