Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The confidence level of modeling cooling towers, where oblique air flow within anisotropic fills takes place, is higher when the change in fill‟s performance cha-racteristics, dependent on the way that air flows through the fill, is better unders-tood. A trickle fill‟s performance characteristics in crossflow are compared to its per-formance characteristics in counterflow by doing crossflow fill tests that are per-formance comparable to counterflow tests with the same fill. In order to do these tests, an existing crossflow fill test facility is critically evaluated and improved. The difference between crossflow and counterflow trickle fill performance charac-teristics is found to depend on air mass velocity (Ga) and water mass velocity (Gw) and to be between 0 and 35% for the Merkel number (Me) and up to almost 200% for the loss coefficient. Additionally, the validity of a recently developed 2-dimensional evaporative cool-ing model is investigated by comparing its predictions to experimental results. The following conclusions are made: - For trickle fill and rain zone tests, the model, with the present assumptions, predicts the average temperature of the outlet air to within approximately 0.4 °C. - Currently, temperature profiles that are experimentally measured at the air and water outlets are subject to significant edge effects, which prevent a fair com-parison to model predictions. - The model predictions can be improved if local variations in Me and the redi-stribution of water by the fill are taken into account. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die betroubaarheid van die modellering van koeltorings, waar lug skuins deur anisitropiese pakking (of “fill” in Engels) vloei, is hoër indien die verandering in die pakking se verrigtingseienskappe, wat afhang van die manier waarop die lug deur die pakking vloei, beter verstaan word. „n Drup pakking (of “trickle fill” in Engels) se verrigtingseienskappe in kruisvloei word vergelyk met dié in teenvloei deur kruisvloei pakking toetse, wat direk vergelykbaar is met teenvloei toetse vir dieselfde pakking, te doen. Ten einde hieredie toetse te doen, word ʼn bestaande kruisvloei toets fasiliteit krities ondersoek en verbeter. Dit word bevind dat die verskil tussen die drup pakking se kruisvloei en teenvloei verrigtingseienskappe afhang van lug massa snelheid (Ga) en water massa snelheid (Gw) en 0 tot 35% is vir die Merkel getal (Me) en so groot as 200% is vir die verlies koëffisiënt. Verder word die geldigheid van ʼn 2-dimensionele nat-verkoelingsmodel wat onlangs ontwikkel is ondersoek deur die model se voorspellings te vergelyk met eksperimentele resultate. Die volgende gevolgtrekkings word gemaak: - Die model, met huidige aannames, voorspel die gemiddelde uitlaat lug temperatuur met ʼn afwyking van ongeveer 0.4°C. - Die temperatuur profiele wat eksperimenteel gemeet word by die lug en water uitlate is onderworpe aan noemenswaardige rand effekte, wat ʼn behoorlike vergelyk met model voorspellings verhoed. - Die model se voorspelling van die profiele kan verbeter word indien die lokale variasies in Me en die herverdeling van die water deur die pakking in ag geneem kan word.

SM-veckan is a Swedish sports event that gathers minor sports to host their national championships during the same week at the same place. In focus during this study was six Swedish sports clubs in three different sports who were hosts of their respective sports national championship at the event SM-veckan in Sundsvall during the summer of 2015. The aim with this study was to add knowledge about how a sports event impact the hosting sports clubs by investigating the legacy SM-veckan left for the hosting clubs. Qualitative data was gathered through interviews with the six hosting sports clubs, a project leader and a competition leader for one of the sports. The sports clubs got to answer questions about how they were impacted by the event, but also about their goals and expectations of hosting the event. The results show that the sports clubs had very few goals and very low expectations to get something out of hosting the event. The clubs had experienced a small economic impact but did also believe that they had made a statement proving themselves as good hosts. In general the result showed that the event have had very little impact on the hosting sports clubs. One of the clubs had a clear objective to achieve a timing equipment through the event which they also managed to do. This study’s conclusion is that hosts must set up clear goals for why they host an event to be able to leverage and get something out of the event

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido visando quantificar possíveis distúrbios de vazão em emissores do tipo gotejador (irrigação localizada) submetidos à utilização de água com diferentes Índices de Saturação de Langelier, fertilizantes ou água com elevado fitoplâncton. O experimento foi realizado em três fases, utilizou-se 26 modelos de gotejadores autocompensantes e convencionais, sendo suas linhas montadas em uma bancada de ensaios em estrutura metálica com quatro blocos. A primeira fase compreendeu os ensaios 1 e 2: Monitoramento de entupimento em gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes por precipitados químicos de carbonatos de cálcio e magnésio; 3 e 4: Desobstrução de gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes com aplicação contínua de HNO3 por 12 h; e ensaios 5 e 6: Monitoramento de entupimento em gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes com a utilização de sulfato de cálcio a partir de 240 h de funcionamento do sistema; segunda fase: d) ensaios 7 e 8: Desobstrução de gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes com a utilização de HCl, HNO3 e H2SO4; e) ensaios 9 e 10: Desobstrução de gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes com CO2; Terceira fase: f) ensaio 11: Dinâmica do entupimento de gotejadores com a utilização de carbonato de potássio e posterior tratamento com HNO3, g) ensaio 12: Dinâmica do entupimento de gotejadores com a utilização de superfosfato simples e posterior tratamento com HNO3; h) ensaio 13: Dinâmica do entupimento de gotejadores com a utilização de cal hidratada; i) ensaio 14: Dinâmica do entupimento de gotejadores com água de elevado fitoplâncton e aplicação de cloro para desobstrução. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há diferenças marcantes entre modelos de emissores quanto ao seu desempenho sob diferentes Índices de Saturação de Langelier, tanto na susceptibilidade ao entupimento quanto no coeficiente de variação. Adequações na arquitetura ou no processo de fabricação dos gotejadores avaliados podem minimizar tanto a obstrução como os efeitos ocasionados por ela. O desempenho dos emissores evidencia elevada relação com o mecanismo de compensação de vazão dos mesmos. Emissores convencionais mostraram-se mais estáveis que os autocompensantes nos ensaios. Houve diferenças entre os modelos de gotejadores avaliados, com relação à suscetibilidade ao entupimento. Observou-se diferenças dos gotejadores avaliados quanto à resposta ao número de aplicações e ácidos utilizado, sendo que o HNO3 apresentou resultados mais positivos para maioria dos modelos. Os ácidos utilizados induziram o entupimento de alguns emissores e em outros modelos provocou aumento de vazão. / This study attempts to quantify the flow rate variation in drippers (trickle irrigation) submitted to water with different hardness (Langelier Saturation Index), others fertilizer precipitates and fitoplankton content. The experiment was accomplished in three phases, 26 models of self-compensating (SC) and conventional (C) drippers were used. Drip lines were supported in a special test bench with four blocks. The first phase tests 1 and 2: clogging of SC and C drippers by chemical precipitates of calcium and magnesium carbonates; tests 3 and 4: unclogging of previous drippers with continuous application of HNO3 for 12 h; and tests 5 and 6: clogging of SC and C drippers by calcium sulfate. Second phase: tests 7 and 8: unclogging of SC and C drippers with HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 acids; tests 9 and 10: unclogging of SC and C drippers with CO2. Third phase: test 11: dynamic of drippers clogging by potassium carbonate and subsequent treatment with HNO3, test 12: dynamics of drippers clogging by superfosfate fertilizer and subsequent treatment with HNO3; test 13: dynamics of drippers clogging by calcium oxide; test 14: dynamics of drippers clogging with water presenting high level of fitoplankton (algae) and application of chlorine for recovering. The results showed that there are noticeable differences for clogging susceptibilities and flow rate variation coefficient among emitters related to their performance under different Langelier Saturation Indexes, chemical precipitates and water fitoplankton content. Labyrinth design of the evaluated drippers can minimize either the obstruction or the effects caused by them. The negative performance of emitters evidences outstanding correlation with self-compensation flow rate mechanism. Conventional emitters showed more stable performance compare to other ones. There were differences among drippers models evaluated, regard to the susceptibility to clogging. It was also observed differences regarding the recovery rate related to the application frequency of acid and chemical used. HNO3 presented positive results for the most models. The acid treatment can result clogging of some emitters under certain circumstances.

Afin de permettre la mise en place d’une filière de valorisation du CO2 issu de l’industrie sidérurgique, cette étude a pour but de proposer un nouveau procédé de dépoussiérage des fumées de hauts fourneaux qui serait placé à la suite des filières actuelles de traitement pour améliorer leur épuration. L’originalité de la technologie retenue, un lit granulaire arrosé, permet de maintenir la perte de charge constante en facilitant le réentraînement en continu des particules collectées à l’aide d’un écoulement de liquide (formant un film à la surface des collecteurs) pour ainsi pallier le problème de colmatage. Une étude hydrodynamique et des mesures d’efficacité vis-à-vis de particules de diamètre compris entre 0,5 et 10 µm ont montré que la perte de charge et l’efficacité initiale augmentaient avec la diminution du diamètre des collecteurs, ce qui est en accord avec les résultats de la littérature pour des lits granulaires secs. La présence d’un filet d’eau augmente l’efficacité initiale de collecte au détriment toutefois d’une perte de charge plus élevée. Ces observations sont liées à la diminution de la porosité du lit lorsque ce dernier est arrosé par un débit d’eau. Un bon compromis entre perte de charge et efficacité a été trouvé avec un lit composé de 50 cm de billes de 5 mm de diamètre et un débit d’eau de 12 L.min-1 pour un débit de gaz à traiter de 20 m3.h-1. Des essais de colmatage longue durée ont mis en évidence que l’efficacité du lit reste globalement constante au cours du temps, à une valeur proche de la valeur initiale. La perte de charge, bien que supérieure en début d’expérience à celle d’un lit granulaire sec, se stabilise rapidement à une valeur bien plus faible que celle mesurée pour un lit sec pour une même masse de particules collectées. Les expériences ayant été menées sur 30 h dans des conditions défavorables, nous pouvons nous attendre à ce que dans des conditions réelles de fonctionnement la perte de charge soit stable sur des temps beaucoup plus longs. Ainsi la présence de l’eau remplit bien le rôle prévu en limitant l’évolution du colmatage du lit granulaire par le réentrainement des particules collectées par le lit. Cette étude s’est achevée par le développement d’un modèle permettant de déterminer la perte de charge et l’efficacité initiale d’un lit granulaire arrosé, ce qui a abouti sur un exemple de pré-dimensionnement à échelle industrielle / In order to enable the establishment of a CO2 recovery chain sector from the steel industry, this study aims to propose a new filtration device for the dust removal of blast furnace fumes that would be placed after the current treatment chain to improve their purification. The originality of the chosen technology, a trickle bed, permits to maintain a constant pressure drop by re-entraining continuously the particles trapped on collectors thanks to a water film flow to overcome the clogging problem. A hydrodynamic study and efficiency measurements lead with particles (in a range of diameters between 0.5 and 10 μm) showed that the pressure drop and the initial efficiency increase with the decrease of the collector diameter, which is in agreement with the results of the literature for dry granular beds. The presence of water increases the initial collection efficiency at the expense of a higher pressure drop. These observations are related to the decrease of the bed porosity in presence of a water flow. A good compromise between pressure drop and efficiency was found for an air flow rate of 20 m3.h-1, a liquid flow rate of 12 L.min-1 and using a 50 cm bed composed of glass beads of 5 mm diameter. Long-term clogging tests showed that the efficiency of the bed remains globally constant over time at a value close to the initial one. The pressure drop, although higher at the beginning of the experiment than that of a dry granular bed, stabilizes rapidly at a much lower value than that measured for a dry granular bed for the same mass of particles collected. The experiments have been carried out over 30 h under disadvantageous conditions, and we can expect that under real operating conditions the pressure drop will be stable over much longer times. Thus, the presence of water plays its part by limiting the clogging evolution of the granular bed by the re-entrainment of particles collected by the bed. This study was completed by the development of a model to determine the pressure drop and initial efficiency of a trickle bed, which resulted in an example of pre-sizing of a process on an industrial scale

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido visando quantificar possíveis distúrbios de vazão em emissores do tipo gotejador (irrigação localizada) submetidos à utilização de água com diferentes Índices de Saturação de Langelier, fertilizantes ou água com elevado fitoplâncton. O experimento foi realizado em três fases, utilizou-se 26 modelos de gotejadores autocompensantes e convencionais, sendo suas linhas montadas em uma bancada de ensaios em estrutura metálica com quatro blocos. A primeira fase compreendeu os ensaios 1 e 2: Monitoramento de entupimento em gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes por precipitados químicos de carbonatos de cálcio e magnésio; 3 e 4: Desobstrução de gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes com aplicação contínua de HNO3 por 12 h; e ensaios 5 e 6: Monitoramento de entupimento em gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes com a utilização de sulfato de cálcio a partir de 240 h de funcionamento do sistema; segunda fase: d) ensaios 7 e 8: Desobstrução de gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes com a utilização de HCl, HNO3 e H2SO4; e) ensaios 9 e 10: Desobstrução de gotejadores convencionais e autocompensantes com CO2; Terceira fase: f) ensaio 11: Dinâmica do entupimento de gotejadores com a utilização de carbonato de potássio e posterior tratamento com HNO3, g) ensaio 12: Dinâmica do entupimento de gotejadores com a utilização de superfosfato simples e posterior tratamento com HNO3; h) ensaio 13: Dinâmica do entupimento de gotejadores com a utilização de cal hidratada; i) ensaio 14: Dinâmica do entupimento de gotejadores com água de elevado fitoplâncton e aplicação de cloro para desobstrução. Os resultados obtidos mostram que há diferenças marcantes entre modelos de emissores quanto ao seu desempenho sob diferentes Índices de Saturação de Langelier, tanto na susceptibilidade ao entupimento quanto no coeficiente de variação. Adequações na arquitetura ou no processo de fabricação dos gotejadores avaliados podem minimizar tanto a obstrução como os efeitos ocasionados por ela. O desempenho dos emissores evidencia elevada relação com o mecanismo de compensação de vazão dos mesmos. Emissores convencionais mostraram-se mais estáveis que os autocompensantes nos ensaios. Houve diferenças entre os modelos de gotejadores avaliados, com relação à suscetibilidade ao entupimento. Observou-se diferenças dos gotejadores avaliados quanto à resposta ao número de aplicações e ácidos utilizado, sendo que o HNO3 apresentou resultados mais positivos para maioria dos modelos. Os ácidos utilizados induziram o entupimento de alguns emissores e em outros modelos provocou aumento de vazão. / This study attempts to quantify the flow rate variation in drippers (trickle irrigation) submitted to water with different hardness (Langelier Saturation Index), others fertilizer precipitates and fitoplankton content. The experiment was accomplished in three phases, 26 models of self-compensating (SC) and conventional (C) drippers were used. Drip lines were supported in a special test bench with four blocks. The first phase tests 1 and 2: clogging of SC and C drippers by chemical precipitates of calcium and magnesium carbonates; tests 3 and 4: unclogging of previous drippers with continuous application of HNO3 for 12 h; and tests 5 and 6: clogging of SC and C drippers by calcium sulfate. Second phase: tests 7 and 8: unclogging of SC and C drippers with HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 acids; tests 9 and 10: unclogging of SC and C drippers with CO2. Third phase: test 11: dynamic of drippers clogging by potassium carbonate and subsequent treatment with HNO3, test 12: dynamics of drippers clogging by superfosfate fertilizer and subsequent treatment with HNO3; test 13: dynamics of drippers clogging by calcium oxide; test 14: dynamics of drippers clogging with water presenting high level of fitoplankton (algae) and application of chlorine for recovering. The results showed that there are noticeable differences for clogging susceptibilities and flow rate variation coefficient among emitters related to their performance under different Langelier Saturation Indexes, chemical precipitates and water fitoplankton content. Labyrinth design of the evaluated drippers can minimize either the obstruction or the effects caused by them. The negative performance of emitters evidences outstanding correlation with self-compensation flow rate mechanism. Conventional emitters showed more stable performance compare to other ones. There were differences among drippers models evaluated, regard to the susceptibility to clogging. It was also observed differences regarding the recovery rate related to the application frequency of acid and chemical used. HNO3 presented positive results for the most models. The acid treatment can result clogging of some emitters under certain circumstances.

Orientador: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Coorientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: João Luis Zocoler / Helton Rogério Mazzer / Resumo: Com o propósito de avaliar a susceptibilidade de dois tipos de gotejadores ao processo de entupimento por ferro, foi conduzido um experimento em uma bancada de ensaios no Laboratório de Ensaio de Equipamentos para Irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus de Botucatu. O ensaio corresponde ao processo de entupimento, e foram avaliados os seguintes modelos de gotejadores NaanDanJain: NaanPC laranja e NaanPC azul. Foram utilizados segmentos de tubos, totalizando 25 emissores, onde se mediu a vazão com a pressão de 150 KPa, com três repetições para cada gotejador. A água utilizada no ensaio foi proveniente do lago do Departamento de Engenharia Rural que é comumente utilizado para irrigações de experimentos. Posteriormente foram calculados: Vazão Média, Coeficiente de Variação de Vazão (C.V.Q), Uniformidade de Distribuição da Água (C.U.D), Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (C.U.C) e Vazão Relativa (V.R.). Foi utilizado delineamento experimental estatístico de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com fatorial 2x2x7, com três repetições, sendo o primeiro fator os tratamentos com ferro, o segundo fator os tipos de gotejadores e o terceiro fator o tempo. Os resultados obtidos não apontaram diferença significativa nas diferentes doses de ferro. Entretanto, os resultados apontaram diferença significativa na interação gotejador x tempo e coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) e vazão relativa (V.R.) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of clogging by iron in two types of drippers using a test bank located at the Irrigation Experimental Laboratory in the Department of Agricultural Engineering of "Sao Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho "- Campus of Botucatu, Sao Paulo state. The experiment aims to study the clogging process, evaluating 2 models of drippers NaanDanJain: NaanPC orange and NaanPC blue. It was used tube segments, totaling 25 drippers, using pressure of 150 kPa, with 3 repetitions for each dripper. The water used in the test was from the lake of the Department of Agricultural Engineering which is commonly used for irrigation experiments. It was calculated: the average discharge, the variation coefficient of discharge (CVQ), the uniformity coefficient of distribution (CUD), the uniformity coefficient of Christiansen (CUC) and the relative discharge (VR). It was used statistical experimental design of randomized blocks, with a 2x2x7 factorial with three replications, with the first factor treatment with iron, the second factor the types of drippers and the third factor the time. The results showed no significant difference in different doses of iron. However, the results indicated significant differences in drip x time interaction and the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) and relative discharge rate (VR) / Mestre

Wastewater treatment and re-use of industrial process water is a critical issue for the suitable development of human activities. The need for effective water recycling has reinforced the research on tailored low cost pollution abatement since the existing solutions are not longer universal. In particular, the emerging Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) process is one of the most promising technologies for the remediation of moderately concentrated and/or biotoxic water pollutants, when a stable and active catalyst can be provided. To this purpose, the catalytic activity and stability of active carbon was tested in the CWAO of the target compound, phenol, at mild conditions of temperature and pressure. The active carbon, which is a relatively inexpensive catalytic material is shown to be stable and to yield higher phenol destruction and less toxic partial mineralisation products, compared to a widely used copper oxide catalyst. During the CWAO of phenol, numerous partial oxidation products appeared and the knowledge of the kinetics that control their oxidation process is fundamental for the design, modelling and scale up of CWAO pilot plant or industrial units. Complex kinetic modelling was undertaken using both the classical gradient based method and a stochastic algorithm termed Simulated Annealing (SA). SA was shown to perform better in the identification of multiparameter kinetic reaction schemes, allowing to improve the kinetic modelling of CWAO beyond the actual state of art in this field. Detailed kinetic analysis of CWAO is scarce in the literature and the same situation holds for engineering studies. There is a clear need for the simultaneous development of process chemistry and engineering aspects. Consequently, we parallely focused on the state of art modelling of a Trickle Bed Reactor (TBR), being the priority candidate of best performing CWAO reactor. First, the ability of TBR in CWAO was affirmed by appropriate experimental comparison of batch slurry reactor and continuous fixed bed reactors operating either in the cocurrent downflow mode (TBR), or upflow mode (FBR) of the gas and liquid flow. A phenomenological transport-reaction model of the TBR was then developed and programmed. The TBR model implements the previously obtained oxidation kinetics and emphasis on important aspects of TBR, namely catalyst wetting, and mass transfer between the phases. Non-isothermal operation is also accounted for to face the need for autothermal operation, lowering the global process costs. The validation of the model was successfully done with the available experimental data from the laboratory TBR and thus provided a reliable tool for the scale up study of the CWAO process. The outcomings of this model aided scale up, allow to give recommendation on the design and operation of industrial units, thereby making more reliable the implementation of CWAO units on an industrial level. / El tratamiento y el reciclaje de afluentes acuosos son de máximo interés para conseguir un desarrollo sostenible de las actividades humanas. La necesidad de aprovechar en un futuro cercano las aguas residuales de procesos industriales de un modo eficaz ha reforzado la investigación sobre métodos de bajo coste para su recuperación, dado que las tecnologías existentes ya no son universalmente aplicables. La oxidación catalítica por vía húmeda (CWAO) es uno de los procesos emergentes más prometedores particularmente para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con materia orgánica, en concentraciones medio altas, y/o biotóxica. Sin embargo, la implementación del método es adecuada siempre que se use un catalizador activo y estable. Con este propósito, la actividad catalítica y la estabilidad del carbón activo se ha comprobado en la CWAO usando como compuesto modelo el fenol. En condiciones de temperatura y presión moderadas el carbón activo ha demostrado ser un material catalítico barato, que a la vez, es estable, mas activo en la conversión de fenol, además produciendo menor cantidad de productos de oxidación parcial tóxicos que los catalizadores soportados convencionales. Durante la CWAO del fenol, numerosos productos intermedios se forman, por lo que el conocimiento de la cinética de su oxidación es fundamental para el diseño, modelización y escalado fiable del proceso a escala de planta piloto o incluso industrial. Debido a la insuficiencia de los clásicos métodos de optimización para llevar acabo la estimación de parámetros en modelos de alta complejidad, el uso de algoritmos estocásticos se ha probado con éxito, permitiendo el desarrollo de modelos cinéticos más avanzados que los que se implementan actualmente en el campo de la CWAO. El desarrollo de modelos cinéticos complejos es escaso en la literatura actual, así como los estudios que tratan los aspectos químicos y de ingeniería del proceso de la CWAO. Sin embargo, hay una necesidad clara para el desarrollo simultaneo de los aspectos químicos y de ingeniería de la tecnología. Consecuentemente, en paralelo se ha enfocado en la modelización de un reactor de goteo (TBR), según el estado de arte actual en el campo de estos reactores. Es demostrado que estos reactores son más adecuados que los reactores agitados con catalizador en suspención para la CWAO de compuestos orgánicos que tienden a reacciones de polimerización en fase liquida. Además se han probado dos distintos modos de operación, con flujo de gas y liquido cocorriente descendiente o ascendiente, y se ha demostrado que la primera forma de operación es la mas adecuada para este sistema. A continuación un modelo fenomenológico para el TBR ha sido desarrollado y programado. El modelo implementa la cinética previamente obtenida, y además se ha puesto énfasis en la incorporación de los efectos de mojado, y de transferencia de materia. La operación no isotérmica se ha estudiado también para investigar la posibilidad de operar de modo autotérmico, disminuyendo así los costes de operación del proceso. La validación del modelo fenomenológico con los datos experimentales obtenidos en el TBR del laboratorio ha sido favorable. Posteriormente, este modelo ha sido utilizado como una herramienta fiable para el escalado del proceso. Los resultados obtenidos de la modelización del escalado permiten la extracción de recomendaciones sobre el diseño y la operación de unidades industriales, haciendo más fiable la aplicación del método a escala industrial.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:55:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pletsch_ta_me_botfca.pdf: 291890 bytes, checksum: aa6f0fe8c43751bb86a4f584e118dc67 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O uso de águas residuárias de esgoto doméstico tratado permite uma otimização dos recursos hídricos disponíveis, melhorando assim a sua oferta. O uso para fins agrícolas a cada dia se mostra uma possibilidade vantajosa de reúso, pois aceita o uso de águas com qualidade inferior ao exigido pelo abastecimento urbano e necessita de grandes quantidades. Segundo Almeida et al.(2006), a uniformidade possui maior importância quando o sistema de irrigação é utilizado para fazer a fertirrigação, pois, para o bom desempenho, é necessário o conhecimento das características hidráulicas do emissor e uniformidade de aplicação de água do sistema de irrigação utilizado. Diante desta realidade de reúso de efluentes para irrigação por gotejamento, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a vazão dos gotejadores, a curva relação vazão-pressão, a sua equação característica, o coeficiente de variação de vazão (CVQ), e também avaliar a uniformidade de aplicação de água, calculando os seguintes coeficientes: coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD), o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) e o coeficiente de uniformidade estatístico (CUE), do tubo gotejador da marca Netafim, modelo Tiran 17, utilizado para a irrigação com água residuária de esgoto doméstico tratado.O experimento foi realizado em uma bancada de ensaios no Laboratório de Irrigação da UNESP-FCA, Campus de Botucatu-SP. Foi utilizado um segmento do tubo gotejador contendo 25 emissores, onde se mediu a vazão com as seguintes pressões: 40, 50, 80, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300 kPa, com quatro repetições para cada gotejador. Após os ensaios, o tubo gotejador foi submetido a 1000 horas de trabalho com água residuária de esgoto doméstico tratado. Foram realizados os mesmos ensaios iniciais após 500 horas e 1000 horas de trabalho com água tratada... / The use of wastewater of treated household drain allows an optimization of available hydro resources, increasing the offer of a scarce product. The use in agriculture becomes, each day, more advantageous for its reuse due to its acceptance of water with a lower quality in view of the water demanded by the urban supply and the demanding of a great quantity. According to Almeida et al.(2006), the uniformity is more important when the system of irrigation is used to make the fertirrigation. For a good performance it’s important to know the hydraulic characteristics of the emitter and uniformity of water application of the irrigation system. In order of the reuse of effluents for drip irrigation, this paper aims to determine the flow of drippers, the curve relation flow-pressure, its equation, the flow coefficient of variation (CVQ) as well as to evaluate the uniformity of water application by calculating the follow coefficients: distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD), Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) and the statistical uniformity coefficient (CUE) of the drip pipeof the Netafim brand, model Tiran 17, used for irrigation with wastewater of treated household drain. The experiment was accomplished in a test bank in the Irrigation Laboratory of UNESP-FCA, Campus of Botucatu in São Paulo state. It was used 25 drippers where the flow was measured with increasing pressures of 40, 50, 80, 100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300 kPa, with four repetitions for each dripper. After the tests the drip pipe was submitted to 1000 hours of work with wastewater of treated household drain. The same tests were carried out after 500 hours and 1000 hours of working but with treated water. The results of the new pipe after the 500 working hours with treated household effluents for CVQ, were classified as good, according to the ABNT (1987) chart. The CUD, CUC and CUE not only before but also... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:04:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bacagarcia_cj_dr_botfca.pdf: 1838802 bytes, checksum: 409b0975f60ea98eae46f5f5e9811d18 (MD5) / Com o desenvolvimento da tecnologia dos plásticos, tornou-se possível à construção de tubos emissores, com padrão de qualidade, a custos relativamente baixos. O emprego da irrigação localizada, pelo sistema de gotejamento, ganhou no Brasil novo impulso a partir dos anos 90, com a instalação de diversas empresas internacionais especializadas neste mercado. As empresas mais importantes do mundo se fazem presente no Brasil e algumas multinacionais estão produzindo aqui parte de sua linha de produção, como: Netafim, Plastro, Amanco, NaanDan e como empresa brasileira fabricante, existe a Petroisa. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar e avaliar de forma técnica e hidráulica alguns tubos emissores para gotejamento, comercializados no mercado brasileiro de acordo com as normas ISO 8796:2004 e ISO 9261:2004. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho - Campus de Botucatu, São Paulo. A norma ISO 9261:2004 prescreve critérios para avaliar e especificar gotejadores com vazão inferior a 24 L h-1 e tem por característica principal, a flexibilidade para adaptar economicamente qualquer laboratório de irrigação, porque não especifica as características da bancada de ensaios. 2 Os ensaios visaram à determinação dos seguintes parâmetros: Coeficiente de variação de fabricação, equação característica da relação entre pressão e vazão, espessura da parede, diâmetro interno, espaçamento entre emissores, resistência à pressão hidráulica à temperatura ambiente e à temperatura de 40oC, resistência à tensão de 160 N e 180 N, e ensaio de envelhecimento precoce. As análises mostraram um coeficiente de variação de fabricação (CVf) inferior a 0,07 para todos os tubos emissores... . / With the domain of the technology of plastics, it became possible to manufacture quality emitting pipes standard, at relatively low costs. Trickle irrigation method, using emitting pipes, gained in impulse Brazil during last decade 90, with the installation of several specialized international industries. Multinationals industries such as Netafim, Plastro, Amanco, NaanDan and a Brazilian manufacturer, Petroisa are producing here part of its line of production. This work had the objective, to characterize and evaluate emitting pipes, commercialized in Brazil according to ISO 8796 and ISO 9261:2004 standards. The 4 tests were conducted in the Laboratory of Irrigation of the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The following parameters were evaluated: manufacturing variation, pressure and discharge equation, thickness of the wall, internal diameter, emitters spacing, resistance to the hydraulic pressure at the current temperature and at raised temperature (40oC), resistance to the 160 tension and 180 N, and precocious aging. The analyses had shown manufacturing coefficients of variation below 0,07 for all the emitting pipes, (maximum value allowed by ISO 9261:2004) standard. The exponents of pressure (x), in the pressure discharge e friction were of 0.431, 0.502, 0.450, 0.575, 0.533, 0.480, 0.470 for Petro Drip, Golden Drip, Chapin, Queen Gil, Aqua Traxx, Tiran and Amanco Drip, emitters respectively, classifying them as not compensating. For ISO 9261:2004, the value of x should not exceed 0.2 to be classified as compensating. The evaluated emitters (Ram, Naan PC, Amanco Drip PC and Twin Plus) had values lesser than 0,075. The test of resistance to the tension, as ISO 9261:2004 is a useful tool to classify an emitting in reusable and not reusable pipe. Aqua Traxx emitter was classified as not reusable. It presented probably... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

La lignine est une macromolécule, constituant de la biomasse lignocellulosique, qui est composée d’unités propylphénoliques. Cette matière est produite par l’industrie papetière en tant que coproduit de la cellulose. Actuellement, sa valorisation se limite en grande partie à des applications énergétiques. Or, la lignine peut être une source alternative de phénols si elle est dépolymérisée efficacement. Ce travail porte sur la transformation de la lignine en synthons aromatiques dans l’eau et en mélange eau-alcools en conditions sous-critique (225°C et 40-80 bar). Dans un premier temps, des études de conversion sont réalisées en réacteur fermé en utilisant l’eau comme solvant sur une lignine Kraft en présence de catalyseurs (Pt, Pd, Ru sur Al2O3,TiO2, ZrO2), le catalyseur Pd/ZrO2 nous a permis d’obtenir un rendement en phénols identifiés de 2%en 3 heures. Afin d’améliorer la conversion de la lignine en minimisant les réactions de condensations entre unités phénoliques, l’eau est remplacée par un mélange eau/alcool (éthanol, méthanol, isopropanol). La combinaison eau/isopropanol sans catalyseur nous permet d’augmenter le rendement en phénols identifiés de 5%. Nous avons ensuite essayé d’appliquer notre approche en réacteur continu. Même si le mélange eau/isopropanol était le meilleur solvant en réacteur fermé, le passage en réacteur continu s’est avéré complexe par la formation de produits solides. L’utilisation d’un mélange eau/éthanol a permis d’éviter ce problème et un rendement en gaiacol jusqu’à 1% est obtenu. L’éthanol permet de stabiliser des synthons instables dans le milieu par alkylation et estérification / Lignin is a macromolecule comprising lignocellulosic biomass, and is composed of propylphenyl units. Lignin is produced in large amounts by the paper industry when cellulose is isolated from biomass. Currently, its value is largely limited to source of energy and heat in recovery boilers. Nonetheless lignin can be an alternative source of aromatics if depolymerized effectively. The present work focuses on the transformation of lignin into aromatic building blocks using sub-critical water and mixtures of water/alcohols (225°C and 40-80 bar). Preliminary studies were carried out in a batch reactor; water was used as a solvent for the conversion of a Kraft lignin in the presence of catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ru on Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2). The Pd/ZrO2 catalyst gave the highest yield of identified phenols with 2% in 3 hours. To improve the conversion of the lignin by minimizing condensation reactions between phenolic units, the water was replaced with a mixture water/alcohol (ethanol, methanol, isopropanol). The combination water/isopropanol without catalyst allowed us to increase the yield of identified phenols to 5%. The results obtained in batch reactor were extrapolated to a trickle-bed reactor. Even though the water/isopropanol mixture gave the best results in batch reactor, the implementation on a continuous reactor proved to be complex (formation of solids clogging the reactor). The use of a water/ethanol mixture prevented this problem and a yield in guaiacol of up to 1 % was obtained. Ethanol helps stabilize unstable building blocks by alkylation and esterification. This is evidenced by the NMR and chromatographic analysis