The present research is a field investigation of trauma and its cognitive and emotional consequences. One hundred and nineteen sex trade workers were interviewed about sexually traumatic experiences. The primary focus of this research was an examination of the quantity and quality of memory for sexual trauma. Various predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors were examined regarding their influence on memory and posttraumatic stress. One objective of this study was to test certain assumptions of the biopsychosocial model of eyewitness memory (Hervé, Cooper, & Yuille, 2007), which proposes that individuals differ along a continuum of arousal sensitivity and predicts the quantity and quality of recall. Up to three types of memory narratives were elicited from each participant: (a) one positive event (b) one well-remembered sexual assault, and (c) one sexual assault for which the participant had poor recollection. Each memory was assessed for peritraumatic and posttraumatic factors. The participants also filled out a number of individual differences measures. The results indicated that the participants had extensive histories of trauma, many of which began in their childhood. It was shown that well-remembered sexual assaults contained more narrative details than memories of positive events and less-well-remembered sexual assaults. Such variability of memory for sexual violence is in line with Hervé et al.'s model as well as other field studies of traumatic memory. This was the first study to demonstrate such variability within-subjects. Various moderating factors of memory were examined, for example, dissociation and different symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Some of the findings were at odds with traditional theories, laboratory findings, and certain assumptions held by many eyewitness memory experts regarding the relationship between stress and memory. A second objective of this dissertation was to examine predictors of post traumatic stress disorder. The findings largely confirmed the literature. Men and women did not differ in their levels of posttraumatic stress. Overall, the complexity of clinical symptoms in survivors of repeated sexual violence is highlighted. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for theory development, future research, the criminal justice system, and in terms of their relevance for treatment providers and assessors. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Background: Recognition of the significance of psychological trauma and its impact on individuals, families, communities, and society at large has greatly expanded over the past 20 years, calling for the need to develop both trauma-sensitive and trauma–responsive services. Nurses, as direct care providers who work within a holistic perspective, are positioned to play an integral role in the advancement of ‘trauma-informed care’ within healthcare services. Objectives: The specific objectives of this thesis were: a) to describe the use of social media (Facebook and LinkedIn) in the recruitment of Registered Nurses for an online survey, and b) to explore and describe the understandings and experiences related to trauma and trauma-informed care among nurses that scored the highest on this scale. Method: This was a two-phase study design using mixed methods. Phase One consisted of an online quantitative self-report survey. Participants were recruited via social media with the aim of examining nurses’ attitudes related to trauma-informed care. Phase Two consisted of a qualitative study exploring nurses’ knowledge and experiences related to trauma-informed care. The studies were conducted using a sequential approach; that is, the target sample for Phase Two (qualitative study) was identified based on the results of the survey (Phase One). Findings: From the first phase of this research, I proposed that social media, and specifically Facebook and LinkedIn, offer suitable platforms for recruiting a diverse sample of Registered Nurses to complete an online survey. Associated advantages and challenges as well as specific differences between Facebook and LinkedIn as recruitment platforms should be considered when incorporating these strategies. Four main categories emerged from the second phase of the research: “(Not)Knowing Trauma-Informed Care”, “Conceptualizing Trauma and Trauma- Informed Care”, “Nursing Care in the Context of Trauma”, and “Dynamics of the Nurse-Patient Relationship in the Face of Trauma”. These findings highlight important considerations for trauma including, the complex dynamics of trauma that affect care, the importance of both knowing trauma as a concept, but also knowing how to act in response to trauma knowledge, the need to facilitate trauma-informed care beyond mental healthcare, and the parallels between nursing and trauma-informed care. Conclusion: This Master’s thesis has explored the use of a novel survey recruitment strategy as well as emphasized the need for nurses and organizations to incorporate trauma-informed principles in the services they provide, and in their cultures as a whole. This research reinforces that the discipline of nursing is aptly situated to apply tenets of trauma-informed care and that we must further the progression of trauma-informed care in practice, policy, education, and research.

No abstract available / Dissertation (MA(Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass das SHT weltweit mit steigender Inzidenz die häufigste Todesursache für junge Erwachsene darstellt, in einer Vielzahl davon mit langfristigen Folgen assoziiert ist und dabei mit großen ökonomischen Kosten verbunden ist, spielt die Erforschung der pathophysiologischen Vorgänge bei einem SHT sowie die Entwicklung effektiver Therapiestrategien akuter und chronischer Natur eine große Rolle. Da sich in den letzten Jahren gezeigt hat, dass die Reaktion des Immunsystems nach akuten Traumata ebenfalls eine bedeutsame Rolle spielt und somit in der Modulation der Immunantwort ein hilfreicher therapeutischer Ansatz liegen könnte, wurde in dieser Arbeit der als MS-Immuntherapeutikum zugelassene S1P Rezeptor Modulator FTY720 auf seine potentiellen neuroprotektiven Effekte im Rahmen eines murinen fokalen SHT-Modell untersucht. So wurde das in unserer Arbeitsgruppe bereits seit langem etablierte Modell der fokalen kortikalen Kälteläsion genutzt um bei jungen adulten männlichen Mäusen die Effekte von FTY720 in Bezug auf die Akutphase 24 h nach lokalen SHT festzustellen. Hierbei konnte kein positiver Einfluss auf das Ausmaß des lokalen Schadens, gemessen anhand von TTC-Läsionsvolumen und neuronalem Zelltod, sowie für die Störung der BHS mit konsekutiver Ödembildung beobachtet werden. Dabei wurden keine funktionellen Parameter als Korrelat für die erhaltenen Ergebnisse getestet. In Bezug auf die Immunzellinfiltration konnte eine signifikante Reduktion der immunhistochemisch untersuchten Zellpopulationen von Neutrophilen, Makrophagen und aktivierten Mikroglia 24 h nach Trauma festgestellt werden und somit zumindest die korrekte Applikation des Medikaments in adäquater Dosierung und die therapeutische Wirkung als Blockierer des Abwehrzell-Ausstroms von den lymphatischen Organen in die Blutbahn belegt werden. / In view of the fact, that traumatic brain injury has an increasing incidence and the highest mortality for young adults worldwide, the research of pathophysiological processes plays an important role for developing effective therapy strategies. The last years have shown that the reaction of our immune system after acute brain traumata is important. Therefore, modulation of immune response is a helpful approach for developing medication treating patients who suffer under traumatic brain injury. In this doctoral thesis an approved medication for multiple sclerosis named FTY720 was investigated on its neuroprotective effects after focal traumatic brain injury. The effects of this sphingosine-1-phosphate-receptor modulator have been studied on young adult male mice 24 hours after focal traumatic brain injury using the well-established model of cryogenic lesion. Several parameters have been investigated. First, no positive influence could be found on the extent of brain damage measured by TTC-lesion volume and neuronal death. Second, no positive influence was discovered on blood-brain-barrier damage and consecutive oedema formation. However, a significant reduction concerning immune cell infiltration was recorded on the cell populations of neutrophils, macrophages und activated microglia. Therefore, at least correct application, adequate dosage and therapeutic effect of FTY720 as blocking agent of immune cells out of lymphatic organs into the blood stream was proven

Bakgrund  Idag är fysiska traumaskador en av de absolut vanligaste dödsorsakerna i utvecklade länder för personer under 40 år. Sjuksköterskan tillhör den profession som möter och omhändertar traumapatienter dagligen vid ankomst på akutmottagningen, där omvårdnaden är centralt i sjuksköterskans roll. Studier visar på varierad erfarenhet och upplevelser bland sjuksköterskor som arbetar på akutmottagning, och deras professionella roll och ansvar i vårdandet av traumapatienter.  Syfte Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsansvar vid omhändertagandet av traumapatienter på akutmottagning. Metod Den valda metoden i denna studie var en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i januari 2020, där författarna använde sig av databaserna CINAHL samt Psycinfo för att identifiera artiklar som besvarade studiens syfte. Samtliga artiklar genomgick en kvalitetsgranskning och integrerad analys för att sammanställa de 16 artiklar som slutligen ingick i resultatet. Resultat Resultatet resulterade i tre kategorier utifrån sjuksköterskans upplevelse av att vårda traumapatienter: Teamwork, utbildning och emotionella utmaningar. Tydlig kommunikation, teamarbete och utbildning är essentiella aspekter för att främja sjuksköterskans roll i omvårdnadsarbetet av traumapatienter. Resultatet illustrerar behovet av adekvat utbildning för att stärka sjuksköterskans roll i vårdmötet med traumapatienter. Traumaskador är något man möter överallt och bör därför vara en tydlig del i utbildningen av nya sjuksköterskor, för att öka sjuksköterskans självtillit i att kunna hantera osäkra situationer. Slutsats Tydlig kommunikation, ett välfungerande teamarbete, kunskap, erfarenhet och utbildning är essentiella aspekter för att främja sjuksköterskans roll i omvårdnad av traumapatienter. Resultatet illustrerar behovet av adekvat utbildning, erfarenhet och träning inför vårdmötet av traumapatienter för att stärka sjuksköterskan i sin roll. / Background Today, physical trauma injuries are one of the most common causes of death in developed countries for people under 40 years of age. The nurse belongs to the profession that meets and cares for trauma patients daily on arrival at the emergency department, where nursing is central to the nurse's role. Studies show varied experience and experiences among nurses working in the emergency department, and their professional role and responsibility in the care of trauma patients. Aim The purpose was to describe the nurse's nursing responsibility in the care of trauma patients in the emergency department. Method The chosen method in this study was a literature review. The data collection was carried out in January 2020, where the authors used the databases CINAHL and Psycinfo to identify articles that responded to the aim of the study. All articles underwent a quality review and integrated analysis to compile the 16 articles that were finally included in the results. Results The results resulted in three categories based on the nurse's experience of caring for trauma patients: teamwork, education, and emotional challenges. Clear communication, teamwork and education are essential aspects to promote the nurse's role in the nursing work of trauma patients. The results illustrate the need for adequate training to strengthen the nurse's role in the care encounter of trauma patients. Trauma injuries are something you encounter everywhere and should therefore be a clear part of the training of new nurses, in order to increase the nurse's self-confidence in being able to handle uncertain situations. Conclusions Clear communication, well-functioning teamwork, knowledge, experience and training are essential aspects to promote the nurse's role in the care of trauma patients. The results illustrate the need for adequate education, experience and training prior to the care meeting of trauma patients to strengthen the nurse in her role

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Women have a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than men, with a peak during the reproductive years. PTSD during pregnancy adversely impacts maternal and infant health outcomes. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of antepartum PTSD symptoms in a population of pregnant Peruvian women and to examine the impact of number of traumatic events and type of trauma experienced. The Traumatic Events Questionnaire was used to collect data about traumatic exposures. The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) was used to assess PTSD. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Three thousand three hundred seventy-two pregnant women were interviewed. Of the 2920 who reported experiencing one or more traumatic events, 41.8% met criteria for PTSD (PCL-C score ≥ 26). A quarter of participants had experienced four or more traumas, and 60.5% of those women had PTSD. Interpersonal trauma was most strongly associated with PTSD (aOR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.74-3.74), followed by unspeakable trauma (aOR, 2.87; 95% CI, 2.35-3.50), and structural trauma (aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.15-1.67). These findings indicate the high prevalence of PTSD during pregnancy in the Peruvian population, which is relevant to other countries suffering from terrorism, war, or high rates of violence. This underscores the importance of screening for PTSD in pregnancy. / Revisión por pares

Dr. Juan Carlos Calvo, Psicólogo Psicoterapeuta, Centro Psicogestalt – Madrid, España. / El trauma psicológico es inherente al ser humano, es un acontecimiento altamente impactante en la que el individuo no tiene recursos suficientes para manejarse, en donde el individuo no tiene mecanismos de escape. El Dr. Juan Carlos Calvo, Psicólogo Clínico y Psicoterapeuta Madrileño, nos explica qué es el trauma y su impacto en el individuo.

No description available.

Background: Determination of intra-abdominal injury following blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) continues to be a diagnostic challenge. Ultrasound (US) bas been described as a potentially useful diagnostic tool in this setting and is being used with increasing frequency in trauma centers. We determined the diagnostic capability of US in the evaluation of BAT. Methods: A retrospective analysis of our trauma US database was performed over a 30-month period. Computed tomographic scan, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, or exploratory laparotomy confirmed the presence of intra-abdominal injury. Results: During the study period, 8,197 patients were evaluated at the Ryder Trauma Center. Of this group, 2,576 (31%) had US in the evaluation of BAT. Three hundred eleven (12%) US exams were considered positive. Forty-three patients (1.7%) had a false-negative US; of this group, 10 (33%) required exploratory laparotomy. US had a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 98%, and an accuracy of 97% for detection of intra-abdominal injuries. Positive predictive value was 87% and negative predictive value was 98%. Conclusion: Emergency US is highly reliable and may replace computed tomographic scan and diagnostic peritoneal lavage as the initial diagnostic modality in the evaluation of most patients with BAT.

No description available.